OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT … · final report objective techniques for...

Final Report

OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUESFOR

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

73 -9045March 14, 1973

(NASA-CE-128945) OBJZCTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR N73-24

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Final Report

(AiResearch Nifq. Co., Los Anqeles,

Calir.) 111 p HC $7.75 CSCL 05E Unclas

*, G3/C5 ..... C.5.06

:' . ." . ..- . ,: -. " - : .

.- /1 .- ,0 'P '0,' ',

prepared for

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTR TIONNATIONAL Manned Spacecraft Center

Houston, Texas

NAS 9-12771

AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANYLos Angeles, Caifornia '

136

' .f w - 1,2 Cl0 9 �z -.)

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730015409 2018-08-26T19:17:17+00:00Z

Final Report

OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUESFOR

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

73 -9045March 14, 1973

Authors

E. Wortz, Ph.D.,W. Hendrickson,

T. Ross

Prepared for

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIONManned Spacecraft Center

Houston, Texas

NAS 9-12771

EI~IAIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Los Angeles, California

CONTENTS

Section

I INTRODUCTION

General

Work Accomplished

BACKGROUND

Review of Recent Literature

Psychophysiological Factors

Cognitive Processes

Ill METHOD

Experimental Paradigm

Instrumentation

Computer Program

IV RESULTS

V SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix

A FORMAT OF OPTIONS

B COMPUTER PROGRAM

C SYSTEM SCHEMATICS

D REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRECEDING PAGEf BLANK NOT FILMEDPreceding pagesblank

iii

Page

1 -1

1 -1

1 -1

2-1

2-1

2-9

2-13

3-1

3-1

3-4

3-24

4-1

5-1

A-1

B-1

C-1

D-1

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

This document, prepared from work done under contract NAS 9-12771 andmonitored by Dr. W. E. Fedderson, presents the results of a research program todevelop objective methods for psychological assessment of crew members priorto and during long-dujration space flights.

The ultimate g9; of the research program described in this report is thedevelopment of an objective method of psychologically assessing both potentialspace flight crew candidates and their individual and group behavior duringlong-duration space flight. 'ihe long-term aim of the program is to discoverand use psychological, performance, and psychophysiological variables that canbe monitored in the course of routine mission-oriented behavior and that haveindicative and predictive values for psychosocial well-being.

Thus, the long-range research objectives are to develop and evaluateassessment methodology; to test and demonstrate this methodology in situationsas closely resembling manned space flight conditions as possible; to modify,update, and validate the methodology under situations of confinement and stress;and ultimately to evolve the assessment techniques and hardware into a systemfully compatible with both spacecraft hardware and the anticipated life styleof crew menmbers on long-duration missions. The latter is important because crewacceptance -is vi-tal- for the ultimate utility of the proposed methodology.

The selected research paradigm investigates attentional flexibility as ameans of psychological assessment (i.e. the ability to adapt rapidly thosefunctional states of attention that are appropriate for any personal, social,or mission change in orientation, process, or,task). Thus, the near-termobjective of the program is to devise tasks requiring high attentional statesand to determine the assessment power of various associate performance andpsychophysiological variables for evaluating these states of attention.

Attentional behavior was selected as an appropriate psychological processupon which to focus because alterations in attention can occur at several levelsof functioning, are detectable, and can be indicative of a wide variety offactors relevant to the well-being of individuals and groups. Psychologicalassessment methodology was developed using established relationships betweenvarious performance and psychophysiological variables and between those aspects

*.':'of aftention necessary to engage successfully in a broad category of functions.

WORK ACCOMPLISHED

The orientation taken during this phase of work was to develop and demon-strate a hardware instrumentation system and an experimental paradigm thatcould be used to collect data in manned isolation chamber experiments. Theseisolation chamber experiments had been planned for the near future, and the

ial *';.'-..-2.. to collect the demonstrative data during those test conditions.

1-1

The principal work conducted under this contract and described in thebody of this report is as follows:

(a) A substantive review of pertinent literature

(b) Selection of appropriate methods of objective psychologicalevaluation

(c) Development of techniques for psychological evaluation

(d) Development of apparatus, instrumentation, computer programs, andprocedures to'test the methods selected under items (b) and (c)above

(e) Pilot study experimentation

(f) Evaluation and report on the pilot study results

(g) Recommendations for future research and development

1-2

SECTION II

BACKGROUND

REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE

Reviews of the broad and varied subject of attentional behavior can be foundin Koster (1969) (Reference 1), Sanders (1970) (Reference 2), and Mackworth(1970) (Reference 3); in addition, Moray (1969) (Reference 4) proposed sixdifferent meanings of attention as used in psychological research. Posner andBoies (1971) (Reference 5), however, provide three general concepts or categoriesunder which most research (as well as Moray's meanings) can be categorized.These are listed below.

Alertness, or Arousal--A varying state of readiness to detect stimuliin repetitive, boring, or low-stimulus frequency tasks (such asvigilance tasks). The term also relates to level of sensitivity tostimuli during periods of preparation for receiving stimulation.Both performance measures (e.g., Mackworth, 1970) (Reference 3) andphysiological measures (e.g., N-atlnen, 1970) (Reference 6) of alert-ness provide rationale for including alertness as a component ofattention.

Selective Attention--The ability to select one kind of informationfrom another or to select one source of information from othersources. Studies of selective attention may involve sensorymodalities, location of signals, selection of responses, contentof the information in the stimulus array,.or internal templates,models, and memories of past events.

Limited Central Processing Capability--The difficulty in handling twotasks simultaneously; the delay of signals that arrive during reactiontime.

For the purpose of this review, emphasis will be placed on the first twotopics above and an additional category, Psychophysiological Factors, will beadded. This latter section is presented separately because the nature ofcertain dependent variables, and their utilization as indicative of major modesof responding on an organismic level, has received great emphasis and arousedconsiderable controversy.

Alertness, Isolation, and Clinical Factors

Fedderson and Kanas (1971) (Reference 7) reviewed the stresses of long-duration space flight and argued for improved personnel selection techniquesand better understanding of these stresses so that intervention strategiesmight be developed. Memford (1970) (Reference 8) argued for utilization ofresponses to stress as indexes for selection of personnel and presented datafrom psychological, physiological, and chemical tests.

2-1

Zubek (1970), (Reference 9) reporting on behavioral and electroencephalo-graphic changes in indi' -aia: and groups of men during 14 days in isolation,emphasized the changes :- ;.: perceptual processes.

- ,...

Another recent stuff or, 'solation by Serafetinides (1971) (Reference 10)also found an ever-present progressive reduction of cortical activity in casesof sensory deprivation. It appears that this perennially consistent alterationin the EEG could be accepted as prima facie evidence of sensory deprivation.

Evidence that the effects of varied levels of sensory input represent atwo-edged sword was obtained by Zuckerman et al. (1970) (Reference 11). Utiliz-ing subjects in confinement, they produced environments designed to providehigh, normal, and low levels of arousal by manipulation of sensory variety inthe environment. Thi rdfound that anxiety and adrenocortical responses wereelevated in both the--gh arousal and low arousal situations as compared withthe control situaticonS Of the two extreme conditions, subjects preferred thehigh arousal situation to the low arousal one, which was associated withdepression. From this anV:ot ::r work (such as that of Frankenhauser et al.)(Reference 12), some approximation of the optimum level of arousal that shouldbe the design objective for space stations and other long-duration mannedsystems can be obtained.

Shapiro et al. (1970) (Reference 13) observed the effects of sensoryreduction in organs and systems not usually monitored in this type of research.They found that reduction of auditory and vestibular inputs resulted in a markedinhibition of gastric secretion.

In trying to-.tderstand t~.~ relationship of monotony to psychophysiologicalresponses, Cr-ffirnannd Kimmel (1971) (Reference 14) studied a situation in whichthe occurrence'of'' a brief 1ig'ht flash in the dark would be contingent upon theoccurrence of a galvanic skin response (GSR). They found that there wasinstrumental conditioning of the GSR under these conditions. Consequently,they argued that the occurrence of an orienting response may have a reinforcingeffect. Orienting responses are discussed subsequently.

Bohlin (1971) (Reference 15), studied the effect of monotonous stimulationon the rate of sleep onset and habituation of the orienting response. He foundthat monotonous stimulation put his subjects to sleep more quickly than nostimulation. He also found that the rate of habituation of the orientingresponse tracked the rate of sleep onset. For a comparison between boringstimulation and boring responses London, H., et al. (1972) (Reference 16)studied change in autonomic arousal during performance of boring tasks. Theyfound higher heart rates with very boring tasks and suggested a curvilinearrelationship between information rate and autonomic arousal. It is theirsuggestion that both boring, highly redundant information and low redundancy,rapidly changing situations will result in higher heart rates than will moderatelevels of information processing.

Frankenhauser, et al. (1971) (Reference 12), in studying psychophysiolog-ical reactions to understimulation and overstimulation, found that these twoconditions increased the rate of adrenaline and nonadrenaline production ascompared with controls at moderate levels of stimulation. They also found

2-2

that subjects who produced more adrenaline performed better in the under-stimulation condition, while subjects with less adrenaline production perfor-med better in the overstimulation condition. The same observation was madewith heart rate as the dependent variable. They interpret their data assupporting a curvilinear relationship between level of arousal and performance,with performance being optimal at moderate levels of arousal. Averill, J. R.et al. (1972) (Reference 17), in a study on complex emotional study, observedthat when subjects were shown an isolated accident scene out of context theyinvariably responded with slowing heart rates; however, if the accident scenewere shown within the context of an action film, the opposite response, heartrate acceleration, was observed.

Rathbart and Mellinger (1972) (Reference 18) studied attention andresponsivity to remote dangers and found substantial individual differences intheir population, which they characterized as fear repressors and sensitizers.

In a study along similar lines, Rice and Greenfield (1969) (Reference 19),studying the psychophysiological correlates of "LaBelle Indifference" foundthat patients who remained calm in the face of frightening and disablingimpairment showed greater physiological arousal than did control subjects.They concluded that psychological defense does not prevent arousal of covertphysiological correlates of emotion.

Schmolling and Lopidus (1972) (Reference 20), studying performance inschizophrenics, found that schizophrenics have an elevated base level ofphysiological parameters. Consequently, under stressful stimulation (in accordwith the law of initial values) little increase is seen above baseline valuesfor physiological nmeasure. They characterize these subjects as being hyper-vigilant, impaired in attending, and showing difficulty in shifting the responseset.

Little recent research has been conducted on shifts of attention or per-ception. Mackintosh and Little (1969) (Reference 21), using pigeons, haveshown that strengthening of attention to a single relevant dimension increasesthe rate of response reversal. Schell (1971) (Reference 22) in experimentswith children strongly resembling "learning set" experiments, also has shownthat learning to attend to one stimulus dimension at a time improves the shiftof attention from one stimulus dimension to another.

The rate of reversal of the Necker cube illusion was investigated byRoland (1970) (Reference 23). He found that stress, in the forms of coldpressor stimulation, increased the rate of reversal of the illusion. Heartrate also was correlated with the rate of reversal of the illusion.

Selective Attention and Performance

Typical studies within this category on sensing modality have been madeon visual and auditory signals processing by Mackintosh and Little (1969)(Reference 21) using pigeons, and by Webster and Haslerud (1964) (Reference 24)using humans. Wachtel (1967) (Reference 25) presented a survey of evidencesuggesting that attention is like a beam of light focused more or less sharply

2-3

on particular sources of incoming data. He suggested that a distinction can bedrawn between the narrowness of focusing at any time and the extent to whichthe beam ranges over the field of attentional opportunities. He proposed thatcharacteristic tendencies in these two respects can be regarded as facets ofpersonality varying between types of individuals. For example, highly anxiouspeople can be thought of as tending to have a narrow beam that roams widelyover the field so that their attention skips rapidly from item to item, butis intensely directed to any item on which it is actually resting. Welford(1970) (Reference 26) commented that . . ."selection seems commonly to be madein terms of attitudes and hypotheses brought to a present situation from pastexperience--we perceive what we expect to occur or along the lines of what isfamiliar. It seems clear, therefore, that selection must often be a high-gradeprocess, concerned with data which have already been processed to a substantialextent by the mechanisms of perception. This may well be true even when selec-tion appears to be made in terms of simple sensory quantities."

Classic data in support of this last statement by Welford was reported byCabanac (1971) (Reference 27) in a study of alliesthesia. In this study Cabanacdemonstrated the effect of changing physiological states on the qualities ofincoming stimuli. In his studies temperatures and gustatory and olfactorystimuli judged as pleasant under one set of physiological conditions werejudged as unpleasant under another. For example, a pleasant tasting liquidbecame too sweet for hours following ingestion of glucose.

A wide variety of experimental studies has shown that perceptual selectionis a task involving some mental activity by the observer, and the more precisethat selection must be, the longer it takes or the higher the risk of error.

Baddeley (1972) (Reference 28) suggests that it is plausible to assume thatan increase in arousal will focus the subject's attention more and more narrowlyon that aspect of the situation that is of greatest immediate importance to him.If this happens to be the task he is required to perform, then his efficiencywill be increased; if not, his performance will deteriorate until he abandonsthe task.

Fortunately, however, response to a dangerous environment may be much moreadaptive than this. Work by Epstein and Fenz (1965) (Reference 29) suggeststhat the experienced parachutist learns to inhibit anxiety since it tends todisrupt performance. They suggest that both the fear and the inhibition focuson the jump but generalize temporally both to prior and later aspects of thejumping situation, and to other stimuli associated more or less closely withjumping. If one assumes the generalization gradient associated with theinhibition of fear to be steeper than that associated with fear itself, thenthe point of maximum emotional response will tend to be displaced away fromthe danger stimulus; the greater the degree of inhibition, the farther awaywill be the displacement.

It seems then that subjects who are repeatedly exposed to a dangeroussituation can in some way learn to inhibit their anxiety and displace it awayfrom the point of maximum danger.

Considerable literature already exists on the effects of physiologicalarousal on performance, much of which suggests that they are related bya function resembi ing an inverted U; that is, as arousal increases, performanceimproves up to a maximum beyond which further increments in level of arousallead to poorer and poorer performance (Hebb, 1955 (Reference 30); Malmo, 1959,(Reference 31)). A good deal of experimental data can be accounted for in termsof the inverted-U function. One weakness is its ability to account for almostany result so long as the exact location on the inverted U of the task inquestion is not specified in advance. The situation is further complicated,however, by the fact that the peak of the inverted U occurs at quite differentlevels of arousal for different tasks (Corcoran, 1965) (Reference 32). Thisis intuitively reasonable; however, unless an objective means of assessing atask in advance is available, prediction of performance under stress becomeseven more difficult. It seems unlikely that such an assessment can be madeuntil the cause of the inverted-U relationship is known.

