Objective: You will be able to differentiate

between living and nonliving things.

Do Now:– Open your notebook to the inside cover– Write the following:

• Living Environment midterm: Tuesday, January 24th @ 10:53• May need to take the morning bus!

Characteristics of living things

• All living things must perform certain functions to stay alive

• Non living things do not do all of these

• What activities can you think of?

Life Functions• Nutrition

• Obtain and breakdown nutrients

• Cell Respiration• Breakdown food to release energy

• Transport• Moving things throughout itself

• Synthesis• Combine simple substances

• Growth• Reproduce• Regulation

• Respond to the environment

• Excretion• Ridding itself of waste

• Response• React to internal or external stimuli

Life Characteristics

• Homeostasis• Maintain a stable internal environment

• Metabolism• All of the chemical reactions in the organism

• Cells• All organisms are made up of at least one cell

Living things and cells

• All living things are made up of one or more cells

• Cells are the functional unit of living things

• Some organisms have only one cell and are called unicellular

• Some are even made up of trillions of cells

Do you smell what the Rock’s

cooking?

Organization levels

• Biologists break life down into different levels

– This makes it easier to study life

• The order from smallest to largest– Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and

organism

Cells make up living things

Tissues are groups of cells that work together

Organs are made of tissues working together

Organ systems are made of organs that work together

Organism is made of a group of organ systems working together

Objective: You will be able to give the function of each cell organelle.

Do Now:• Read, “Nucleus” on p. 176

• What is chromatin made of?

Objective: You will be able to connect life functions to one or more cell organelles.

Do Now:• Begin filling the function of any organelle you

can remember

• Circle the three that are the most difficult for you to remember

• Place a star next to the organelle that you think is the most important

Activity

• Look through your definitions for life functions.

• List a life function and the organelle(s) that best match up with that life function

• Write a sentence why the two go together• Ex. Transport -

Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells

• Animal cells are round and plant cells are rectangular

• Animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles

• Animal cells have small vacuoles and plant cells have one large vacuole

• Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall

Cork Cells

Human Cheek Cells

Onion Cells Nucleus

Nucleolus

Elodea Cell

Blood Cells

Objective: You will be able to differentiate between passive and active transport.

Do Now:

List two differences between active and passive transport

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Section 7-3

Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane

Molecule tobe carried

Moleculebeing carried

Energy

Section 7-3

Figure 7-19 Active Transport

Figure 8.10 The diffusion of solutes across membranes

Section 7-3

Figure 7-15 Osmosis

Figure 8.17 An electrogenic pump

Figure 8.15 The sodium-potassium pump: a specific case of active transport

Receptor

Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast the photosynthesis and respiration equations.

Do Now:• Write the equations for both respiration and

photosynthesis.– In a sentence write what happens to oxygen in each

equation.– In a sentence write what happens to carbon dioxide in

each equation.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon + Water Glucose + Oxygen

Dioxide

Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How can you remember the equation for respiration?

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts is the site of photosynthesis

– Take in CO2 and Water to make glucose

– Has green pigment called chlorophyll to capture sunlight

– Gives of Oxygen as a waste

VS.

Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Mesophyll

5 µm

Outermembrane

Intermembranespace

Innermembrane

Thylakoidspace

Thylakoid

GranumStroma

1 µm

Global Warming

• Is partly caused by an increase of CO2 in the air?

• Why would cutting down a forest and leaving the trees to rot increase the effect of global warming?

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure

and function of carbohydrates

Do Now:Read “Macromolecules” on p.

45Differentiate between

monomers and polymers

Inorganic versus Organic

compounds

6

CCarbon

Section 2-1

An Element in the Periodic Table

H1

Hydrogen+

Types of Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Functions

–Readily available source of energy

–Energy storage

–Strong building materials

Carbohydrates

Starch

Glucose

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like

Glucose

Iodine tests for Polysaccharides like

starch

Lipids have several functions:

Long term energy storageMake up cell membranes

Structure of LipidsConsists of one glycerol and

three fatty acids

Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

Protein Functions

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Makes up muscle tissue

• Transport materials

Protein Structure

• Made up of amino acids– Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined

together– But there are only 20 different amino acids– The order you place them determine what protein

you make

Enzymes• Catalysts can speed up or slow down a

reaction

• Organic catalysts are called enzymes.

• Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic?

Enzymes• Enzymes are a type of protein.

• End in -ase

• What do we call the small units that we put together to make proteins?

• An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster

• The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be reused again and again.

• Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse enzymes?

Enzymes

• Enzymes work on molecules called substrates

• The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active site

• Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site

• Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific enzyme

• Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific?

Substrates

Products

Enzyme

Enzyme-substratecomplex

1 Substrates enter active site; enzymechanges shape so its active siteembraces the substrates (induced fit).

2 Substrates held inactive site by weakinteractions, such ashydrogen bonds andionic bonds.

3 Active site (and R groups ofits amino acids) can lower EA

and speed up a reaction by• acting as a template for substrate orientation,• stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state,• providing a favorable microenvironment,• participating directly in the catalytic reaction.

4 Substrates are Converted intoProducts.

5 Products areReleased.

6 Active siteIs available fortwo new substrateMole.

Figure 8.17

What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs?

• Temperature

• pH

• These two factors affect enzymes because they change its shape

• The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore

Figure 8.16a

Optimal temperature fortypical human enzyme (37°C)

Optimal temperature forenzyme of thermophilic

(heat-tolerant)bacteria (77°C)

Temperature (°C)(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes

Rat

e o

f re

acti

on

120100806040200

Figure 8.16b

Rat

e o

f re

acti

on

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10pH

(b) Optimal pH for two enzymes

Optimal pH for pepsin(stomachenzyme)

Optimal pH for trypsin(intestinal

enzyme)

Objective: You will be able to design a scientific

experiment.

Do Now:• Read “Explaining and Interpreting Evidence” on

p. 5

• Define Hypothesis

Scientific Experiments

• State a problem

• Provide a hypothesis

• Identify:– Independent variable– Dependent variable

• Control set up

• Give a conclusion

Example• Problem

– Will a plant grow more in saltier water

• Hypothesis– A lower salt concentration will make the plant

grow taller

• Independent variable is the salt concentration

• Dependent variable is how tall the plants grow

Pair Work

• Design an experiment to show which color of light works best for photosynthesis.

• Go through the steps in the previous slide

• Each person needs to complete this in their notebook

Objective: You will be able to design a scientific

experiment.

Do Now:• Take the ditto at the back table

• Answer the questions individually

Now we are going to do a real experiment.• Which paper towel absorbs water the

best?– Choices:

• Bounty• Brown generic towels• White school towels

Towel experiment

• Take out a new piece of paper. This will count as one of the labs you need to sit for the Regents.

• Write your name at the top

• Underneath your name, write the following lab title “Paper Towel Absorbency”

Your Name

“Paper Towel Absorbency”

Purpose:

Materials: