Obligations Outline

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    signing them. 2 years after the two co-owners sold their share of the business, the defendantobtained credit from the plaintiff. 8 years after the original guarantees were signed, thedefendant became insolvent. The plaintiff wanted to enforce the written guarantee. The courtheld that the guarantees were not accepted.Ever-tite Roofing Corp. v. reen ! The defendant denied that their written proposal or offer

    was ever accepted by plaintiff in the manner stipulated therein for its acceptance and hence nocontract was ever entered into. The court found that the contract was accepted by plaintiff bythe commencement of the performance of the wor" contracted to be done. This commencementbegan with the loading of the truc"s with the necessary materials.#ubissue$ %oes &cceptance comply with the Terms of the 'ffer(Rule$&n acceptance not in accordance with the terms of the offer is deemed to be a counteroffer.)&rt. *+

    #ubissue$ %id the Consent lac" /orm(Rule$ *+20 )above

    a contract is an agreement by two or more parties whereby obligations are created, modified, ore1tinguished. )*+3& contract is unilateral when the party who accepts the obligation of the other does no assume areciprocal obligation )*+0& contract is bilateral, or synallagmatic, when the parties obligate themselves reciprocally, sothat the obligation of each party is correlative to the obligation of the other. )*+8& contract is commutative when the performance of the obligation of each party is correlativeto the performance of the other. )*+**& contract is accessory when it is made to provide security for the performance of anobligation. #uretyship, mortgage, pledge, and other types of security agreements are e1amplesof such a contract.

    4hen the second obligation arises form a contract, either between the same or other parties,that contract is the principal contract. )*+*

    555. Cause5ssue( %oes the 'bligation have a 6egal Cause(Rule$Cause is the reason why a person obligates himself./or an obligation to e1ist, there must be either$& lawful cause ! one not prohibited by law or public policy7 'R%etrimental reliance.#ubissue$ 5s there a ratuitous Contract( Rule$There are "inds of donations inter vivos$The donation purely gratuitous, or that which is made without condition and merely fromliberality7The onerous donation, or that which is burdened with charges imposed on the donee7The remunerative donation, or that the obect of which is to recompense for services rendered.)&rt. *92The onerous donation is not a real donation, if

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    the value of the obect given does not manifestly e1ceed that of the charges imposed on thedonee. )&rt. *92The remunerative donation is not a real donation, ifthe value of the services to be recompensed thereby being appreciated in moneyshould be little inferior to that of the gift. )&rt. *929

    5n conse:uence, the rules peculiar to donations inter vivos do no apply to onerous andremunerative donations,e1cept when the value of the obect given e1ceeds by one-half that of the charges or of theservices. )&rt. *923ii. Cases$ #uccession of 6awrence - ;r. 6awrence during his life e1pressed intention ofdonating his money to his nephew. r. v. @erry #r. - The father had given the son a substantial amount of stoc" inthe corporation over a period of years. 4hen the son became an attorney, the father signed awritten guarantee prepared by the son of a contract by which the corporation agreed to buy bac"the son?s stoc" to enable the son to finance his law practice. The son received and initial lumpsum payment of A*9, in *+08 and A9, monthly installments on the balance due. 5n*+89, the corporation stopped ma"ing payments because of financial difficulty and ultimatelyfiled ban"ruptcy. The son brought suit against his father as guarantor of the contract. Theinunction to stop e1ecution of the udgment was affirmed based on ingratitude of the donee.The trial udge found that the son?s having directed the sheriff?s to sei=e personal property ofhis parents constitutes cruel treatment or grievous inury within the meaning of the article.

    #ubissue$ 5s there an 5nvalid %onation but Balid 'nerous Contract(Rule$

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    & contract is onerous when$each of the parties obtain an advantagein e1change for his obligation. )*++There are 2 "inds of loans$The loan of things, which may be used without being destroyed7 )called loan for use or

    commodatum&nd the loan of things, which are destroyed without being used. )called loan for consumption ormutuum )&rt. 28+*The loan for use is an agreement,by which a person delivers a thing to another,to use it according to its natural destination, 'Raccording to the agreement,under the obligation on the part of the borrower,to return it after he shall have done using it. )&rt. 28+This loan is essentially gratuitous7 otherwise it would be a letting or hiring. )&rt. 28+& deposit, in general is an act by which

    a person receives the property of another,binding himself to preserve it &%return it in "ind. )&rt. 2+23The deposit is essentially gratuitous.5f the person, with whom the deposit is made receive a compensation,it is no longer a deposit, but a hiring. )&rt. 2+2+& person may represent another person in legal relationsas provided by law orby uridical act.This is called representation.The contract of mandate may serve the e1clusive or the common interest ofthe principal,the manadatary, ora third person. )&rt. 2++*#ubsubissue$ 4as there an 5nnominate Contract(Rule$The distinction drawn between nominate and innominate contracts is based on$4hether the contract has been a special designation.& nominate contract is one given a special designation.&n innominate contract is one with no special designation. )&rt. *+*ominate contracts are subect ot the special rules of the respective titles when those rules ofthe respective titles when those rules this title. )*+*3The rules of this title are applicable also to obligations that arise from sources other thancontract to the e1tent that those rules are compatible with the nature of those obligations. )*+*0#ubsubissue$ 4as the contract for a Charitable #ubscription(Rule$&n article may be binding even though consideration or cause is not e1pressed. )*+3+#ubsubissue$ 4as the contract for the %ebt of &nother @arty(Rule$The promise to pay a debt of a third party must be made in writing.

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    The debt of another is sufficient consideration to support a contract of surety.#ubsubissue$ 4as the contract for #ervices Rendered in the @ast(Rule$an informal promise or manual gift made in compensation of services rendered in the past maybe an onerous contract rather than a donation invalid for lac" of form.

    #ubsubissue$ 4as there an 5nvalid 'nerous D but a Balid %onation(Rule$& contract is onerous when$each of the parties obtain an advantagein e1change for his obligation. )*++5ssue$ 4as the contract &bsent of Cause(Rule$&n obligation cannot e1ist without a lawful cause. )&rt. *+33& contract is aleatory when$because of its nature oraccording to the parties? intent,

    the performance of either party?s obligation, or the e1tent of the performance,depends on an uncertain event. )*+*2& contract is aleatory or ha=ardous when the performance of that which is one if it obectsdepends on an uncertain event. 5t is certain when the thing to be done is supposed to depend onthe will of the party, or when in the usual course of events it must happen in the mannerstipulated.5f during the lease, the thing be totally destroyed by an unforeseen event the lease is at an end.The contract is also considered as being without cause when the consideration for ma"ing itwas something which, in the contemplation of the parties, was thereafter e1pected to e1ist orta"e place, and which did not ta"e place or e1ist.ii. Cases$ 6osecco v. regory ! The plaintiff is an orange merchant who purchases the produceof orange orchards in advance of the growth and maturity of the crops. The defendant ownedan orange orchard. 5n *8+8 the defendant agreed to sell the plaintiff his produce in *8++ *+. The agreement states$ F5 have this day, in consideration of the terms hereinafter named,sold unto 6osecco of the city of ew 'rleans, 2 crops of oranges on my place as follows$ *st !all oranges that my trees may produce in *8++. 2nd ! all oranges that my trees may produce in*+ for A8. A paid cash down and the balance to be paid on %ecember *st *+.@urchaser assumes all ris"s.G 6ess than months after they signed the contract, there was afree=e which destroyed all the orange orchards. The plaintiff demanded the return of the Aand the defendant refused. The court found that the Fcertain and determinate substanceGconstituting the obect of the contract was a grove of orange trees. 5ts destruction carried with itthe destruction of the obligations growing out of the contract. Coon states$ when the treesceased to e1ist it became a contract without a cause.5ssue$ %id the contract have an Hnlawful Cause(Rule$& contract is absolutely null whenit violates a rule of public order,as when the obect of a contract is illicit or immoral.& contract that is absolutely null may not be confirmed.&bsolute nullity may be invo"ed by any person 'R

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    may be declared by the court on its own initiative. )&rt. 2&n absolutely null contract, or a relatively null contractthat has been declared null by the court,is deemed never to have e1isted.The parties must be restored to the situation that e1isted before the contract was made.

    5f it is impossible or impracticable to ma"e restoration in "ind,it may be made through an award of damages.evertheless, a performance rendered under a contract that is absolutely null because its obector its cause is illicit or immoral may not be recovered by a party who "new or should have"nown of the defect that ma"es the contract null.The performance may be recovered, however,when that party invo"es the nullity to withdraw from the contract before its purpose is achievedand also in e1ceptional situations when, in the discretion of the court,that recovery would further the interest of ustice.&bsolute nullity may be raised as a defenseeven by a party who, at the time the contract was made,

    "new or should have "nown of the defect that ma"es the contract null. )&rt. 2The law grants no action for the payment of what has been won at gaming or by a bet,e1cept for games tending to promote s"ill in the use of arms,such as the e1ercise of the gun and foot, horse and chariot racing. )&rt. 2+85n all cases in which the law refuses an action to the winner, it also refuses to suffer the loser toreclaim what he has voluntarily paid, unless there has been, on the part of the winner, fraud,deceit, or swindling. )&rt. 2+8Cases$Cahn v. Iaccich - @laintiffs )%an=iger and Tessier sue the defendants )Iaccich, %e;ontlu=in,and 6afaye to compel them to pay A2,9 agreed upon whereby the plaintiffs Ftransferred tothe defendants certain property which had been adudicated to them and the defendantspromised to transfer certain stoc" worth A2,9 to the plaintiffs and to later ta"e the stoc" upfor the same amount in cashG. The defendants admit entering into the D and that the D wasfraudulently thus, the court would not entertain the suit. The trial udge found in favor of theplaintiffs because the plaintiffs had no "nowledge of what had ta"en place between %an=igerand %e;ontlu=in, nor had Tessier when the auction closed, with Tessier , plaintiff?s agent, asthe last and highest bidder.6amy v. 4ill ! The plaintiff and defendant were playing po"er. The defendant lost all of hismoney and as"ed the plaintiff for loan. The plaintiff complied and made 3-A9 advances todefendant. 'n each occasion, the defendant gave plaintiff a chec" for the amount due. Hponreceiving the last advance, he gave plaintiff a chec" for A*9. 4hen the game ended, thedefendant had won and the plaintiff had lost his money. The ne1t day, the defendant paid theplaintiff A*9 and too" bac" the chec" and wrote the plaintiff a chec" for A*9. The chec" wasnot honored at the ban" because account had been closed. The court held that in order for theplaintiff to recover, he must occupy the role of an innocent bystander. The transaction was andremained a part of the gambling activity and the plaintiff is precluded from maintaining anaction thereon.6auer v. Catalanotto ! The plaintiff claimed that he entered into a contract with defendantwhere plaintiff would give defendant A*, to engage in gambling in 6as Begas. %efendantand plaintiff were to share the profits andJor losses. The court found that the fact that the

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    gambling too" place in a state in which it is legal does not grant the plaintiff a remedy torecover under 6a. law.ravier?s Curator v. Carraby?s E1ecutor - This is an action by the curator of the vacant estate of>ean ravier, deceased, to recover from the e1ecutor of &ntoine Carraby, deceased, the sum ofA99,, the value of certain property, which he alleges was conveyed to the Carrabys by

    simulated sales. The court found simulated sales between the parties were proved, and theCarrabys were called on to account for all the property of ravierKs which had thus beentransferred, and held or sold by them. There is no fraud in this, and especially as relates to thirdpersons or creditors. Coon states$ the curator as"ed for an accounting because the heirs wantproceeds from the rd party sale.

    5ssue$ %id the contract cause %etrimental Reliance(Rule$Cause is the reason why a party obligates himself.& party may be obligated by a promise when

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    4hen an obligation has been incurred by a person who, although endowed with discernment,lac"s legal capacity.4hen the universal successors are not bound by the civil obligation to e1ecute the donationsand other dispositions made by a deceased person that are null for want of form. )&rt. *032Re:uirements for a moral obligation$

    The moral duty must be felt towards a particular person, not all persons in generalThe person involved feels so strongly about the moral duty that he truly feels he owes a debtThe duty can be fulfilled through rendering a performance whose obect is of pecuniary value.Recognition of the obligation by the obligor must occur, either by performing the obligation orby promising to performance./ulfillment of the moral duty must not impair the public order.Cases$Thomas v. Iryant - @romissory note payee brought action against ma"er for payment onpromissory note. The /irst >udicial %istrict Court, @arish of Caddo, granted summary udgmentagainst ma"er. ;a"er appealed. The Court of &ppeal, udicial %istrict Court, @arish of Caddo,#cott >. Crichton, >., found for payee, and ma"er appealed. The Court of &ppeal, Irown, >.,held that$ )* payeeKs moral duty to pay for adult stepsonKs substance abuse treatment metre:uirements of natural obligation in consideration for promissory note, and )2 trial courtKsreection of ma"erKs fraud and ill practices defense was not manifestly erroneous.&ffirmed.

    5ssue$ 4as there a Remission of %ebt(Rule$& remission of debt is theBoluntary relin:uishment by the obligee'f his or her rightTo demand performance.& remission of debt e1tinguishes the obligation. )&rt. *8885f the obligee voluntarily surrenders to the obligorThe document which evidences the obligation,There is a presumptionThat the obligee intended to remit the debt. )&rt. *88+& remission of debt is effective4hen the obligor receives communication/rom the obligee.5t is always presumed that the obligor has accepted the remissionHnless he or she reects the remission within a reasonable time. )&rt. *8+There is no presumption of a remission of debt4hen the obligee releases any real security given for performance of the obligation. )&rt.*8+*4hen there are sureties, special rules apply. )&rt. *8+2Remission of debt in favor of the principal obligor release the sureties. )&rt. *8+2Remission of debt in favor of the sureties

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    %oes not release the principal obligor.5f there is more than one surety,Remission of debt in favor of one suretyReleases the other sureties'nly to the e1tent that they might have recovered from the surety to whom the release was

    granted. )&rt. *8+2ii. Cases$ an. , *+0,appellant?s mother sold to him a certain plantation for A*, payable in 2 annual paymentsof A9 each, represented by notes bearing interest after their respective maturity. 4hen the2nd ! 0th notes matured, his mother donated them to appellant by writing indorsed on the bac"sof the notes. %efendant admitted the sale made to him by his mother, and alleged that he hadpaid the first note of A9 falling due, and that when the si1 successive notes fell due that hismother remitted the debt evidenced thereby by returning to him the said si1 notes, at differenttimes, which had fallen due before her death. The endorsement on the bac" noted Fcanceled forservices rendered to me, whom 5 ac"nowledge as the e:uivalent of cash. S#igned ;rs. C.&.

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    Error concerns a cause when it bears on$The nature of the contract7The contractual obect or a substantial :uality of that obect7The person or the :ualities of the other party7&nything the parties regarded or should have regarded in good faith as a cause7 'R

    The law when a party has drawn erroneous conclusions of law and entered into a bindingcontract based on them. )*+9& party can rescind on the basis of error'nly if that party would not have bound himself if he had not suffered from this error.