One possible explanation of the relationship lies in the suggestion madeby a number of workers that an increase in arousal produces a narrowing ofattention, with the subject concentrating more and more on the central featuresof the task and paying less and less attention to more peripheral ones(Easterbrook 1959, (Reference 33); Teichner 1968, (Reference 34)). Perhaps thestrongest experimental evidence for such a view comes from recent work byHockey (1970 a,b) (References 35 and 36) on the effects of loud noise on per-forniance. In one of his experiments, Hockey (1970a) (Reference 35) requiredhis subjects to perform a centrally located tracking task, while at the sametime monitoring a series of six small lights distributed on either side of thecentral task at varying distances from the center. Occasionally one of theselights would be illuminated briefly; if the subject detected this he pressed anappropriate response button. Subjects were tested both in continuous loud noiseand in quieter conditions. Overall tracking performance was significantly higherin the noise condition than in the control condition, which showed a decrementduring the session. Detection scores on the peripheral task tended to deterio-rate with increasing distance from the center,. Noise exaggerated this bias byimproving performance on the central lights at the expense of peripheral lights.When no central task was required, noise improved detection performance; thusit appears that noise does not simply impair peripheral vision.

In a subsequent experiment, Hockey (1970b) (Reference 36) showed thatsubjects missed more peripheral signals in noise because they regarded them asless probable than central signals, not simply because of their peripherallocation. A comparable result was recently reported by Cornsweet (1969)(Reference 37) who used threat of electric shock to increase level of arousal.

Although experimental results show a clear effect on breadth of attentionof stresses that may reasonably be assumed to influence the subject's level ofarousal, so far there is no direct evidence that danger will have such an effect.Evidence that this is the case comes from a study by Weltman and Egstrom (1967)(Reference 38) in which novice divers were required to perform a central taskwhile monitoring a faint peripheral light. While the central task did notaffect peripheral vigilance on the surface, during diving a distinct subgroupof the subjects emerged who showed much slower response to the peripheral lights,while showing no impairment on the central task. These subjects appeared to

2-5

be more anxious than the other subgroup, which showed no deterioration underwater, but unfortunately no objective measure of anxiety was available. Thisdefect was remedied in a subsequent study (Weltman et al., 1971) (Reference 39)in which a similar dual task was performed by naive subjects during a simulated60-ft dive in a pressure chamber. After an explanation of the potential dangersand emergency procedures, the door of the pressure chamber was bolted and arise in pressure simulated, although actual pressure did not change. Experi-mental subjects showed a clear anxiety response in terms of both increasedheart rate and subjective ratings. They also showed a clear decrement indetection of peripheral light signals but no drop in performance on the centraltask, relative to an unstressed control group.

Wachtel (1967) (Reference 25) and Moray (1969) (Reference 4) provide generalreviews of performance research in selective attention, while the review of thisarea by Howarth and Bloomfield (1971) (Reference 40) concentrates on experimentsinvolving attentional phenomena in search performance tasks. One specializedmethod of evaluating attention is shadowing performance tasks in auditoryresearch. This topical area is thoroughly reviewed by Underwood and Moray(1971) (Reference 41).

Larkin and Greenberg (1970) (Reference 42), in studying the effect ofuncertainty in presentation of auditory signals, conclude that selectiveattention may be a recognition phenomenon and not a detection phenomenon.They suggest that no amount of training should alter the detectability of asignal, but that differential experience, by practice, may enable a listenerto recognize one tone more efficiently than another.

Typical studies involving the number of stimuli presented are representedby the studies of Chuprikova (1969) (Reference 43), Teichner (1971)(Refer-ence 44), and Rabbit (1964) (Reference 45). Chuprikova found that increasingthe number of signals possible in a representation had a continuously limitingeffect on the preparedness of subjects to react. Teichner's thorough study onthe effects of the number of possible signals on reaction time and probabilityof detection found that reaction time increased as a function of the number ofpossible signals and also that the probability of detection decreased as afunction of increasing number of possible signals. Rabbit, using a sortingperformance technique, found that scanning visual displays to find certainstimuli involved the process of ignoring other stimuli. Specifically, hefound that the number of irrelevant stimuli in a display affected both thespeed and the accuracy of the sorting task.

Warm (1971) (Reference 46) investigated partial reinforcement conceptsutilizing a vigilance task. With a reaction time measure as a dependentvariable and knowledge of results as one of the independent variables, he foundthat withdrawal of knowledge of results increased reaction time, and the effectof withdrawing the knowledge of results was greater in continuous than inpartial reinforcement conditions.

Germana (1969) (Reference 47) manipulated interstimulus intervals andfound that when the interstimulus intervals were increased greater than 240msec, no habituation was found. Germana feels that this may be due to theestablishment of the stimulus arrival rate. He also observed that recall wasunaffected up to interstimulus intervals of 240 msec.

2-6

Limited Central Processing Capacity

The principal recent development in this area of attention is the studyby Allport et al. (1972) (Reference 48) disproving the ''single channel hypothe-sis" of human information processing. Their alternative hypothesis is thatattention operates as if there were a number of independent special processesoperating in panel. Each process is limited in capacity per unit time and mostprocessors may be turned to a single specific problem under conditions relatedto signal importance.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Psychophysiological concomitants of attention can be classified into twomajor categories of research: (1) those studies utilizing the electroencephalo-graph as the principal dependent variable, and (2) investigations into phenomenaassociated with the orienting reaction. Studies concentrating on the firstcategory are discussed first; however, the bulk of the discussion will focus onthe latter category.

Electroencephalographic Studies--Glaser (1963) (Reference 49) has sum-marized the correlations between EEG findings and behavior. Electroencephalo-graphic studies have been primarily centered around observations on the con-tingent negative variation or evoked potential; however, some cogent obser-vations are being made in situations involving operant conditioning or train-ing of EEG components.

Since 1960 there has been growing evidence to support the theory thatselective attention and selective perception have their neurophysiologicalbasis in blocking irrelevant sensory impulses. Thus, sensory pathways of un-attended modalities lose some degree of their capacity to transmit signals,while the attended modality may be facilitated simultaneously. N§trnen(1971) (Reference 6) produced experimental results that show nonspecificanticipatory cortical activation preceding relevant stimuli. This, he argues,is the real reason for the greater amplitudes of potentials evoked by relevantstimuli. Hillgard et al. (1971) (Reference 50) studied those evoked potentialsduring auditory signal detection and found that the detected signals evokedpotentials several times the magnitude of unevoked potentials. He also foundthat detection threshold performance was identical with concurrent electro-physiological measures of threshold.

Donald and Goff (1971) (Reference 51) reported that they have found EEGcomponents of attention related to increases in cortical responsivity anddissociated from the contingent negative variations. Gale et al. (1971)(Reference 52) utilized subjective estimates of alertness in a vigilance typetask while manipulating signal expectancy. They found EEG changes correlatedwith changes in expectancy in the task.

Subjective reports of subjects in the Garrett/AiResearch laboratory(Wortz, 1971) (Reference 53), corroborated by personal communication with otherresearchers (L. Fehmi , 1970 (Reference 54); Kamiya, 1970 (Reference 55)) In thefield concerning their findings, lend support to the hypothesis that readily

2-7

monitored brain wave parameters are correlated with awareness and attentionalabilities. Fehmi (1970) (Reference 54), for example, reports that the amplitudeof brain wave potentials is observed to be correlated with the way in which vis-ual stimuli are viewed. When artists were instructed to view and criticallyapprehend their field of vision, a low-voltage, fast-electroencephalographicactivity was recorded from five brain loci: midline occipital, parietal andfrontal lobes, and the right and left temporal lobes. When the oppositeinstruction was given to view the visual field with a gestalt orientation orin the attitude that would be assumed while actively engaged in painting, theelectroencephalographic activity was characterized by high-voltage, slow wavesin the alpha wave region of the frequency spectrum. A grasped, stationary, andcritically viewed attentional field was associated with low-voltage activitywhile a flowing, integrative, gestalt-like approach to the attentional field wasassociated with high voltage activity.

Gale et al. (1972) (Reference 52), in a study that failed in its mainpurpose, which was to replicate correlation between EEG, extroversion, time ofday, and performance, did find incidentally that higher voltage EEG correlateswith better signal detection. Consequently this vigilance task correlates withthe contention of Wortz and Fehmi above.

Barry and Beh (1972) (Reference 56) found that duration of the desynchroni-zation of the alpha rhythm of the EEG co-varied with the stimulus intensity,whereas the magnitude of the desynchronization did not.

Invgar (1971) (Reference 57) in a study of cerebral blood flow, arousal,and cerebral metabolism suggests that the EEG correlates of arousal anddesynchronization are correlated with an increase in cerebral blood flow. Heeven indicates that regional changes in cerebral blood flow are dependent on thetype of cortical activity at each region.

Orientation Reaction (OR) Studies--Psychophysiological studies of atten-tion also have proceeded from the direction stemming from the work of Sokolov,which is summarized in "Perception and the Conditioned Reflex," (1963) (Refer-ence 58) and reviewed by Lynn (1966) (Reference 59).

This perspective of attention is in terms of what the Russian investiga-tions denoted as the orientation--or what it is--reaction (OR). Essentially,the orientation reaction or reflex involves (behaviorally) the turning of theorganism toward the source of a novel stimulus. In addition, however, thereare a number of concomitant physiological components of this turning toward astimulus. The physiological changes include pupillary dilation; reduction ofthreshold in all sensory modalities; increased electromyographic activity;faster, lower-amplitude EEG; peripheral vasoconstriction; cephalic vasodilation;GSR; delayed respiration followed by increased amplitude and lowered frequency;and slowed heart rate. These physiological changes occur regardless of bodilymovement, and their occurrence is used to define the occurrence of an orientingreaction (OR).

Essentially, stimuli that can initiate an OR are those that have signalsignificance, i.e., are either novel, intense, complex, or incongruous; aresurprising; or produce tendencies for competing or conflicting reactions.

2-8

In addition to the OR, there are two other basic physiologic reactions ofthe same class that can occur in response to stimuli and must be distinguishedfrom the OR. These are adaptive reactions and defensive reactions. Adaptivereactions refer to responses that have homeostatic or negative feedback re-actions, e.g., vasodilation in response to thermal stress or pupillary dilationin response to decreases in illumination. The defensive reaction (DR), onthe other hand, occurs in response to very intense or threatening stimuli andis essentially the startle reaction, which includes eye blink, cephalic vaso-constriction (instead of the cephalic vasodilation seen in the OR), and heartrate acceleration.

The other components of the OR occur in the DR without variance from theOR pattern. In addition to cephalic vasoconstriction and heart rate accelera-tion, another important difference between the OR and DR is that stimuli thatwill produce an OR will eventually habituate, and the OR will disappear. Thisis apparently not the case with the DR; it does not habituate. AlthoughWortz (1967, 1968, and 1969) (References 60, 61, and 62) has found evidence thatupon repeated stimulation this response can develop from a DR into an OR, itis suggested by Wortz (1968) (Reference 61) that high-stimulus intensities justbelow the DR threshold may at times evoke the DR if the general health or copingmechanisms of the organisms deteriorate.

The classic representation of the relationship of the OR and DR in termsof numbers of stimulus presentations and the intensity of the stimulationis reproduced from Sokolov (1963) (Reference 58) and shown in Figure 2-1. Thisrepresentation, showing that a constant intensity and tendency is to move froman OR to a DR with increasing number of stimulations, is contrary to theobservations of Wortz who observed habituation of the DR evolving into an ORwith cutaneous shock. The source of this discrepancy may be due to thetype of stimuli employed or to levels of arousal. Sokolov observed the DRas a simple reflex and employed repetitions of a simple stimulus of fixedintensity, while Wortz observed a conditioned reflex response to a repetitionof stimulus of fixed intensity.

It is apparent, however, that certain factors may vary the OR/DR thresholdfor a given stimulus intensity. It is suggested that psychophysiologicalconsequences of presentation of stimuli near this threshold, for a given personand in terms of whether an OR or DR is elicited, may be indicative of funda-mental aspects of the perceptual coping mechanisms of that person.

A recent study by Gogan (1970) (Reference 63) measuring psychophysiologicalresponse to forces of different intensity provide data that tend to correlatewith the previously described studies. One of Gogan's principal observationsis a correlation between EMG components of the DR and EEG characteristics atthe time of presentation of the signal stimulus (Figure 2-2). His data showthat at slower EEG frequencies, the magnitude of the elicited startle responseis lower. It can be argued from this data and that of Pilsbury and Meyerowitz(Reference 64) that for stimuli of moderately high intensities, field-dependentindividuals are more likely to produce a DR than field-independent subjects.Consequently, if disease does operate to alter the distribution of attentionfor exteroception, it can be hypothesized that this shift will be reflected in.the mechanisms of the orienting and defensive reactions.

2-9

4 8 12 16INTENSITY OF STIMULUS, ARBITARY UNITS

Figure 2-1. Relationship between Orienting Reflexes and Defensive ReflexesProduced by Electrodermal Stimuli of Various Strengths

HABITUATION OF STARTLE AND ORIENTING IN MAN

EMGSPIKESCOUNT

z0

q.--i

b

-J

I-

CL0

I--ja-

20

15

10

5

MT3/1 +2+390 SAMPLES .

0

; 0*

0 0

.

0

10 20 30 40 50 cps

FREQUENCIES OF EEG I SEC BEFORE STIMULUS

Figure 2-2. Amplitude of the Startle Reaction Plotted Against Frequencyof EEG Measured One Second Before Each Stimulus

-71339

2-10

(n

0

z;

1. [ 2. 3.

Specifically, it i.2-- ' - t the most fruitful phenomena to investigatein this regard are the -- in the threshold region between the OR andDR. Thus it is hypothej< [ t the OR/DR threshold will vary with attentionalload, decreasing as atteTl2iona4I load is increased.

Raskin et al. (1969) (Reference 65) studied cephalic vasomotor and heartrate measures of the OR utilizing 80- and 120-db white noise signals. Theyalways found cephalic vasoconstriction (as measured by forehead blood contentor forehead pulse amplitude) to the stimulus, whereas heart rate differentiatedbetween the two intensities. Heart rate deceleration occurred in conjunctionwith the 80-db stimulus while heart rate acceleration occurred with the 120-dbsignal. -

Keefe (1970) (ReL.rence 66) utilized a 1000-Hz tone at 70 db, and observeda biphasic forehead p_-ise response that he interpreted as vasodilation followedby vasoconstriction. The magnitude of vasomotor response was found to be relatedto the prestimulus level, .,hich corresponds to the law of initial values. Healso observed that heart rate acceleration was associated with head pulsecons t riction.

