Objectives

• Explore multiple incentives in construction• Implications for energy efficient and healthy

buildings

• Prepare for oral presentations

Where we are going

• 4/25 Renewables, response to TDRs

• 4/27 Cost of efficiency strategies

• 5/1 Evening symposium

• 5/2 Tour of green building

• 5/4 Class wrap-up/evaluations

Regulated Efficiency

• Builders typically don’t like additional codes

• Save dramatic amounts of energy

• Improve quality of buildings

• Very cost effective

• Why aren’t building codes more widespread?

Tax Barriers to Efficiency

• Energy savings not considered• When evaluated, they are discounted

• Tax law furthers this pattern• Have to deduct capital costs over 30 years, but can deduct

operating costs• “neutral or unfavorable” laws for efficiency

• Sales tax is charged on goods, not on energy• However, not all tax laws are unfavorable

• Mortgage interest is deductible, energy costs are not

• Does tax credit change this?

Insufficient Rewards for Efficiency

• Developers/builders have many concerns

• Often knowledgeable about efficient technologies• Perception is that efficiency doesn’t sell

• 1990 data – 61% of homes were built for speculation – no communication with occupant during design

Barriers During Design

• Inadequate communication between architect, engineer, contractor• Sub-contractors

• “Nobody ever got fired for making a mechanical system too big”• A safety factor is added at every stage

• For speculative properties – loads are not known at time of construction

Oversizing

• Pay for structural overcapacity once.

• Pay for mechanical overcapacity initially and continuously• Energy (and peak)• Maintenance• Replacement

Fee Structure

• Design fees for mechanical systems are very low• Custom-design is (relatively) expensive

• Fee structure rewards oversizing• Designers “pay” if clients are uncomfortable

• Occupants pay for increased capital and energy costs

• Combined offices can lead to conflict of interest• Design

• Maintenance

• Supply

Who conducts the orchestra?

Who conducts the orchestra?

• “Utterly comprehensive incomprehension”

• “Utilities see buildings as physical structures with energy flowing through them; Developers see them as financial structures with money flowing through them”

• Interdisciplinary approach is the only solution• Takes considerable time• Higher capital cost

Design Sequence

What can we do about this?

• Avoid fractious relationships

• Open building design process to broader range of skills

• Have a business manager in addition to architect

• Acknowledge limitations of engineering and efficiency technology

• Support research to answer critical questions

What about health?

• Who is the person most responsible for your health?

• Mom?

• Doctors?

• Nurses?

• Yourself?

What about building professionals?

• Design engineers, operating engineers, architects, construction workers

• What influences health in buildings?• Air quality• Lighting• Thermal comfort

• Change with time, individual based

• Bioterrorism• Absolute or perception based

Who pays your health care costs?

• You

• Employer

• Society

What about productivity?

• We only know part of the story

• Examples• Filter costs Fisk et al., 2002, Indoor Air

• Ventilation system type Seppanen et al., 2002, ASHRAE J.

• Noise and classrooms Shendell et al., 2002, Epidemiology

• Need more long-term research

Barriers to Efficiency and Health

• Starting early in design process

• Aligning incentives

• Reconsidering who designs buildings• Including others

• Rethinking tax and fee structures

• Rewarding efficiency and health• Accounting

Oral Presentations - Ground Rules

• Each presentation will last 10 minutes • Time limits strictly will be enforced• 2-3 additional minutes for questions and answers

• Power point presentations (or other computer visuals) are due to me by noon on Monday May 1st • Files larger than 10 MB should be given to me on USB key

or CD-ROM• Oral presentations will be evaluated (by peers and by

me) • 20% of final project grade (10% of the class final grade)

• 1/4 of grade comes from peer evaluations

• Attendance and evaluation is mandatory

Evaluation of Oral PresentationsProject: Design of a headache-free buildingSpeaker: Migraine BoyEvaluator: E. S. Tylenol

clear visuals /10

engaging speaker /10

depth of investigation /10

creativity/innovation /10

response to questions /10

Comments:

Preparing an Oral Presentation

• Consider your audience• Tell a story• Mix visuals and text• Be selective about what you present

• Listeners can read paper if they want more

• Keep presentation clear and simple• Be consistent

• PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE

Consistency

• Headaches are bad

• Impairs thought process.• Hard to get work done• I don’t like it when I have headaches because

my brain hurts a lot and I can’t get anything meaningful done.

• Relatively few fonts, consistent format between slides

Referencing in a presentation

• Don’t have to give full references

• Listeners want to know• Who• When• Where

• 25% headaches hurt Migraine Boy, 1997, J. Traumatic Stress

Check

• Calculation errors

• Unit (dimension) errors

• Errors in formulae• Definition of terms

• Insufficient or omitted citation of ideas and images from others

Random comments

• Be careful with humor• Be cautious about transitions• Plan for contingencies• Have extra material available• Back-up your presentation• Extraneous visual material on slides is distractingExtraneous visual material on slides is distracting• Misteaks are very obvious to audience

• Any questions about presentations?

Admin

• Job opportunities

• Send me titles of your presentations ASAP (i.e. by the end of the day)