    #ubissue$ 4as there ;utual Error(Rule$Consent is vitiated if both parties are in error75n the alternative,The parties may reform the instrumentTo reflect their true mutual intent. )*++

    #ubissue$ 4as there a Hnilateral Error(Rule$4here only one party is in error, error will vitiate that party?s consent if$5t concerns a cause without which the obligation would not have been incurred, )error concernsthe principal cause7 &%This cause was "nown or should have been "nown to the other party. )*++#ubsubissue$ 4as there an Error as to the @erson(Rule$Error may concern cause when$it bears on the nature of the contract, 'Rthe thing that is the contractual obect 'Ra substantial :uality of that thing, 'Rthe person or the :ualities of the other party, 'Rthe law, or any other circumstance that the parties regarded, or should in good faith haveregarded, as a cause of the obligation. )*+9#ubsubissue$ 4as the Error in the ature of the Contract(Rule$ *+9#ubsubissue$ 4as the Error in the #ubstance of the Contract(Rule$ *+9#ubsubissue$ 4as the Error in 6aw(Rule$ *+9Cases$ #hreveport reat Empire Irdcasting v. Chicoine - Radio station sued advertiser forbalance due on advertising aired by radio station. The #hreveport City Court, @arish of Caddo,%an #awyer, >., entered udgment in favor of radio station, and appeal followed. The Court heldthat$ )* parol evidence was admissible to e1plain how advertiser was to participate inadvertising campaign by means of spea"ing engagements7 )2 radio station did not ma"epromise to advertiser as to specific number of spea"ing engagements7 and ) advertiserKsfailure to read contract was not a defense.

    'bect of Contract

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    5ssue$ 4hat is the 'bect of the Contract(Rule$ *+0*-*+0,29,29*,232@arties are free to contract for any obectThat is lawful, possible, and determined or determinable.&n obect is possible according to its nature7

    This relates to physical and moral impossibility, andot the parties? ability to perform.The obect must be determined at least as to "ind butThe :uantity need only be determinable.The determination can be left to the discretion of a third person7 if the third party fails todetermine the :uantity, the court may do so. )*+0, 239Uuantity may be determined by the output or the re:uirements of a party, which must be set ingood faith. )*+09/uture things may be the obect of a contract. )*+03ii. Cases$ 6iles v. Iourgeois - &ttorney brought action to enforce contingency fee contractwith client. The Court entered udgment awarding attorney a fee based on :uantum meruit, and

    attorney appealed. The Court of &ppeal held that contingency fee arrangement under whichattorney was to receive one :uarter of the amount received by client from estate of her motherin e1change for performing services in connection with the interdiction and succession of themother was unenforceable because of the prohibition against dealing in the succession of aliving person.

    5ssue$ 4as there a #tipulation @our &utrui or Third @arty Ienefit(Rule$ *+0-*+82& party may stipulate a benefit for a third person.'nce the third-party beneficiary has manifested his intent to accept the benefit,The stipulation may not be revo"ed without his agreement.5f the promissory has an interest in performance,The stipulation cannot be revo"ed without the promisor?s consent.5f the stipulator revo"es the benefit before it is accepted 'R5f the beneficiary refuses it,The promisor must render the performance to the stipulator.The beneficiary has a right of action against the promisor to compel performance )*+8*The stipulator may also demand performance from the promisor for the benefit of the third-party beneficiary.& person may also in his own name ma"e some advantages for a rd person, the condition orconditions of a commutative contract or onerous donation and if such rd person consents toavail himself of the advantage stipulated in his favor, the contract cannot be revo"ed.

    #ubissue$ 4as there a Tripartite Relation(Rule$#ubissue$ 4ho are the Ieneficiaries(Rule$#ubissue$ 4hat are the 5ncidents Ieneficiaries(Rule$

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    #ubissue$ 4ere the Ienefits &ccepted(Rule$#ubissue$ 4hat are the Rights of the Ieneficiary(Rule$#ubissue$ 4hat %efenses are &vailable to the @romisor(

    Rule$5ssue$ 4as the contract the &ct of another(Rule$

    @roof of 'bligation5ssue$ 4as the contract 4ritten(Rule$The general rule is that the party who asserts must prove. Thus,& party who see"s enforcement of an obligation;ust prove that an obligation e1ists. #imilarly,'nce the e1istence of an obligation has been proved,

    & party who asserts that the obligation is null, 'R that it has been modified or e1tinguished,;ust prove those facts creating the nullity, modification or e1tinguishment. )&rt. *8*4hen a contract is re:uired to be in writing,The contract can be proved by testimony or presumption'nly if the writing has been destroyed, lost, or stolen. )&rt. *82 Thus,The writing re:uirement is satisfied by proof that writing previously e1isted.5t is not necessary that the writing remain in e1istence at the time the contract is sought to beproved.Three types of written forms are recogni=ed$The authentic act )notarial act,The act under private signature, &%The act under private signature duly ac"nowledged. )&rt. *8,*83,*80

    #ubissue$ 4as the obligation an &uthentic &ct(Rule$&n authentic act is defined asM& writing e1ecuted before a notary public 'R'ther officer who e1ecuted it, &%Iy each notary pubic before whom it was e1ecuted.M )&rt. *8Each party to the authentic acteed not e1ecute it at the same time 'RIefore the same notary 'R5n the presence of the same witnesses. )&rt. *8&n authentic act if self-proving.5t constitutes Mfull proof of the agreement it contains as against the parties, their heirs andsuccessors by universal or particular title.M )&rt. *89

    #ubissue$ 4as there an &ct Hnder @rivate #ignature(Rule$&n act under private signature duly ac"nowledged e1ists when

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    'ne of the parties to an act under private signature ac"nowledges his or her signatureIefore a court, a notary public, or other authori=ed officer in the presence of two witnesses.)&rt. *83&n act under private signature is admitted into evidence4ithout further proof and

    5s considered prima facie as the true andenuine act of the party who e1ecuted it. )&rt. *83&n act under private signature duly ac"nowledgedCannot substitute for an authentic act4hen the law re:uires an authentic act. )&rt. *83&n act under private signature is& writing, which is signed by the parties. )&rt. *80The general rule is that a transfer of immovable property;ust be made by act under private signature or better. )&rt. *8+There is a single e1ception to this general rule. &n oral transfer is valid between the parties tothe agreement if two conditions are met$

    The property must have been actually delivered to the transferee andThe transferor must recogni=e the transfer when interrogated under oath#ubissue$ 4ere there Recognitive or Confirmative &cts(Rule$Confirmation is defined asM& declaration whereby a person cures the relative nullity of an obligation.M )&rt. *82Confirmation can either be e1press or tacit.E1press confirmation is done by&n act which identifies the substance of the obligation andEvidences the intention to cure the nullity. )&rt. *82Tacit confirmation may result from voluntary performance of the obligation. )&rt. *82

    5ssue$ &re there any Testimonials(Rule$

    #ubissue$ 5s there proof of a Real or True Cause$Rule$

    5ssue$ &re th ere any Confession(Rule$& udicial confessions defined as Ma declaration made by a party in a udicial proceeding.M )&rt.*89 5t is binding on the party who made it and can be revo"ed only for error of fact.

    #imulation, ullity, Revocatory &ction ! 'bli:ue &ction5ssue$ 4as the obligation a #imulation(Rule$& simulated contract is one that does not e1press the partiesK true intent. 5nstead the true intentis declared in a separate writing called a counterletter.2 types of simulation

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    &bsolute simulation ! a contract which the parties intend to produce no effects between them.)223Relative simulation ! a contract which the parties intend to produce effects between them, butthe efefects they intend are different from those recited in the contract )220

    5ssue$ 4as there a ullity(Rule$& contract is null if the re:uirements for formation of a valid contract have not been met.)2++2 types of nullity&bsolute nullity ! a contract is asoultely null if it violates some rule of public order and has thefollowing effects$Cannot be confirmed.The nullity can be invo"ed by anyone or declared by the court on its own initiative. )2&n action to annul an absolutely null contract never prescribes. )22&bsolute nullity may be raised as a defense even by a party who "new of the defect that

    rendered the contract null. )2Relative ullity ! a contract is relatively null if it violates some rule intended for the protectionof private parties. & relatively null contract has the following effects$contract cannot be confirmed.The nullity can be invo"ed only by the party in whose favor the nullity was established. )2*6iberative prescription for an action to annul a relatively null contract is five years, computedfrom either$time the ground for nullity ceased, ortime the nullity was discovered. )22