Fantalova (1970) (Reference 67) used a 1000-Hz tone stimulus and rheographyfor pulse volume measurements in an attempt to measure organ volumes as aconsequence of the OR. He concluded that rheography could be used to detect thetime of pulse arrival, but not organ volume.

In a study of procedural aspects of research on the OR, Gliner et al. (1971)(Reference 68) fo-';d that alter.:ions in order of stimulus presentation canproduce orienting r5actions..

Just as important as the occurrence of the OR, if not more so, is therate of habituation of this response. Gabriel and Ball (1970) (Reference 69),utilizing tactile stimuli, found that the OR magnitude would increase as thenovelty of a stimulus increased. They also found a spread of OR habituationeffect from a principal finger (which was stinfulated) to adjacent fingers.Beideman and Sterm (1971) (Reference 70) found that the occurrence of theorienting response observed at the start of a signal and the terminal orientingresponse (TOR) observed at the cessation of a signal are related to the contentand duration of the stimulus. Essentially, they observed that the OR and TORhabituate in the same manner. The idea is that each successive stimulus providesless information; therefore, the novelty diminishes and consequently both ORand TOR diminish. They observed that the TOR habituates at a faster ratethan the OR, presumably because after the onset of a signal its termination ismore predictable than the stimulus onset. This determinability of the timingbetween signals also was studied by Germana (1969) (Reference 47), who manipu-lated the interstimulus interval. He found that as the interstimulus intervalincreased, the rate of habituation decreased.

Maltzman et al. (1971) (Reference 71) found that stress slowed the rate ofhabituation of the OR. In a unique set of experiments they found that under-graduates in a first experimental stress situation habituated more slowly thanin a second situation, while graduate students habituated more rapidly in a

2-11

first experimental situation than they did in a second situation just prior totaking a stressful examination. This second paradigm (with the stress in aseparate area of the subject's life and affecting the rate of OR habituation)is relevant to the proposed research.

Coles et al. (1971) (Reference 72) investigated personality factors andthe OR, and suggested that neuroticism is positively resulted to the magnitudeof the OR.

Lacey and Lacey (1964) (Reference 73) reported on cardiac deceleration ina simple visual reaction time experiment. They found cardiac deceleration toa warning stimulus and cardiac acceleration to the reaction time signal stimulus.These observations were confirmed by Graham and Clifton (1966) (Reference 74),who, in addition to the heart rate deceleration to the warning stimulus,observed acceleration both before and after the response.

While studying vigilance tasks, Kibler (1967) (Reference 75) found acorrelation between the signal detection efficiency and the magnitude of thecardiac deceleration.

The relationship between heart rate and signal stimuli was further exploredby Coles et al. (1972) (Reference 76). They also found that a warning signalproduced heart rate deceleration and that the signal stimulus produced heartrate acceleration. When they instructed their subjects not to respond to thesignal stimulus, the heart rate still accelerated, but at a lower rate thanwhen a response was required. They suggested classifying stimuli as imperativeor warning, based on the direction of the change in heart rate.

In linking the cardiac components of the orienting and defensive reflexesto vascular components, Hare (1972) (Reference 77) found that heart ratedeceleration was accompanied by cephalic vasodilation while heart rateacceleration was accompanied by cephalic vasoconstriction. Thus, although hereplicated the Sokolov model, he made his observation by separating his subjectsinto types based on their heart rate responses to anxiety-arousing accidentscenes. He suggested that the classic patterns of cardiovascular activityoccur in only some subjects and only under some conditions and that they may beobscured by undifferentiated group data.

Hare defined his optimal grouping of subjects as accelerators, decelerators,and medium decelerators.

In an earlier report Hare et al. (1971) (Reference 78) reported on auto-nomic responses to effective visual stimulation consisting of female figures,homicides, and ordinary objects. They found the largest heart rate decelerationin women shown slides of nude females and the largest vasomotor response inwomen shown slides of homicides. The converse was true for male subjects.

Carrol (1971) (Reference 79), using effective visual stimuli to studyforehead vasomotor responses, found an initial decrease in forehead pulseamplitude to all stimuli, followed by an elevation in amplitude above thebaseline level across a period of 15 seconds.

2-12

Wilkinson et al. (1972) (Reference 80) added confusion to this area ofstudy by finding that different psychological measures differ in reflectingapparent arousal. In studying performance and arousal as a function of incen-tive, information load, and task novelty, he found that pulse volume respondedto changes in task difficulty while pulse rate responded to incentive.

Zeiner and Schell (1971) (Reference 81), using skin resistance as a param-eter, found faster learning and higher orienting responses to innocuous stimulithan to noxious stimuli. They suggested that the response to these two classesof stimuli may involve different physiological processes.

COGNITIVE PROCESSES

In an important paper, Kreitler and Kreitler (1972) (Reference 82) relatethe orienting response to cognitive process, i.e., processes involved in theproduction of meaning. Their contention is that cognitive processes allow abetter understanding and more precise prediction of human behavior than othervariables. They introduce the concept of cognitive orientation to suggest thecognitive nature of the orienting process. Their primary assumptions are that(a) attempt to achieve cognitive orientation (C.O.) is a primary tendency,(b) human behavior is altered by cognitive orientation, and (c) informationabout C.O. allows the prediction of the course of ensuing behavior.

A few definitions are required in order to prepare for a brief descriptionof this model and its relationship both to the work previously cited and to thework evolving under this contractual program. These definitions are fairly wellevolved in the paper by Kreitler and Kreitler and their derivations will not bereiterated here.

First is the idea of meaning dimensions (13 lexical and 10 symbolic dimen-sions are evolved on the basis of experimental data), which are the rules forthe categorizing process that is applied to input stimuli. These rules func-tion as an "address" to direct scanning and matching to neuronal models.Denotive meaning is then the result of a match between input stimulus and theneuronal model. The term "meaning action" is applied to this selection,retrieval, and matching process. The role of meaning action then is to estab-lish meaning values of a kind that enables a defensive reaction (DR), a condi-tioned response (CR), and an unconditioned response (UR) or an adaptive response(AR) to be elicited. lf meaning action, fails, i.e. none of the above isobtained, an orienting response (OR) is released. Sufficiency of a denotivemeaning then is the habituation of the OR and the elicitation of an AR, CR, DRor UR (UR other than the OR)

When the elicited response is insufficient, the molar behavior is mobilized.This occurs when:

(a) In spite of the OR, no new information about the stimulus object isachieved and the information available is inadequate for a denotativemeaning.

(b) Denotative meaning was established and a CR was produced, but thatmethod of coping was inadequate.

2-13

.,

(c) The pattern of denotative meaning includes a value that expressesthe requirement for molar behavior.

The meaning dimensions most likely involved in determination of denotativemeaning are the lexical dimensions of sensory qualities, contextual allocation,similarity and contrast, and potentialities for action. Evidence that theapplication of these meaning dimensions for stimulus recognition are simultan-eous are provided by Allport et al. (1972) (Reference 48) and Neisser (1967)(Reference 83).

Although the theoretical paper by the Kreitlers is developed toward theidea of being able to predict behavior from beliefs and belief clusters, (andsome evidence is provided for this contention), the relevant point for thisproject is the interrelationship of OR's and cognitive processes.

2-14

SECTION III

METHOD

EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGM

The independent variables selected for this experiment were (1) task and(2) auditory stimulus probe variables. The task variables built into theapparatus are (1) type of signal detection task (task difficulty), (2) timeallowed to complete the task, (3) the inclusion of a reaction time task alongwith the signal detection task, and (4) the reaction time task alone. Theauditory stimulus probe variable was the intensity of the auditory signal(variable in 2 db increments from 60 to 120 db).

The independent variables actually used in the pilot testing were taskdifficulty, inclusion or exclusion of the auditory probe reaction time task,and the intensity of the auditory stimulus. Ten middle-aged male professionalengineers were selected as subjects for the pilot study.

The physiological-dependent variables were direction and magnitude ofheart rate changes, finger pulse volume changes, ear pulse volume changes, andrheoencephalograph pulse changes. The performance-dependent variables weretask completion, number of errors, and reaction times.

The subjects were instrumented and seated in front of a video console andkeyboard (Figures 3-1 and 3-2). The subjects were informed that a 40- by 40-character alphanumeric matrix would be displayed periodically on the videoscreen, together with instructions for the task. The alternative sets ofinstructions were to (1) count the occurrence of a given character,-e.g. theletter r, (2) count the number of vowels; and (3) count the occurrence of aninclusive set, e.g. h through 1. The subject was informed of the time allowedfor the task at hand, e.g. 99 seconds, also displayed on the video screen.The subject was instructed to strive for speed as well as accuracy and wasadvised he would be scored in terms of both errors and time to complete thetask. In addition the subject was informed that periodically a tone would beinitiated in his earphones and when this occurred, he should respond as quicklyas possible to eliminate the tone signal by pushing the "interrupt" button onhis keyboard.

The different tasks are presented to the subject consecutively with a120-second rest period between each task. The probe stimulus problem is pre-sented randomly and at random db levels at the discretion of the experimenter.

3-1

Figure 3-1. Experimental Apparatus Block Diagram

-~ -,

VDEO AND K YBOARD -. COMPUTER

, 3-. 3

3-3r~

INSTRUMENTATION

Discussion of System Design

The psychological assessment (PA) signal conditioner provides interfacingbetween a test subject and a digital computer. The PA signal conditioneraccepts input signals from biosensors located on the test subject's body,amplifies these signals, provides level shifting and level detecting functions,and then conditions the signals for output to a digital computer. The param-eters conditioned in this manner are: electrocardiogram (ECG), rheoencephalo-gram (REG), finger plethysmogram (PG), and ear lobe plethysmogram (EPG). Alsoincluded in the PA signal conditioner is an audio response stimulator circuit,used to determine the subject's reaction time and to discriminate betweenorienting and defensive reactions. The subject's physiological reactions arepicked up via sensors, conditioned by the signal conditioner unit, thenrecorded and analyzed by the digital computer to determine the subject'spsychological condition. A block diagram of the signal conditioning systemis shown in Figure 3-3. Because of the complexity of the system, the designdiscussion will be handled separately for each subsystem. The subsystems tobe discussed are

Electrocardiograph (ECG)

Rheoencephalograph (REG)

Plethysmograph (PG and EPG)

Audio response stimulator

Electrocardiogram (ECG)--The electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors, when placedon the subject's sternum in a trans-thoracic manner, pick up the electricalactivity of the heart. This electrical activity indicates heart rate, bloodpressure, and heart volume changes. This program is interested only in theheart rate signal. In a typical heart rate signal waveform (ECG) the peakvolume at the "R" point has a level of one to two millivolts, depending on thetype of sensors used and their placement on the subject. The period between"R" peaks can vary from 1-1/2 sec to 1/2 sec, which corresponds to a heartrate variation of 40 beats/min to 120 beats/min.

The sensors used are silver/silver "floating" biodes, which are held inplace with double-sided tape, and make electrical contact to the skin througha liquid medium (biogel) produced especially for this purpose.

The differential voltage level at the output of the ECG sensors rangesfrom 0.1 to 2 mv peak, while the common mode voltages range from 10 to 100 mvpeak. For this reason a differential amplifier with high common-mode rejection(CMR) is required for this subsystem. Drawing LSK 36170 in Appendix C showsthat the ECG amplifier consists of three operational amplifier units. The in-put stage consists of two operational amplifiers (op amps) connected in a highCMR common-feedback configuration. This circuit uses the op amps as noninvert-ing stages. In this mode the input impedance at the positive input terminal

3-4

6 C4AN

SU5G CT

Figure 3-3. Block Diagram of Signal Conditioning System

EC.

.n

PG-

is greater than 10 meg. The feedback for this first stage uses a common re-sistor (R3) to determine the stage gain, and provides maximum CMR by matchingthe gains of the two input op amps. The third op amp is used both as a dif-ferential to a single-ended converter stage and as a gain stage. This stage iscapacitor-coupled to the first stage to help eliminate baseline (zero) shiftdue to poor sensor/subject connections. The output of this amplifier is routedto an analog output terminal, and to the PG-ECG-REG level comparator board.This comparator board accepts the ECG analog signal, compares it to an adjust-able level, and then uses the square wave obtained from the level comparator totrigger an integrated flip-flop. This flip-flop opens a gate allowing clockpulses coming from the digital computer to flow into a pulse totalizer unit.This flip-flop is reset by a signal generated by the REG/PG amplifiers, thusstopping the flow of clock pulses. The number of pulses that have been accumu-lated within the pulse totalizer unit is proportional to the time differencebetween an ECG pulse and a REG/PG pulse. This time difference data is used bythe digital computer to help determine the physiological state of the subject.

Rheoencephalograph (REG)--The reheoencephalogram (REG) is a measure ofthe fluctuation in cerebral tissue impedance due to blood flow pulsations.The sensors used are the same as for the ECG measurement ("floating" biodes).In use, the patient constitutes the unknown arm of a balanced wheatstonebridge, which is excited by a 10- to 50-KHz sine-wave signal. The ac outputof the bridge is detected and amplified to yield a 0- to 2-volt peak outputsignal for a 0- to 5-percent change in cerebral impedance. The REG signal hasthe waveform shown in Figure 3-4a. The period of this signal ranges from 1/2to 1/3 sec.

The REG signal is preconditioned by a commercial signal conditioning unit,a biocom impedance converter (BK). The output of this unit is a 0- to ±+2-vsignal. The signal is routed from the BK to the REG amplifier card (Drawing LSK36175 in Appendix C).

In this circuit, the first stage (Zl) is, connected as a unity gain dif-ferential amplifier. This is done to avoid ground loops that may occur betweenthe PA signal conditioner and BK unit. The output of this first stage isapplied to a level comparator stage (Z2). This stage compares the REG signalto an adjustable dc level; the square wave thus produced is routed to theREG-ECG-PG comparator card, where it is used to trigger an integrated flip-flop. This flip-flop, which is set by the ECG pulse and reset by the REGpulse, gates a clock signal that is used to calculate the time differencebetween the ECG and REG pulses.

Finger Plethysmograph (PG) and Ear Lobe Plethysmograph (EPG)--Theplethysmograph sensors (PG and EPG) are used to measure blood volume change ata specific point on the body. A finger sensor and an ear lobe sensor areemployed for this test. Both of these sensors operate by measuring the amountof a specific wavelength of light (7350A) that is abosrbed by the organ beingmonitored. The light is generated by a small light source and is conducted bythe skin of the subject to a nearby photocell. The photocell produces aresistance change proportional to the amount of light falling on it. Thephotocell is connected into a bridge circuit that translates the resistance

3-6

Figure 3-4a.

Figure 3-4b.

Figure 3-4.

PG Waveform

Rheoencephalograph (REG) and Finger Plethysmograph(PG) Waveforms

3-7

REG Waveform

change into a voltage signal (see Drawing LSK 36174 in Appendix C for more de-tails on this bridge circuit; see Figure 3-4b for details on the PG signalwaveform). The voltage signals are then routed to the PG and EPG amplifiercards (Drawings LSK 36172 and 36173 in Appendix C). These cards consist of adifferential input stage with a gain of 20, a second ac-coupled stage with avariable gain of 1/2 to 6, and a comparator stage that compares the analog sig-nal level with an adjustable dc level. The square wave produced by this compara-tor stage is used to gate a flip-flop, thus allowing a series of clock pulses topass into a pulse totalizer unit. The total number of pulses counted at the endof a cycle is proportional to the time between an ECG pulse and a PG pulse. Thistime difference is used by the digital computer to help determine the subject'spsychological state.

Audio Response Simulator (Drawing LSK 36179 in Appendix C)--The audioresponse simulator generates a variable level tone that is used to test thesubject's concentration and reaction time. The audio level is programmed bythe digital computer using seven binary bits of information. These bits areapplied to the input of a digital-to-analog converter (D/A). The output ofthis D/A converter is a 0- to 10-vdc level. This signal is applied to thesecond stage, which performs level shifting and scaling on the D/A signal.The output of the second stage is then applied to the X input of a multiplier.The Y input of the multiplier is fed from a sine wave oscillator located on aPC card (Drawing LSK 36180 in Appendix C). The multiplier is used here as alinear amplitude modulator and provides an output level proportional to thedigital binary number input to the D/A converter.

The controlled level output from the multiplier is then applied to theaudio drive card (Drawing LSK 36180) where it is amplified sufficiently todrive a set of stereo headphones. The final output sound level is programcontrollable from 60 to 110 db by the digital computer system. The frequencyof the tone also is manually variable using a control on the front panel ofthe PA signal conditioner package. The frequency range is 1 to 8 KHz. Duringtesting this control is set for maximum subject annoyance.

Additional system schematics are shown in Appendix C (Drawings LSK 36170,36171, 36176, 36168, 36169, and 36211.

Method of Operation

The method of operation for the PA signal conditioner is broken down intothe following step-by-step procedure:

STEP 1

Plug the PA signal conditioner unit into a 115-v, 60-Hz power outlet.Connect the cable from the PA unit to the digital computer. Connect the ECT,PG, EPG, and BK cables to the PA unit inputs. Connect the REG sensors to theinputs of the BK unit.

STEP 2

Turn on the signal conditioner and allow the unit to warm up while pro-ceeding to Step 3.

3-8

STEP 3

Connect the ECG, REG, PG, and EPG sensors to the subject under test.Procedures for each sensor follow:

1. ECG Sensors--There are three silver/silver biodes used for the ECGinput. The + and - biodes and the reference biode are applied tothe sternum (see Figure 3-5a). The procedure for applying eachbiode follows:

(a) Using alcohol, clean the subject's skin in the area to whichthe biode will be applied. A slight abrasion of the skin usingbiobrade pads will remove the dry outer layer and thus lowerthe skin resistance.

(b) Remove the double-sided adhesive washer (biocom 1080B) from thewax paper backing, leaving the top wax paper washer in place.

(c) Center the hole in the adhesive washer over the cavity in thebiode and press the adhesive washer to the biode face.

(d) Fill the biode cavity with biogel. Be sure that no voids orair bubbles are left in the gel during this process. Thecavity should be slightly over-filled. The excess can then beremoved using a stiff, straight edge (heavy paper, knife edge,etc.).

(e) Remove the wax paper washer and gently press the biode andwasher in place.

NOTE: Be sure to clean the silver/silver biodes withalcohol after each usage.

2. REG Sensors--The REG sensors.consist of two biodes, and are attachedusing the same procedure as described for the ECG sensors. The place-ment on the subject is shown in Figures 3-5a and b and 3-6.

3. PG Sensors--The finger PG sensor is simply slipped over the subject'sfinger, with the ball of the forefinger resting over the photocellcutout. The spring-and-cork assembly is then put in place to helphold the finger over the photocel and light source cutouts. SeeFigure 3-7a and 3-8 for details.

STEP 4

Place stereo headphones on subject, ensuring that the level controlslocated on each headphone are full on. See Figures 3-7b and 3-8 for details.

3-9

C-

i

.,YELOW o (r )ES= LG CTNZC 7-

B.,ACA- (-) -ELEZT~glD

ALT N --.' -POS TIOK OF

(-) ELGVOt

Figure 3-5a.

-R-.ED (+) ELECTE':r

-/4~LT6~7-N. A,.T E--VILSTkA CT1:

ELE CTVCZCGz

ECG Sensor Placement

:OP

A - LTSE N .T E

FPZONTToA

i' -

POS ITION OF (-) SENSOR

Figure 3-5b. REG Sensor Placement

Figure 3-5. ECG and REG Sensor Placement

3-10

I

* i

I'

SI;72394

S1i .i ~

S 3:Fiur 3-6 EC an RE esr cmn

;~ ~3-11S" a

PIAOToCEL.LLICMT

Figure 3-7a. PG Sensor Placement

CAk LE WIE CLI P

SENSOR

Figure 3-7b. EPG Sensor Placement

Figure 3-7. PG and EPG Sensor Placement

3-12

0 I

*1 "i "

i7s a

rS~t~ar~ck

3-13

02;

STEP 5

Turn on the BK and balance the unit using the procedure outlined below:

1. Turn master switch to "BATT. TEST" position. Note that the meter

reads in the green area.

2. Turn the master switch to "AC SHORT" position.

3. Turn "BALANCE"'' control until meter reads in the green area of the

scale.

4. Turn "GAIN" control fully clockwise.

STEP 6

Set the trigger level controls located on the front of the PA conditionerunit so that the (LED) indicators are located under each level control flash ata constant rate. A constant flashing rate indicates that the trigger circuit

is set to the proper level for consistent data output.

Turning the level control clockwise from mid-travel gives an increasingpositive trigger level; counterclockwise from mid-travel gives an increasing

negative level.

STEP 7

Set the audio simulator frequency control, located on the right side ofthe PA conditioner's front panel, to the desired frequency. The PA signal

conditioning system is now ready for use.

Method of Calibration

The PA signal conditioner has only one circuit that requires calibration.

This is the audio response simulator. For this circuit the audio sound level

should be calibrated for a range of 60 to 110 db. To aid in this calibrationa B&D "Artificial Ear", model 4153, was acquired.

To calibrate the sound response system the following equipment is needed:

Dc power supply (+5V at 100 ma)

Artificial ear (B&K model 4153)

Headphones (part of PA unit)

1/2-in. microphone cartridge (B&K model 4134)

3-14

Cathode follower (B&K model 2615)

Sound level meter (B&K model 2203)

Octave filter set (B&K model 1613)

The method of calibrating the audio response system is broken down intothe following step-by-step procedure:

STEP 1

1. Plug PA signal conditioner into 115-v 60-Hz power line

2. Turn on power and allow a 5-min warmup period

3. Plug stereo headphones into PA signal conditioner audio output jack(located on front panel)

4. Make sure both level controls on headphones are full on

5. Set up the B&K equipment per instruction manual BB4153

STEP 2

Short together pins F, P, C, D, R, V, U, and K on the computer inputconnector (connector located on lower right of PA front panel).

STEP 3

Apply 5 vdc on pins F (neg) and J (pos).

STEP 4

Adjust TRIM pot R8 located on th& rear'edge of Card 9 (green ejectorcode), so that a level of +40 db is indicated on the B&K sound level meter.The frequency control should be set at mid-travel for this step.

STEP 5

Short together pins P, C, D, R, V, U, and K on the computer input con-nector and then connect this bus to the 5-vdc positive supply line.

STEP 6

The sound should now be adjusted to +100 db using TRIM pot R8 on Card 9.This sets the full-scale sound level. The lower limit can now be checked usingStep 2 to determine the total range of the audio response simulator, whichshould be about 45 db.

The unit is now calibrated for use.

3-15

ECG AmplifierSystem Specification Sheet

INPUT

Range - Amplitude

- Frequency response

- Sensitivity

0.01 mv to 20.0 mv

0.1 Hz to 100 Hz

Fixed

Impedance

Differential

Common mode

Common mode rejection - dc

- ac

Max. common mode input

Waveform any

Crest factor

Form factor

OUTPUT

Range - Amplitude


- System gain

10 megohm Single ended N/A

l megohm

70 db

60 db to 1 KHz

±10 vdc or 20 vac pk-pk

N/A

N/A

0 to ±10 vdc

0.1 Hz to 100 Hz

X 500

Impedance

Differential

Common mode

N/A

N/A

Single-ended 50 ohm

Crest factor

Form factor

Waveform

N/A

N/A

- 3-16'

ECG AmplifierSystem Specification Sheet (Cont'd)

READOUT--None

System errors - Linearity

Threshold

Hysteresis

Drift - with time

- with temperature

- with supply

Noise - ripple

Power requirements

Environmental specifications

Temperature

Humidity

Acceleration

Mechanical specifications

Configuration

Size

Volume

Weight

3-17

Precision

Resolution

±15 vdc at 20 ma

70°C max

90 percent max

Normal handling shock

PC card

3-3/4 by 6-1/2 by 1 in.

24.4 cu in.

6 oz

REG AmplifierSystem Specification Sheet

INPUT

Range - Amplitude


- Sensitivity

O to 10 vdc or vac pk

Dc to 1 kHz

Impedance

Differential

Common Mode


- ac

Max common mode input

Waveform any

Crest factor

Form factor

OUTPUT

Range - Amplitude


- System gain

20K ohm Single-ended 20K ohm

10K ohm

60 db

60 db to 1 kHz

±10 vdc or vac pk

N/A

N/A

O to ±10 vdc or 20 vac pk-pk

Dc to 1 kHz

Unity (xl)

Impedance

Differential

Common mode

N/A Single-endedless than 10 ohm

N/A

3-18

REG AmplifierSystem Specification Sheet (Cont'd)

Waveform--Any

Crest factor

Form factor

N/A

N/A

READOUT--None

System errors - Linearity Precision

Threshold Resolution

Hysteresis

Drift - with time

with temperature

with supply

Noise - ripple

Power requirements ±15 vdc at 30 ma


Temperature 700 C max

Humidity 90 ± max

Acceleration Shock normal handling


Configuration PC card

Size 3-3/4 by 6-1/2 by 1/2 in.

Volume 12 cu in.

Weight 6 oz

3-19

PG and EPG AmplifierSystem Specification Sheet

INPUT

Range - Amplitude


- Sensitivity

O to ±150 mv dc or pk ac

Dc to 100 Hz at -3 db

Impedance

Differential

Common mode


- ac


Waveform any

Crest factor

Form factor

100K ohm Single-ended 50K ohm

50K ohm

60 db

60 db to 1 kHz

±10 vdc or 20 vac pk-pk

N/A

N/A

OUTPUT

Range - Amplitude


- System gain

Zero to ±10 vdc or 20 vac pk-pk

Dc to 100 Hz

X 10 to X 60

Impedance

N/A

N/A

Differential

Common mode

Waveform any

Crest factor

Form factor

Single-ended 10 ohm

N/A

N/A

3-20

PG and EPG AmplifierSystem Specification Sheet (Cont'd)

READOUT None



Hysteresis

Drift - with time

with temperature

with supply

Noise - ripple



Temperature 700 C max

Humidity 90 percent max



Configuration PC card

Size 3-3/4 by 6-1/2 by 1/2 in.

Volume 12 cu in.

Weight 6 oz

3-21

Audio StimulatorSystem Specification Sheet

INPUT

Range - Amplitude


- Sensitivity

7 binary bit percent (27 = 128.1range)

I kHz max. program rate

Impedance

Differential

Common mode


- ac


Waveform square

Crest factor

Form factor -

OUTPUT

Range - Amplitude


- System gain

N/A

N/A

NI/A

N/A

N/A

Single-ended TTL compatible

N/A

TTL compatible

60 to 110 db sound level

1 to 10 kHz tone

Variable output level from40 to 70 db

Impedance

N/A

N/A

Differential

Common mode

Waveform--sine

Crest factor

Form factor

Single-ended

N/A

N/A

3-22

1.0 ohm

Audio StimulatorSystem Specification Sheet (Cont'd)

READOUT--None



Hysteresis

Drift - with time

with temperature

with supply

Noise - ripple



Temperature 70°C max

Humidity 90 percent max



Configuration 2 ea - PC cards

Size 3-3/4 by 6-1/2 by 1 in. each card

Volume 48 cu in.

Weight 14 oz total

3-23

COMPUTER PROGRAM

The computer consists of a Texas Instrument (T.I.) 960 control computer

with 8000 16-bit words of core memory and several standard input/output inter-

face cards, including one that interfaces to a teletypewriter ASR 33 (TTY)

typewriter with paper tape reader and punch, and one that interfaces with a

Lear Siegler 7700 interactive display terminal. The TTY is the primary input/

output device to all T.I. 960 software and the display terminal is attached

specifically for this particular use of the computer.

Other interface cards consist of an interval timer with 1 msec resolution,

a pulse accumulator, and a digital input and digital output card that allows

16 binary bits of information to communicate to the computer in each direction.

Seven bits of the digital output interface are attached to an AiResearch-

manufactured audio generator and two other bits are used as test information

recorded on a strip chart recorder. The interval timer measures reaction times

of the test subject and determines the duration of each test section. The

pulse accumulator is not used at present; however, it is designed to be used

to calculate parameters based on measurements made on the test subject. The

intended use of this device would require additional storage or a high-speed

output device.

The present purpose of the Texas Instrument computer is two-fold. The

main objective is to display a game on the cathode ray tube (CRT) of the Lear

Siegler 7700. This game is to be played by the subject while under test. The

second objective is to apply a stressing audio signal to the test subject and

measure his response time to the signal.

At present, three types of games may be played to count the occurrence of

(1) a character; (2) characters between limits, either numbers between two

other numbers with a maximum spread of 5, or letters between two other letters

with a maximum spread of 4; (3) vowels. In each game the test subject counts

the occurrence of a character or characters within a 20-by-20 matrix of char-

acters displayed on the CRT screen. The rules of the game along with the time

limit allowed also are displayed on the screen. The computer calculates the

correct result, the test subject enters his result through the keyboard of the

CRT, and these two results are printed on the TTY. These games are displayed

for a fixed period of time (1-999 sec) that is determined before the start of

the game. If at the end of this time the test subject has not responded with

his answer, the computer designates his answer to be zero, erases the CRT

screen, and prints the results. Provision has been made to enter a different

period of time for display of the matrix and the rules but the present computer

program does not utilize these times.