    5ssue$ 4as there a Revocatory ! 'bli:ue &ction(Rule$The obli:ue action is brought by an obligee to e1ercise a right which his or her obligor hasfailed to e1ercise, thereby causing or increasing his or her insolvency provided the right is notstrictly personal to the obligor. )2The obligor and the third person against whom the right is asserted must be oined in the suit.)2**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************

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    0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    80/157

    8 888

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    81/157

    8*8*8*

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    82/157

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    83/157

    88*

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    84/157

    88

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    85/157

    8989

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    86/157

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    87/157

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    88/157

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    89/157

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    90/157

    R++R++R++R++

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    91/157

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    92/157

    +2+2+2+2+2~+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2Q+2+2+2+2+2+2|+2+2+2+2D+2+2+2+2+2+2z+2+2

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    93/157

    +++++ +++++++++ ++++++++++ + ++++++++ +++++++++ ++++

    +++++ ++++++++++ +++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Q +++++++++Q++++ +++++ Q+++++++++ Q+++++++++ Q++++++++ Q++++++++ Q ++++++++Q+++++++++ Q ++++++++ Q++++++++Q++++++++ Q++++++++ Q+++++++++ Q++++++++ Q++++++++ Q++++++++ Q++++Q+++++ Q +++Q+++++ Q+++Q+++++ Q++++++++ Q++++Q+++++ Q

    +++Q+++++ Q+++Q+++++ Q+++Q+++++Q+++Q+++++ Q++++++++ Q++++?+++++ Q+++?+++++ Q+++?+++++ Q++++++++Q++++E+++++ Q +++E+++++ Q+++E+++++Q+++E+++++ Q++++++++ Q+++++++++ Q+++++++++++Q+++++++++++ Q++++++++++Q+++++++++ Q+++++++++ Q+++++++++ Q++++++++ Q ++++++++Q++++++++++++Q++++++++++ Q ++++++++Q+++++++++ Q++++++++++ Q +++++++++Q+++++++++ Q+++++++++ ++++++++++++Q++++++++++ Q++++++++Q+++++++++ Q+++++++++ Q ++++++++ +++++++++ +++++C-+++++ + +++C-++++++++++++++ +++++++++ ++++++++++ + +++-+++++ +++++++++ +++++++++ +++++-+++++ + ++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++ +++++Q +++++ + +++Q ++++++++++++++ +++++&+++++ + +++&++++++++++++++ ++++++M+++++ + +++++++++++++M+++++ + +++M+++++ +++++++++ +++++M+++++ + +++M+++++++++M+++++ +++++++++ ++++++++++ + +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++ +

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    94/157

    ++++++++ +++++A+++++ + +++A+++++++++A+++++ ++++A+++++ +++++++++ ++++++++++ + +++++++++++++++++ +

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    95/157

    +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9K+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9YK+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+98)+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9)+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9Q+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9 +9

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    Q+9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9JJ+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9JJ+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9JJ+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9*+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+902+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+902+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+902+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9.+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9Q+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9

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    +9+9+9+97+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+90+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9Z+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9Z+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+90+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+90+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9s.+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9&+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9 +9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9+9I+9+9+9+9+9

  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    96/157

    +3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3 +3+3+3+3s.+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3E+3+3+3+3+3 +3+3+3+3E+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3 +3+3+3+3s.+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+35+3+3+3+3+3 +3+3+3+3+35+3+3+3+3+3 +3+3+3+3+35+3+3+3+3+3

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    97/157

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  • 8/13/2019 Obligations Outline

    98/157

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