Throughout the duration of these games the secondary objective of the

computer is attained. A background audio signal is applied to the test subject

through earphones attached to the audio generator. At random intervals through-

out the game (from 2 to 32 sec), a stressing tone of variable volume is applied

to the subject. This tone is terminated when the test subject depresses the

interrupt key on the CRT keyboard. The length of time taken by the test sub-

ject tp terminate the tone is logged by the computer. These times, in

3 -24

hundredths of a second, are displayed on the TTY at the end of each game. Thebackground tone volume may be set at the beginning of a game or series ofgames through the TTY keyboard. This audio level is then transmitted to thedigital output card as a seven-bit binary number (0-127).

The computer program is written to allow the test conductor to enter varioustest options, such as game duration, the volume of the background audio signal,the 20-by-20 character matrix, the type and number of games to be played, andthe start of these games. These options are entered by depressing one ofseveral keys on the TTY keyboard. The format of the options and the parti-cular key that initiates the option are described in Appendix A. When thecomputer program is initially loaded into the computer there is a default con-dition for the duration of the game and the audio signal. The matrix of char-acters and the game type must be entered before execution of a game.

The computer program, Appendix B, is so written that other optionsand other games may be added easily to the existing code. The program iswritten entirely in SAL/960 code, the assembler language of the TI 960, andoperates on a stand-alone basis. The program is loaded into the computer undersupervision of the programming supervisor monitor (PSM); however, when executionof the program is initiated, the addresses of the internal and communicationsregister unit interrupt servicing routines are modified.

3-25

SECTION IV

RESULTS

Eleven subjects were tested in the formal pilot study portion of thisprogram. Each subject was presented with three performance tasks in the fol-lowing test order, in 3 sets of 12 tests with a 2-minute rest break betweeneach task set.

Test No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Task No.

1

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

1

*2

3

Seven of the subjects were presented with ain order of presentation; however, for thiswas not utilized.

fourth task set that was identicalfourth task set, the probe stimulus

Every presentation of the alphanumeric matrix was randomized, as was thetemporal interval between occurrences of the probe stimulus. The probe stimuluswas presented in four intensities: 90, 100, 110, and 120 db. The amplitudesetting of each probe stimulus also was determined randomly.

Data were collected on the reaction time and character count on the per-formance tasks for all the subjects. These two figures, together with the cor-rect character count, were printed out on the teletype.

4-1

Table 4-1 -res.-=-Q-L mean reaction time data for each subject by thetype of task arm. thZ--- T-,l2 tests (note there is no reaction time data forTest Set 4). -

Table 4-2 presents the ratio of each subject's character count to theactual character count on the signal detection task by the type of task and thetest set.

The following parameters were recorded in analog fashion as a strip chart:

Channel 1--Time, seconds

Channel 2--ECG, beat to beat4s

Channel 5--REG, beat to beat and pulse amplitude

Channel 4--FPG, beat to beat and pulse amplitude

Channel 5--EPG, beat to beat and pulse amplitude

Channel 6--Probe stimulus, amplitude (arbitrary scale)

Channel 7--Probe stimulus, occurrence; event

Channel 8--Test time, start and stop events

Channel 9--Heart rate, analog calibrated?

A typical examp-ie:` the'analog record is shown in Figure 4-1.

Inspection of this figure reveals that, for example, changes in heart rateare most pronounced in the intervals between tests, when the set of instructionsis presented for the next test.

Individual pulses and changes in pulse amplitude can be seen in the REG,FDG, and EPG traces. In addition, differences in timing are discernible amongeach of them and between the ECG.

Performance became asymptotic after the first series of twelve tests, asshown by the plot of correct responses and reaction time (Figure 4-2). Perform-ance stabilized at an average of approximately 75 percent correct and reactiontime stabilized around 450 milliseconds. The effect of the reaction time/probestimulus task on performance is evident in the fourth test set point, where theaverage percentage correct performance moves up to 85 percent when the probestimulus is eliminated.

Figure 4-3 shows the average reaction time for all subjects as a functionof the number of trials. This curve is slightly smoothed by employing a runningaverage of three tests per point. It is apparent that reaction time becameasymptotic at about the end of the first test set of 12 tests.

4-2

TABLE 4-1

REACTION TIME, SEC

4-3

Test SubjectSet

Task No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 1 1.20 0.48 0.86 0.57 1.19 0.57 1.16 0.74 0.57 0.82 1.23

2 0.68 0.59 0.44 0.43 0.58 0.36 0.62 0.43 0.34 0.31 1.10

3 0.50 0.63 0.37 0.46 0.40 0.33 0.49 0.46 0.31 0.33 1.04

4

2 1 1.02 0.52 0.48 0.53 1.56 0.43 0.73 0.47 0.48 0.59 0.97

2 0.84 0.47 0.44 0.40 0.45 0.36 0.52 0.41 0.44 o.41 0.96

3 0.83 0.46 0.41 0.46 0.48 0.40 0.53 0.43 0.42 0.36 0.96

4

3 1 0.92 0.46 0.54 0.40 0.96 0.40 0.67 0.40 0.51 0.33 0.97

2 0.76 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.49 0.40 0.53 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.89

3 0.49 0.46 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.45 0.62 0.41 0.34 0.32 0.80

4

TABLE 4-2

PERCENT CORRECT

4-4

Test SubjectSet

Task No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11.- -'i --

1 1 80 74 1 77 92 92 96 79 82 77 80 67

.2 86 84 85 90 90 99 828283 87 57

3 97 74 78 95 96 99 90 71 89 100 53

4 81 98 90 66 84 97 67

2 1 39 63 60 57 47 69 42 78 51 25 20

2 0 53 67 80 76 78 43 76 61 78 46

3 41 55 74 79 79 89 37 59 60 73 42

4 83 96 37 80 69 86 57

3 1 O 45 1 67 70 70 86 71 0 O 65 45

2 O 5C 84 67 67 93 90 0 55 73 48

3 0 5,0 96 0 0 95 77 O 61 68 54

4 85 97 90 0 64 75 O

= : : ,:;': .' -!' .: ;;.;:I; :;.... ~, I I!/i --

EGG-i~--L-.i ]i:''i ~_~-' ''-F -_E'k- :----';: iJ-i -__- -_ -W -i 1 i- [...

1L1111711- Liii-i 1-L- 4 ---- - -i- --i R EG i, W P H-t,, , ii -ij.j - ,-i

114119 W

.1

-ti -v 4.JI , -r--!- .---- , -,-1=.--- c,,:-††- -, --$sz {=rX-. t ; - 41'I.,-"z v ~aI~la~r a~

14 .ll .J.. .Ii-II

-l I .I.- -. ._.,. . , . . , I . - -. .

I: :I i--! I:':l:- :I :i:' I

;IT',-_j .. :

T - .

t H - - ---

I I I I I I -7- -. -1 .Ad

EF T~Th ~iIE TZ~WI I ~hE hV~Th TEL I T1l F T ! lL I i ~

90 IDB :i kl 00· DBPROBE STI'I LU5.INTENSITY I 7:: '::" .....- |

': '::: 1t , -, '

-. ,-.:-- 'i'-.-'i. .i..:I::- -... 1p i i F:PROBE STIMULUS -I I i : tI 11 i

EVENT -- |,i - | ' ·i i .':

!-j- -- - -Z-, 11- , l l !j p4;t "4.!--i..+l:.l ,- -11: .-V~~:i! ; ;;1; 'i~ jm !¢i ; iiii ii!:i :=-.i-:ii:_ - i :-I::=. ='~: - I I I I t F

i .

:,'-~i::!":-:--t':'.-!it !!j- j -|:i~i :: TES STAR" ::T STOP i- I- i I I t t | | . | ;. : -- 't | !l ,¥: -Ic l ~l i-.:t'-i'i- -r i.~ i. :t : " : .:::: -::: .... ! -;:i':::: .i :II III ::' -' -! '.: : - iG __L

..... ,-: -. :.-.-I-|-.-;{:1 ' I ::1:, - It1.!-, - I j j , - ii It: i 1 ,--1- ...............- .. ..- ....

HEART RATE gi r ifi; S ~ Wi!ti ;I ; -9 t

!', ,',, ,-: ii ,I,. :,-, 1 - i..HEAR R A T ,1:; , i ,-, :1 ,--, 1',1, :" ', '1 I'"l.i'll-',--'l--.' ''''',I''i ' '1 "- ':1 -1 -1 .' ':

"I -... .'":,- -'. . . - . .

-.':'-.t::'''.... ':-- ........ " : ' " 'I t... .. i :,'--q . ------ ~

TEST NUMBER-

POLDOUJT FRAM

2 3 4 5

I

I I.ji--'_.

1 LI i

4-.-

i-iI 1Ir -i-l-.I =1:I [

4 :LL

. ,

.'.-.-. U.h IIJ UI .. l . ........ L - .I.-

t :i -i 1T'f .' T;.

-1 4 1u.,, 0 '- .....- ..·-i' '-I ,' .... ' li i,:I dI'j XI'l-

I ' I L~l 1--- i-rlH - i-' ~ -|

_rJ: emru:;S,;_L:91 -f i1'. "' _! I L,_ )

-K;.

; ··

i II-

..- *- ;-- . . .* . . .' l ' '" "' ' ' ' ' " ' . .

--

I

IrI IIl I Il

1

.,..... :. _ j *., . . .. 7 ..

*; ; :'- ' t

.. .- L ' - /~ ,/ , I ;- , t ~-l4<- -r

1LL

:. .. '- t4 .. .-*--- -- -, - -- -: -= I -..-

'4 ......

t . .;j..i* lg.r3 ~, i-L' ,'? -,-Tm ,i "m. ~ .-- ~.~ ] 'nrl .'- r' l t-l C- . s ....--T- --

;4 , 4 41> - - p t *-- - -

Ki44'[4 ;" Ii iHL . -'-' -.- ..

.II J i l-l 4 {71 ._ T-T-+1-'- 1 -- 'L_ - _ I 'J.-IL -! .; ; --; . . .... ,. -. .'

·+ '~ 'r L'F .i .v--7_'s -' ,- . * ,r "'Z -] ~Trl _ ~s ... .- . ·

--':, (i~,l: '4.4jr 4 ?'~F", -- 44 h1- '.V;:''.':F ""j 544 ' .": *4I4V. ' .. 4,¢4_.1 ,r 'f .:: .. , . . ~ .. I' : .? ., ,~ . ..

<~1 Wti!i4 ~ V, J-r \- - *+; 41 .4 7* -4 .4 ' 4 t t i

*'--4~.d__ t : .!~ i ; : T|00 i it ! i J 7 is l i i :7 !m !7 ii s

._ ....-~-i--q ....-.. : .;-L--FI _____- I ___

........... .::

*1

-77~

___________ -i-I

8 s

-E _

aJTTnOUT FRAYU Z7t

7 8

Figure 4-1.

9

Analog Record, Subject No. 7

Second Test Set, Tests 1 to 9

14-5

6

ifrrT

I . . . . I I . . I I 1 I Ii i i

. ..--r -- LIIII

I00 -

90 -

80-

70-

60-

50-

40 -

-.1

.2

-. 3

- .4U

-. 5 .. U;:2:

I--. 6 Z

0

-. 7 w.K

-`I- -s*s .. L

,{.

30 -[.8

20 +-.9 O PERFORMANCE, PERCENT CORRECT

+ REACTION TIME, SEC- 1.0

I0

22 3

I4

SETS OF 12 TESTS

Figure 4-2. Average Performance and Reaction Time as a Function of Test Set

,-oI

L)

w

0

I'--Z

zw(-)wa-

L,

UZ

1Lx.

wa-.

Ix

I .

10

I I · -

I �11% 7�r . '

' I·

. Or

�+ .00 ..... w 10,

I

0 *

0 &

· I· 0

a * * v

a

II I14 16 18

TESTS

I I I I I I I I I

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Ficure 4-3. Averagec Reaction Timle For All Subjects by Trial

1.20 -

!.10-

1.0 -

.9 -

.8 -

t.

Ca

z

4C)

w

VJ

I-

LL.0

w~Li

0

.6-

.5 -

.4 -

.3-

.2

. I

0

2 44 668

8 I010 12

In Figure 4-4, the effects of the different performance tasks are separatedout by task, with the data averaged for each of the four sets. It is apparentthat better performance, in terms of correct responses, is achieved under Task Iconditions than for Tasks II and Ill. The difference between Task I and theother two tasks is considerably lessened when the probe stimulus/reaction timetask requirement is removed from the test situation.

Figure 4-5, which presents a plot of the average time required to completethe tasks, shows that task time for a given task remains relatively constantacross the four sets of 12 tests. The tasks separate in terms of apparent dif-ficulty in the same way as in the previous figure, with Task I clearly takingless time.

The relationship between performance on the signal detection and reactiontime tasks is plotted in Figure 4-6. Most noteworthy is the fact that signaldetection and reaction time performance improve together. The separation oftask effects on the joint plot of these two variables is also pronounced. Whenreaction time is related to task time (Figure 4-7), there appears to be littleor no interaction between them.

Figure 4-8 relates performance to task duration by each of the task types.Little change is seen in this relationship as a consequence of experience inthe test situation. The removal of the probe stimulus task, however, signifi-cantly alters the relationship between these two variables, which suggests thatthis relationship may be sensitive to further alterations in the subject/tasksituation.

Table 4-3 presents a matrix of the average heart rate throughout eachtest for the various test conditions. Generally the average heart ratedecreased with experience; however, the average rate increased with the fourthtest set for each of the tasks. This may be due in part to the novelty of thefourth test set (no probe stimulus).

Table 4-4 presents a matrix of the average end-of-test (last 5 seconds)heart rate by task type. The relationship among the end-of-test average valuesfor heart rate is similar to that observed for the average heart rates.

The plots of heart rate variability are shown in terms of changes in heartrate greater than 2 beats/minute in any five-second period plotted in terms of(1) sets of 12 tests (Figure 4-9); (2) performance (Figure 4-10); and (3) reac-tion time (Figure 4-11). Generally it appears that heart rate variability isreduced for difficult tasks and increased for an easy task as a function ofexperience with the task. It is, however, apparent that heart rate variabilityis inversely related to task difficulty. When this dependent variable is con-sidered together with correct responding (Figure 4-10), little if any relation-ship is suggested. There does, however, seem to be an inverse relationshipbetween heart rate change and reaction time (Figure 4-11). This relationshipis confounded with the task variable, as might be expected from Figure 4-9.

4-8

o - TASK I

A- TASK II

F'- TASK III

a0

0 A

A~

I 2 3 4SETS OF 12 TESTS

Figure 4-4. Performance as a Function of Test Sets by Task Type

100 -

90-

80-

LU

0

I-

z

Z

L.UC-)

U

pwa-

LU

Ud

L)

0.z

To

C:U-

LUa-

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0I0

P-

!0-

9-

8-

7-

6-

5-

4-

3-

2-

I -

I I

2 3SETS OF 12 TESTS

Figure 4-5. Task Duration

44

4-PI

0

P13

AA

-' TASK I

A- TASK II

O - TASK I I I

w

w

vI)

I-

Ix

· · _I

100-

90-

80

I I I

1.0 .9 .8I I I I

.7 .6 .5 4X REACTION TIME, SEC

Signal Detection Performance as a Function of Reaction Time

O -TASK I

A - TASK II

El - TASK III

t 70-wUJ

0

- 60zwUJ

Q. 50LU

= 40Ts

30LU0-

Ix20

IO-

...3I I

.2 .1 I0- --- --�·I II

!

Figure 4-6.

~8~1~,a~C9 p

0 - TASK I

/ TASK II

0 - TASK III

.4 .3.3 .2I I

.1 0

Figure 4-7.X REACTION TIME, SEC

Interdependence of Task Time and Reaction Time

/

I00-

90-

80-

70-

I

LUW,V}

V)

Ix

60

50

40-

30-

20 -

to-i

i I

1.0 .9 .8.8I

.7I

.6 ..5__ __ ____ I _* �

100

90 -

80wI-

- 70 -.vo ..

60 .\

X50*

LiJ

z

< 40 A-.0 - TASK I

tL.

" 0 3 A- TASK .1 I

Ix 0- TASK I II

20-

10 1 ST SET OF 12 TASKS .....IO -3RD SET

4TH SET (NO PROBE STIMULUS)I I i l l I|

I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TASK TIME, SEC

Figure 4-8. Performance as a Function of Task Duration,Comparing Tests With and Without the Probe Stimulus

TABLE 4-3

AVERAGE HEART RATE

Task Type

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 X

1 81.1 81.1 74.6 78.9a)

·--3 76.0 77.6 77.6 77.1

o 4 78.7 78.9 81.6 79 7

X 78.6 79.2 77.9

TABLE 4-4

END-OF-TEST (LAST 5 SEC)AVERAGE HEART RATE

Task Type

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 X

o 1 80.8 79.6 75.5 78.6I--e 3 68.0 79.1 79.1 75.4

- 4 77.6 80.6 81.2 79.80

7 75.5 79.8 78.6

4-14

1~~0

Z

2el

:,',

I--

w(.mff.... ..

£ 4

w ,-

LOI

68

4· .TASK I" - TAS II

j -TASK Il

uJ 2-I I-

I

41 2 3 4

SETS OF 12 TESTS

L..... - Heart Rate Variability by Sets of 12 Testsi | u r a- .

10

9

8

7-

6-

5-

4-

3

2

zI-

V)

N

z

I

w

wLL3

<:

z

-U

t---

n

uiu

z

I

-r'

I'--

Ixlx

I I I1 I I I

10 20 30 40 50 6'0 70 80 9b i 0oX PERFORMANCE, PERCENT CORRECT

Figure 4-10. Heart Rate Variability and Performance

* - TASK

A - TASK

r -TASK

I

II

III

-o'

I-

&bftp

cn

("

z

-Ir:

w

im

CN

I-

wLU

LU

wVM

z

LI.

X:

C-,

I--.cc

w2:

Ix

I I

.5 .4X REACTION

I

.3TIME

Heart Rate Variability and Reaction Time

I01

9-

8-

7-

6-

5-

4-

3-

2-

'-4;.I:

1I

o - TASK I

A-TASK I I

[-TASK IIII-

I I

1.0 .9 I8.8 .7.7 .6.6 .2.2 I.I I0_ · · · · 1 _r · _· 1 __

Figure 4-11.

The heart rate at the end of the test period (last five seconds) appearsto be related to both '-.-m4ance (Figure 4-12) and reaction time (Figure 4-13).Generally, end-of-tes : ;-,rate is lower with both improved performance andimproved reaction tin-> -.

Figure 4-14 shows the percentages of the probe stimulus events that werefollowed by a change in heart rate greater than 2 beats/minute within 5 secondsfollowing the probe stimulus. Clear separation of the data by tasks is shown inthis figure. It appears that the probability of the probe stimulus causing achange in heart rate decreases as the difficulty of the task increases. Theamount of experience in the situation seems to have little effect.

Figure 4-15 illustrates this same parameter separated by direction of thechange in heart rati With the easy task (Task I), the heart rate accelerationand deceleration ap-ar equally probable. As both task difficulty and experi-ence increase, the -pparent probability of heart rate acceleration increasesover that of heart rate deceleration.

Figure 4-16 shows these same dependent variables as a function of the inten-sity of the probe stimulus. Again, for the easy task, the probability of heartrate acceleration and deceleration are quite similar; however, as both task dif-ficulty and probe stimulus intensity increase, the probability of heart rateacceleration increases over the probability of heart rate deceleration.

4-18

-83-82-81-8 I -80-79-78-77-76-75-74-73-72-71-70-69-68-67-66-65-

A-E-

TASK II

TASK III

I I I I I

20 40 50 60X PERFORMANCE,

I I

70 80 90PERCENT CORRECT

Figure 4-12. Effects of Performance on End-of-Test Heart Rate

Z

I-

U:w

LIi

co

I--C]lwI-

0

zMw

Ix 0 - TASK I

II0

I

aloopI%-.

83 -82-

z~8I-

80-" 79L 78-< 77--76" 75-

o, .3-n 74-,757-

\

72-W. 71-

Ix 70-

69-68-

67 - TASK I6 7-66- -TASK II

65- -TASK III

'l I I I I I I IIII

1.0 .9 .8 7 .6 .5 4 .3 .2 .1 0X REACTION TIME, SEC

Figure 4-13. Interaction of Reaction Time and End-of-Test Heart Rate

0 100-Ix

LihiV3

to LI%

2 ZLI.- > 75-w en- (M--JZ

I-V) w

E 50-C)

on

C: I-

I -

a C 25-a-Cn0U:3:I3 o

* TASK I

13

I 22

TASK II

TASK III

3SETS OF 12 TESTS

Figure 4-14. Probe Stimulus-Related Changes in Heart Rate

4-21

44· 1 -T-

0

50-

40-

30-

20-

10-

50-

40-

w

Lia-

z

UJ

0

LuL

..

-i

U)

I--

V)

,iCD

w

U-

0Lu

I-I-

LwC.3:z

U.Ui

I--<

U.I

I-- 20-

10-

50-

40-

F-

30-

20-

10-

m H R tHR

-mrown HR -

- V01~2~ Q9 6v

-A -M -jA

iI 2 3.'SETS OF 12 TESTS

Figure 4-15. Heart Rate Acceleration and Decelerationby Task and Test Sets

4-22

30-

4

II

i

· r

DOW 4%

,,/I)

50-

40-

30-

20

10-

50-

40-

I-I--

30-

20-

10-

0oa_

z

to0-J-J0o

h

z

U-U'

I-

- I

w

.)I-

I-

LIi

I

I--I

Ij

U)C/

as=e HR R

I.

20-

I0-

.. f."ftED . .. 4%%f *tlpmnoi MI

--.1Jf

I I -

90 100 I I 0PROBE STIMULUS INTENSITY, DB

Figure 4-16. Heart Rate Acceleration and Deceleration

by Task and Probe Stimulus Intensity

4-23

40-

30-

U3

I-

wIx

z

V_)Xu

_.1

120

----

^ . .- -

SECTION V

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The specific goal of the program described in this report was to

initiate by literature review and pilot study, a program that eventually

would result in a psychological assessment technique for assessing objec-

tively the major aspects of the psychological state of an astronaut. This

objective assessment must meet the following criteria:

(a) The method used in the assessment technique must elucidate

appropriate methods of medical intervention when necessary.

(b) The method must be fully compatible with currently acceptedspace flight practices, values, and procedures.

(c) The method must be applicable to the assessment of potentialspace flight crew members.

(d) The assessment must be on a total organismic level.

(e) The method must be applicable to the assessment of both indi-viduals and groups.

In general, this phase achieved direction for the program and evaluated

the general trend of the recommended approach. Major specific accomplish-ments were:

(a) Substantive review of the relevant research.

(b) Selection of appropriate methods and techniques for application.

(c) The method selected simultaneously observed the effects ofsituational variables on performance, physiology, and psycho-physiological dependent variables.

(d) Selection of an experimental paradigm to evaluate the proposedmethods (visual and auditory signal detection in the face ofvisual and auditory noise, under time pressure, competitionpressure, and with periodic distracting probe stimuli).

(e) Selection of simultaneously observed physiological, task per-formance, threshold, and psychophysiological dependent variables.

(f) Development of apparatus, instrumentation, computer programs,

test procedures, and data reduction techniques to evaluate therecommended approach.

(g) Performance of pilot studies.

5-1

I

The more important observations made during the pilot study were:

(a) The performance tasks selected differed in difficulty in terms ofcorrect performance, reaction time, end-of-test heart rate, tasktime, and heart rate changes following the probe stimulus. Therank order of task difficulty (I, II, and 111) was consistent forall dependent measures.

(b) The removal of the probe stimulus/reaction time task substantiallyimproved task performance, slightly increased the time to completethe task, decreased heart rate variability on the difficult tasks,and increased heart rate variability on the easy tasks.

(c) Heart rate variability increased as task difficulty decreased andalso appeared to increase with decreasing reaction time.

(d) The probability of a heart rate change within 5 seconds of theprobe stimulus decreased with increasing task difficulty.

(e) The probability that a heart rate change within 5 seconds ofthe probe stimulus would be an acceleration in rate increasedwith both task difficulty and probe stimulus intensity.

(f) It also was observed that there were individually unique ways ofresponding (e.g., vasoconstriction to low levels of the probestimulus, maintenance of vasoconstriction for extended periods,biphasic vasoconstriction/dilation, difference in temporalintervals between ECG, FPG, and REG pulse signals, etc.).

It is probable that these characteristic types of physiological response willprove predictive of eventual disease states, personality variables, etc.

Due to the pilot nature of this test program and the exigencies of costand schedule, systematic data reduction was not attempted on REG, EPG, andFPG parameters. Inspection of the data on these dependent variables led tothe comments in (f) above.

On the basis of the study and the pilot testing, it is recommended that(1) the line of investigation reported be continued with fully designedexperiments; (2) the range of observation and computations be extended toinclude temporal relationships between the dependent variables; and (3)sufficient data be collected to clarify the effects of the independentvariables and the relations between dependent variables, to classify theindividually unique ways of responding, and to make a sufficient number ofobservations to be indicative of normative data.

If the data continue to support the fundamental contention in a fullydesigned experiment, then the basic approach must be extended to experi-mentation in multiperson situations and in conjunction with other environ-mental stressors such as isolation.

5-2

.F

APPENDIX A

FORMAT OF OPTIONS

APPENDIX A

FORMAT OF OPTIONS

Certain keys on the teletype keyboard control certain options within thecomputer. These keys and the options they control are listed below. In eachcase the computer acknowledges the character by printing a space and ringingthe bell of the teletype. Further action by the operator is noted below andany required input must be in the exact format as stated.

Teletype OptionalKey Input Option

V DDD The three-digit number (DDD) (less than 128)volume level of the background audio signal(0 represents the quietest, 127 representsthe lowest)

M Reads 400 alphanumeric characters from thepaper tape reader as the input matrix. Thecomputer automatically starts the reader.

T D XXX Where XXX is a three-digit number represent-ing the time limit in seconds. The digit Drepresents which of the three time limitsis to be modified.

D=1, the time limit for the entire game

D=2, the time limit the matrix is to bedisplayed

D=3, the time limit the rules of thegame are to be displayed (D=2, D=3 arenot presently used)

G D D is a one-digit number specifying which ofthree games is to be displayed.

D=1, count the occurrence of an alphanumericcharacter

D=2, count the occurrence of charactersbetween limits

D=3, count the occurrence of vowels

A-1

Teletype OptionalKey Input Option

P Read a paper tape specifying several gamesto be played in succession, punched in thefollowing format where NN is a two-digitnumber specifying the number of games tobe read in.

GG-----are NN, one-digit numbers specifyingwhich of the three games is to be played.

Starts execution of the game or games speci-fied by a preceding G or P parameter.

A-2

APPENDIX B

COMPUTER PROGRAM

_7- APPENDIX B.-. -T

- -- O: :COMPUTER PROGRAMOQBJECT

1 00002 0000 Oa9C

0001 01cO3 0002 0000

0003 00000004 00000005 00000006 00000007 00000008 0000

4 0009 0000OOOA 0000OB0008 0000OOOC 0000000) 0000OOOE 0000OOOF 0000

5 0010 007F6 0011 OOOF7 0012 F-F F8 0013 80009 0014 0OOA

0015 008D10 0016 00 0

0017 00071I 0018 001112 0019 001313 001A OFOO14 0018 OF1O15 001C OF2016 0010 OF3017 001E 0F4018 001F 000019 0020 000120 0021 000221 0022 000322 0023 000423 0024 000624 0025 001025 0026 001426 0027 001827 0028 003C28 0029 OlO9029 002A 032030 0028 000131 002C OOOA32 002D 006433 002E 03E834 002F 2710

PHSYC PSEGDATA STARTX'ICO e

DATA O,00,O0O,0w0O

DATA 0OvO,00#00,00

MSKI DATAMSK2 DATAM8K3 ._.ATAMSK4 DATALFCR- DATA

8PBEL DATA

RDON DATARDOFF DATACRU DATA

DATADATADATADATA

CO DATAC1 DATAC2 DATAC3 DATAC4 DATAC6 DATAC16 DATAC20 DATAC24 DATAC60 DATAC400 DATAC800 DATACMULT DATA

DATADATADATADATA

X17FIXI OOOFIXIFFBFIX I80001XlOAI XlS8DI

X1201tX'07'

~X 1 13 1 1'X I 1 3 1^

XIF201

XIF30X F 4 001234

162024604008001101001 0 0 01 0 0 0 0

TTYCRTTIMERPULSEZODEV

..B-1

SEQER LC GOURCE

35 003036 003137 003238 003339 003440 003541 003642 003743 00384a 003945 003A46 003847 003C48 0030

003E49 003F

00400 0 4 1

50 00420043

51 00440045

52 00460047

53 004854 004955 004A56 004B57 004C58 004D59 004E60 004F61 005062 005163 005264 005365 005466 005567 005668 005769 005870 005971 005A72 005873 005C74 005075 005E76 005F77 006078 006179 0062

000300A

00810o000087009900000005FFAO008700060000000000300039004100450049004F0055000000000000000000320 1 F401F4000000000000FFF0000000000000000OO8F00000000000000000054004D004700500056005802C8038C031C030E0354

MLINEMCOLCRTFN

TTYCHCRTCHNUMS

DATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATA

310X I 8 1 1X I 0 3 1X'03'Xt 87XI 099 '

X I O O 0 5

UIO5X~tFFAOXW871X I 0 6 1

0

CRT FUNCTIONLOAD CURSORBEEPCLEAR SCREENSPAREINTERRUPTSPACEDISABLE KEYBOARDENABLE KEYBOARD

0X'30fvX1 391

VOWLS DATA X'411,Xl45'

DATA X14lFX1551

DUM DATA $$,S$-$

DATA S$$S,$S

TIMES DATADATADATA

WRKST DATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATA

CHINP DATADATADATADATADATADATADATA

CHROT DATADATADATADATA

5050,0500

5-$s-5$-$

$-$$

S-SS5-

S-S5-5

5$a

S-SXt54X74DX' 47'X'50'X'56'X '58'NEXTI9ETTMRDMATRDGMEROGMS

GAMEDISPLAYRULESGAME TIMEDISPLAYRULESGAME IN PROGRESSCALC ANSWERINPUT ANSWERSOUND LEVEL8OUND INTERVALBEEP LEVELGAME NUMBERNO OF GAME8NO OF 80UND RESPONSESSPARE

T SET A TIMEM READ MATRIXG READ 1 GAMEP READ SEVERAL GAMESV SET VOLUMEX EXECUTEDUMMY

B-2

0l23456789101112

80 006361 00b482 0065

006600670068

83 006900680061)006F0071

84 0073007500770079007b007D

85 007E0080

86 008287 0082

008388 0084

00860088008A

89 008C008D008E008F

90 00900092009400960098

91 009A009C009EOOAO00A200A4

92 00A600A8OOAAOOACOOAE0080

93 0081I008200830084

030203AO00810003OOOF00002043204F20~5204E205420202054204820452020204F204320432055205220522045204E204320452020204F20462020202A

00000000e04E2055204D2042204C20452054205400810003000700002043204F2055204E205420202054204820452020202A202A202A202A2045205220532020204220452054205720452045204E2020202A20202041204E20442020202A0081000300180000

DATADATA

ROOL! DATA

SVLEVXCUTEX'l1p8XO03¼l15,0

DATA CO C 0 U N T TH E I

DATA CO oC C U R R E N C E

DATA C 0 FO *i

ROOL2 EQU $+10DATA $S$S$-S

DATA C' N U M B L E T T'

DATA X'81 .X03',7T0

DATA C C O' U N T T H E I

DATA C' * * * * E R S B E T WI

DATA CO E E N * A N D *I

ROOL3 DATA Xl'81,X'03124,0O

B-3

94 00B500B7OOB9008BOObD

95 OOBEOC0

00C200C4

96 OOCS97 OOC698 00C799 OOC8

100 00C9101 OOCA102 OOCB

OOCC103 OOCD

OOCFOODI00D300D500050007

104 00 D9OOD8OODSOODFOOE!00E3

105 OOQE5OODE700E9OOEBOOEDOOEF

106 O OFI00F3OOF500F700 F 9OOF5

107 OOFD00FF0101010301050107

108 01090108010D01OF

2043204F£05520aE2054202020542048204520202056e0.F20572045204C2053O43E047804FC059205920592OO8DOOOA205420592050204520202031202D204720522041204420452020202020202020202F2020202020202020202020202020205220452041204320542049204F204E205320202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020

DATA C' C 0 U N T

DATA

RULES DATADATADATA

ANSI DATADATADATADATA

MESGI DATA

V 0 w E L 81

RULE1RULE2RULE3ANSI IANSI2ANSI3XISBUt ,XOA'

Cl T y P E

DATA C I

i - G R A D El

!

DATA C' R E A C T I 0 N S0

DATA CI

DATA C'

DATA C

B-4

I

I

I

T H E

I

0111 202020200113 20202020

109 0115 20202020 DATA CO0117 d02020200119 202020200118 d0202020Oll0 20202020OIIF 20202020

110 0121 20202020 DATA C'0123 202020200125 202020200127 202020200129 20i020200128 20202020

111 012D 20202020 DATA C'012F 2'02020200131 202020200133 202020200135 202020200137 20202020

112 0139 20202020 DATA Ct013b 20202020013D 20202020013F 20d020200141 202020200143 20202020

113 0145 00b1 DATA Xl811,X'030146 0030147 00160148.0001

114 0149 20472041 DPTMS DATA C' G A M E014O 204D2045014D 2020205b4014F 2049204D0151 20452020

115 0153 202A202A DATA C' * *0155 202A20200157 205320450159 20432053I05B 20202020

116 015D 02C8 DATA NEXTIPOS015E 0000

117 015F 0000 STATS DATA OPOINTSV0160 00000161 0168

118 0162 0000 DATA oOuINTSV+;0163 00000164 016D

119 0165 0000 DATA 0.00166 0000 -

120 0167 7861015F SXBw STATS

B-5

It 22,

T I M E

S E C 8 I

2

0169 78b10162121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140

142143

1t5l/l61471,81,915015115215315.155156157158

1 2 2

159160161162163164165166167168169170171

INTSV016B0168

01600 1 BF

017101730175017701790178

0 1 7 D

0170017F0181

0 1 7 1

018301850187018901880180018F

0 1 7 DO l 7 F

019101930195019701990198019D019F

0 1 8 1

01A1

0 1 8 5

01A701A90lABQIADOlAF01810183018501870189

° 1 A 7

0 1 A D

018801B0OlCf

01C3

0 1 C 7

019BB

019F0 1 A I

0 1 A 5

70820168

4484000044850000448600004407001A300F099134080000xouooo0o340C000340D0OO0001420843b~4010019

EO8A0191580100104 B 0 l 0 0 1 9

4881001908008019300F0989340800000340COO00340DO044070018300F09qD34080000340C0000340DOOOO0001420843C4407001D080000IF4407001C30000A09340FOO00340000004401004EE08C02090801EO2E340F0800O204BFFF

204CBFFF204DBFFF2052bFFF44010048EO8AOIE94407001C340OFOOOO4407001B08008032300809C5

- B-6

EQUB

LALALALBBNESETOSETSSETSMOVLBCNSTLDCR88NESETS8ET8SETBLBBNESETBSETS8E TBMOVLLDCRLBBNE8ETBSETBLBCLDCRSETOAMIAMIAMIAMILBCL8E TBLLDCRBBNE

INTERNAL INTERRUPT SERVICE

$CRU INTERRUPT SERVICE4,PHSYC4 e Hayc5pPHSYC6bPHSYC7,CRU15,1,$+2811,01 2 , 013,0CI ,TTYCH1 #RDOFF10,$+161,MSKI1,RDOFF(0,8) ,RDOFF15 1 ,$11,012 013 07,CRU+115,1,$+1011,012 013,0ClCRTCH7,CRU+3(t O 0) ,CO7,CRU+2O, 1 INTHT15,00,01, RKST+312, INTRT(tI 14) ,CMULT+315,1WRKST,-IRRKST+l,-1WRKST+2,-1WRKST+7,-11tRKST10, S+467,CRU+21 5,0'7,CRU+I(08) ,CRTFN11,1,5

8XBW STAS,4

1 721731 74175176177178179180

1 7 0

181182183184185186187188189

1 7 9

190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213

21Y215216217218

219220

0 1 C 701C9OICB0 1 C D0 1 C F01D1010D30 1 D 50 1 D 701 D 90 1 D 801DO0 1 D F01EI01E301E50 1 E 7

01E901E,0 lEA)0

OlFI

OIFS01F101F301F8OIFO

Q 1 F0 1 F I0 1 F 3

01FF0201

0 l F D

O I F FO 2 0 102030205020702090209020w020D020F0211021202130214

340BOO0008006039300809CB340000008006035300809D139080000340D00000141Fb450440100544613069A4632021148b201655002008A48820166708001E77C000 165

44010 04C

700700004401004DE08 AO 1F 57007000044010052£08A02094407001E06007053340800000609202244010056461206AE4C02002E4A9206AE

4401016358010012488101637C0001620000059A059A059A

000000000020005F0000

8-7

SETBLO)CRB8NE8E TBLDCRBBNE

SLBSETBSET8MOVLLLST88TXSBLDS

*

L8CNOPLBCNOPLBCLLOCRSETBLDCRLLAST

INTRT EQULNSTLDS

'KDUM DATA.DATADATA

EAIDT DATADATADATA

DATAEAIIO EQU

11,0II D0(OpG)vCRTFNW7

(U,8) CRTFN+311,1¢$11,0

1101 1 r O13,0CO, WRKST+51 WRKST+93,GAMES, l2 WKDUM,32,STATS+62 , X 8 TA I2oSTA1'$.7$e2STATS+b

I WRKST+110,8+4

iSWRKST+2

I WRKST+71UINTRT7#CRU+4(0U7) #WRKST+88,0(9,2) ,C3lPRKST+112cRESPTI 12,CMULT+32,RESPT, 1$1, STATS+4I F MSK3I STATS +48TATS+3$-sANSI1l8ANSII+8#ANSI1+8

EAI INTERFACE I/O$-s I/U CHARACTERS$- XR2 SAVEX'201 X5SF I

$-SS

0215021602170 2 1 80219021A

01

2,3

221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271

021A021C021E02200222022402260228022A022C022E02300232023402360238023A023C023L02400242024402460248024A024C024E

025002500252025402560258025A025C025E02600262026402660268026A026C02bE02700272027402760278027A

488202b64883021950810001C¢02001F£06602501400161554020215600700825C0202154682021534OA080008006215440200875002001AE8OA024244030038E08B023850030083488300387062024A4403003CE0880242500300834883003C4C8600001OCIF022470820296

440200875002001AE08A026C4403003BE060BO25650030083488300382C0082150800821544030038E08B02625003008348830038708202804403003CE088026C500300834863003C2C008215080062154403003CE0880278

-B-8'

STST$ACRLBCMOVLOTMLAORSTSE TBLDCRL8BCSCLBC8

L8C

8STAAAR8B

*

EAIRD EL

SCBCLBC8STSTCRLDCRLBC8ST

LBC8ST

-STCRLDCRLBC

~;EA[DT~I3,EAIDT+41 c 120 C02 D C 011;EAIRD¢OpO)IEAIDT2oEAIDT7,XI82 I

2,EAIDT2E A IDT

CO,8),EAIDT2,X'87'2,CRU10, 5+123;TTYCH11 ,-23,X183'3,TTYCH5+1O3,CRTCH11 -23tXl 833CRTCH0 1-1,$-40, 1EAIRT

S

2PCRU10,5+243*TTYCH11 S.'23 ,X ' 83'3,TTYCH(0,8),EAIDT(OB) ,EAIDT3,TTYCH11,5-2

3 P X 83sTTYCH$4.223PCRTCH

,t5S-23,X' 83'3,CRTCH(0 8)#EAIDT(o,8),EAIDT3FCRTCH11,5.2

2722732742752762772782792802812822832842852862872882892902912922932)9;3294295296297298299300301302303304305306b3073083093103113l2313314315316317318319320321322

8STLNST$SCBCCMLBBMDVAAARB

EAIRT EQULLB

027C027E028002B202840286028802&A028C028EC

0290

0294029602960298029A

029C029C029E02AO0ZA202A2

02A602A602A802AA02AC02AE0280028202840286028802BA02BC02BE02C002C202CU02C6

02C802C802CA02CC02CE02DO02D20204

500300848683003C440202155802001048620215b0020015E080296tAtSBb1770820250706202501615AOOO4C800001OCIF0250

440202164403021972b20002

448400004485000044860000448100901S67A4001568A4011569A404156bAA4054407001A0600001F440700180800001F4407001C0800001F4407001D0800001F4407001E340808000809201F141F8438141Fb43C7C00015D

44010038L08A02D24401003CEO8A0538708202C84407001A50010081

3 XI 83I

3PCRTCH2,EAZDT80MSK12,EAIDT2,LFCRe1IlEAIRTEAIDTp£AIDT*2EAIRDEAIRDEAIDT(O,O)0,1-IEAIRDI$2,EAIDT+13$EAIDTI42,3

S4,PHSYC5,PHSYC6,PHSYC1,X'90'STATS+8,(0,1)STATS9, (1,1)STATSeI0,(4,1)STATS+11 (5,1)7,CRU(O,0) ,CO7ECRU + 2(0,0) ,C07,CHU+2(0,0) ,CO7,CRU+3(O,) ,OCO7,CRU+48,1 TURNSOUND OFF(9,2),COCO, TTYCHCOCRTCHSTATS-2

WAIT FOR NEXT INPUTS1,TTYCH10,S+81 ,CHTCH10,ANSERNEXTI7,CRU1,X'81 1

B -9

START

NEXTI

EQULALALALAMOV

MOVMDVLLDCRLLDCRLLDCRLLDCRLSETBLDCRMOVMOVLDS

EQULBCLBC8BL3

323324325326327328.293303313323333343353363373383393403413423433 2 434534b347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373

02D602D802DA02DC02DE02EO0£E202E202E602E802EA02EC02EE02FO002F202F402F602F802FA02FC02FE0300

03020302030403060308030A030C

030E030E03100312031403160318031A

J031C031C031E03200322032403260328

RUGME

RDMAT*

RDMAt

488100382Co00804408008044440100384 0 0 1 0 0 3 1EO8B02DC50010081488 . 03B4 4 0,' 0 4 4580 0 1 0488 CJ 04444020024Cb210058EO8B02F40C2F02t'C708202C844680001644 0 1 0 0 2 148820046440200207483021A44a0200467222005F .

*VLEV* .

S VLE.V

STSTCRLDCRLBeS8TLNSTLCRLBCARBBLALSTLBLL*8

EQULLbLXORASTB

EQULLBLSTMOVMOVaB

EQUMOVLALLLBLLA

B-1 0

I1TTYCH(O08) DUM(O,8) PDUMIaTTYCH11 e$='2

1 ,TTYCM1 e TTYCH1 D U M

I FDUM2,C6I tCHINP,211, +6

NEXTI0PSPBEL1,C22,DUM+22,C13,EAIIO2,DUM+2CMRUTP2

READ SOUND VOLUME LEVEL$1,C37,CRU3,REDNOtX'FF'1 WRKST+6NEXTI

READ GAME NUMBERSI'

7,CRU3sREDNO1 GAMESCIPtRKST+10CI , wRKST+9NEXTI

READ IN THE MATRIXSC4U40DUMuRDONI ,C R2~C17,CRU3,EAIIU0,MATRX

440100224407001A7483066A408100FF48810051708202C8

440100204407001A748306bA4881069A142084551420B454708202C8

142984444480001844010020440200.204407 7(1 A7 i4b302 1A44800702

371437537637737837938038138238338438538B387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403~404405LOb

*407408409

4104114124l341"415.t64174S8419420421422423424

032A032C032E0330033203340 3 360338033A033C033E0Oj3E034003420344031b03480 3 14 20 3 14 C

034C035E03500352

035A035403560358035A035C035E

0368

0 3 600362036403 660568036A036C036E03700372037403760378037A037C037E03800382038403860388038A

4M0100284402001F7463021AC4B00892E086C032A440100195C0100134 4 B l O O 1 9

448000194U010020440200207483021A4400002944810702446820892140028004C0100204C02002050000020EO8A0348708202CS

4480001844010 00440200204407001A7483021 A44010021748306bA4681005548610046488100544480069A48800047440100207483066A440000474A8100004CO00020488000472046BFFFEOBA036C'40100195C010013'48810019448000191440100 0"aO800019440200207483021A70.8202C8

LLBLCRLABCLORSTLALLBLLLALAMOVAA

BCB

EQULALLLBLLBLSTSTSTLASTLBLLSTASTAM!BCLORSTLALLBLB

B-1 1

RDGMS

12 Cbo2~C03,EAIIOOPMATRX+40012f a81,RDOFFI,MSK41pRDOFFOROOFF

2,C13, E A I I O0,C4001,IMATRX2, MATRX+400

t0,1),(0,2)I. C 12,C1UC1

NEXTIREAD SEVERAL GAMESsO.RDONloCi1.C17,CRU3,EAIIUIC23,REDNOlWRKST+10I, DUM*21,WRKST+9OtGAMESODUM+3

tvCt3,REDNOoUDm+3t,0,0OClo.DUM+3DUM+2,-1t 0 , $-l 4I,RDOFFIPMSK4t1RDUFFOtRDUFFIt'C

7,CRU

2vC13,EAIIUNEXTI

4254264274284294304314321s3343443543643714381439440441442443

Y4544b447a564149450451452453

654455456457458459460461

13462463464465146614671468469147047114724731474475

SETTM

XCUTEXCUTE

038C038C038E03900392039403960398039A039C039E03AO03A203A403A6

3OSA03A803AA03AC03AE0380038203B403B60388OiBA03BC038E03CO03C203C403C603C803CA03CC03CE03DO03D203D403D603DB03DA03UC03DE03Eo003E203E403E 6

SLT TIMESS

7vCRU3eREONOlClI DUM+2UPSPBEL1,C32,C13,EAIIUt C23,REDNUODUM,21 TIMESONEXTI

440100O204407001A748306bA50010020488100464480001644010022440200207483021A4a0100aI7483066A440000464A810048708202C8

1448i44B1449844C144AB44044010054EOBA03a4708202C844070018060080354401003CEOBB0388500100814881003C14268446448106061432A40014S3A401143 1A4021430A40344800702448106DA4402001F5002006140004004C0000204C0100200C2103D448800047448006064401002744020.0204407001874 83021A

EOULLBLSLTLALLBLL8LLSTB

EQUMOVMUVMOVLBCBLLDCRLBC

8TSSTMOVLAmOVNOVMOVMOVLALALSMOVAAARBSTLALLL1L

BL

B-12

$TIMES, RKSTTIMES+lWRKST+ITIMES+2, RKST+21p IRKST+910, $+4NEXTI7,CRU+I

t(0,8) ,CHTFN+31,CRTCH11,$-2IX'811iCRTCHC20 , DUM+2tBUFCRTFN, (0,1)CHTFN+1 (1,1)MCOL, (2,1)MLINE, 3,1)OMATRX

t1, BUF+42,CO2,C20(0,0), (0,1)O.ClI1C11,$-6,2o,DUM+3O,8UF1,C242,Cl7, C R U + 13,EAI IO

INITIALISE TIMES

DISPLAY MATRIX

476 03E8477 03EA478 03EC479 03EE480 03FO481 03F2482 03F4483 03F6484 03F8485 O3FA486 03FC487 03Ft488 0400489 0402490 00404491 0406492 0408493 040A494 040C495 040E49b 0410497 0412498 041.-f499 '0416500 0418501 041A502 041C503 041E504 0420505 0422506 0424507 0426508 0428509 042A510 042C511 042E512 0430513 0432514 0434515 0436516 0438517 043A518 043C519520 043E521 0432522 0440523 0442.52 0444

_ 04465Ž(. 0448

448106D62003200140000472046bBFFFE080A3CE44000048448qO6D6

448, .JD6l40vC,.35140435h414053555a800oo145

44010027440200204407001B7483021A4407001E0800705134080000440101F4 106AE4'8 ' 1 06 A E4.1 rbF B'456

580100114612070C580200114C0200214882005260010052448006Db1432A000143AA0014401002144020020440700187483021A4401005450010020488100544612069A50020020722200C5

44810031468100D2440 1 n<.734

a48ooo6446000454481001D

RULEI EQULASTLSTLALA

LAAMILAMIBCLLABLLAMOVMOVMUVLALLLBLLLDCRSET8L

- MOVSTMUV-. '?-. L

NLNASTMLALAMOYMOVLLL8LL8STLS*8

I.PBUFt3 D 1 ) p 10,DLUM43DUMe2 e-1

O TIMES16BUF3,BINAS1,BUF(3,1),DPTMS+10(4.1).DPTMS+11(5,1) DPTMS+12O)DPTMS-4

2~C17,CRU+I3tEAIIU7#CRU+4(0,7), KKST+68,08 , 0tC0

1,RESPTCO WRKST+111, WRKSTI, MSKK22,MATRX+10I, I2, MSK22 ,C22, WRKST+71,WRKST+7OBUFCRTFN,(OO)CRTFN+8#(1t0)t~C22,C1TCRU+l3pEAIIO1, RKST+91 C I1 i WRKST+92PGAMES I2,CIRULES,2

S1,X"3111,MESG1+5I MATRX+1781 ROOLI1+28OPRUOLI1,29

B-13

SET SUUND LEVEL

FIND SOUNDINTERVAL

GAME TYPE

52752852953053153253353453553b5375385395405'41542543544545546547548549550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577

044A044C

0 4 4t00450

045404560458045A0 4SC

045E04600462046404660468046AO4bC046E0470047204740476

04780478047A047C047E04800482048404860488048A

048C048E049004920494049604980494049C049E04A004A204A4

440200204407001874a302 1A4 4 07 0 01C080 1EO2E34000000340F06004407001E080920201420644E

4400008158000010448107024402001FC2100000o0804bC70T82046bE4C0200204C010 020C4810892EO0CO4b64882004F708202C8

448100324S8100D24401076350010021488100824C 0 10023u88100834401078350810040EO8AO4AA

4401008250610030E06A049644810030488100824401008350810039Eo08C04AO44810039488100831464B49A148564981486849C

LLBLLLDCRSETOGETGLLDCRMOV

LNLALCRBCBAACRLABCSTB

EQULASTLSST8tASTLSASC

SABCLASTLSASCLASTMOYMOVMOV

2,C17CRU4'13 E A I I 07 C RU,+2C1,14)#CMULT+30 0

7 CRU+14( 9 , 2 ) p C 1CI WRKST+3END OF INITIALISATIONCALCULATE ANSWERO ROOL1+26OMSKII MATRX2, eo

11,$+45+42,C1

l p C 0

I I M S + 40tCIIpMATRX+400'12,$"122, WRKST:4NEXTI

I X 1 32'1 ,MESG1+5ItMATRX+17711 C21,ROOL2w1o1,C41,RUOL2-9I,MATRX+177I, X O401, S+32NUMBERS1tROOL2w10l ,X 30'10#,+6I X 30'1,ROOL2-101,ROOL2-91, X$3912,s+6I, X39~1,ROOL2-9ROOL2mbROOL2+14ROOL2=7.ROOL2+15ROOL2-6'RUOL2+16

.- B-14

*

RULL2

04Ab 1487B49D04A8 706204CA

*

578579580581982583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628

MDV RODUL2c§PROOL2+17

LETTERSL 1IROOL2-10A 10 C1ST 1R1OOL2-10SA lpXl41lSC 10 r +6LA lpX14l t

ST l,RODOL2wO10L P1ROL.2-9SA 1IXISAIaC 12F$+6LA 1,XI5A I

ST 1,RUDL2w9MOV ROUL2-4,RUOL2+14MOV RO0L2-3tROOL2+15Mov RUL2m2eRUOL2+16MOV ROOL2-1,ROOL2+17

04AA04AC04Ak048Q00 4 62048404Bh04b8048A04BC04BE04CO004C204C404C604C8

04CA04CCOw4CE04DO04D204D404Db04D804DA04DC04DE04EO04O204E4

04Eb04E804EAO4ECOEE04FO04F204F404F604F804FA

04FC04FC04FE0500

'4010082hCO10020488100825 08 I10 0 a50810041LOAOkb844810041

5081005AE08C04C24481005A488100831488t49A1 4d9649B148AB49C1 48BB49D

1482B4AA148384BO4480008C44a1002544020020440700187463021A4407001C08O1E02E34000000340F08004407001E080920201420844E

408107024402001F18003482708204F2708204F24C0200204C0 10020C4810892LOBCO4EA4882004F708202C8

4481003348810OP2448000B1

*

RULE3 EQULASTLA

ROOL2-10,ROUL2+30ROOL2-9,ROOL2+36ORLOL21,372,C17;CRU+13pEAIIO7,CRU+2(, 14),CMULT+30,015,17,CRU+4(9,2) ,C1Cl, RKST+3CALCULATE THE ANSWERItMATRX2,COCOI)tROOL2-10S+6$+4

1,C1I #MATRX440012,5-122, WRKST+4NEXTI

$I ,X X'331, ME SC1+5O;ROUL3

B-15

*

MOVMOVLALALL8LLLDCRSETSSETSLLDCRMOV

LALCMLBBAACRLABCSTB

62963063163263363463563663763863964064164264364464564664764864965065165265365465565665765865966066166266366466566666766866967 0671672673674675676677678679

0502050405060508OSOA050C050E0510051205140516

0518051A051C051E05200522052405260528052A052C052E05300532053h0536

05380538053A053C053E05400542054405460548

054C054E05500552055405560558

055COSS0

050A

44810014440200204407001B7483021A440701C0801E02E34000000340F08004407001E080920201420 44E

448107024402001F4483003F10002Co0o70820528708205284CO0200207082052E4C030020C4830044EO8CO51E4C010020C4 10892EO8CO51C4862004F708202C8

440700182C008044500100814881003C44010044580100104881004450010037EOB05521844b43D708202C8708202C87082058844010052E08OA02C84407001C2C01E044440200564401002E50010044

LALLBLLLDCPSETBSETBLLDCRMOV

LALLACmBBABACRLABCACRLABC8TB

EQULSTCRSSTLNSTS.BCCMLBB

B

8CLSTCRLL8

le2 OI CR2 02;Cl

3,EAXIU7PCRU+i7 rC e U + 13 F E A I I 0

Ct04RKST+3CALCULATE THE ANSWERt1,MATRX

7 F C 0U+

2,C03#VUWLS(0,I),(C0,3)$+8$+6

2 C O

$+83eC!3~Cl3#VOWLS+5l 2 p S - 1 4l P G I

1 #MATRX+40012, $-222,WNKST+4NEXTI

INPUF ON CRTs7,CRU+1(O,8) ,DUM1,X'81'1,ICRTCH1,DUMIMSKII DUMI ,CTFN+511,S+10DUMNUMSNEXTINEXTI5+56IPWRKST+710,NEXTI7, CRU+2(1. 14),DUM2,WRKST+ 11I,CMULT+3IDUM

B-1 6

*

ANSER

I

680681682b63684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729730

056005620564056 80568056A056C056E05700572057405760578057A057C057E05800582058405860588058A058C05BE05900592059205920592059405960598059A059C059E05A005A205A405A605A805AA05AC05AE056005B205B40586058805BA05BC05BE

4E21 06AE4AA104AE440100564C0100204881005650010025E08C057014 258456440700 1E06007051S40800000809202044010044580100114881005260010052440100564402001 F4A9206AE708202C81420B43C440100544612069A50020020722200C8

44010021440700187483066A48810050204EBFFE4407001E0809201 F34080800440000504481006D74830634448206D61405540C140454D84400004F448106D674630634448206D6140554EO140454DF14IFB444448200F 144010044

A8rLAS78BCMOVLLDCR8ETBLDCRLNSTMLALLSTBMOVLL8*BEQUEQU'ELULLBLSTAMILLDCRSE TSLLABLLAMOVMUVLLABLLAMOVMOVMOVLAL

B-17

ANS13ANSI2ANSI 1

I RESPTP2IPRESPT,2IlWRKSTtil1 f I

12Cli1wRKST+11I Gc I

C16lWRKST+1 17 v CRU+4(tO7) ,pRKST+6

B e u(9,2) ,C1I ,DUMI M S K 2I, WRKST+71, WRKST+7IWRKST+ 112,CO2,RESPT,1NEXTICIPCRTCHI , WRKST+92,GAMES9,2,C1ANSI,2$$1,C27,CRU+13,REDNUI PWRKST+5wRKST+3,-27, C R U + 4(9,2) ,C 08,10, OWRKST+5I, BUF3,BINAS2#BUF(5,2),MESGI+15t4,2),MESGt+j4U WRKSTe41,BUF3#BINAS2,BUF(5,2),ME8G1+19(4,2),MESG1+18C0,.DUM2, MESG 1+36I DUM

731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781

0.5cO005C205C405C605C805CA05CC05CE05DO050205040506050805DAOSDC

05D4

05EO

05D80 SE D4

05DA

05DE60DES05E8ObE2

05E4

05E6O05F205EA

05F6

05E E

05F8

05F205F 405F6

05F8

OSFC05FE06000602060406060o08060A060CObOE.060E0610061006120614061606180 61 A061C

1 044B456708205C0706205E2708205E2

61006 OOAE5000002E448106D6488200457483063444020045446306D61402680014036801140468024Cb200042044A001708205BE508200CD4C02002148820081448000CB8440200204407001A74 3021A748305F 844000054L08A03A8708202C8

488300454400070258000010440107035801001046020702461307024A9207024A8307021 4AB4444480070C44810731

46020000461300004A9200004A8300004C8000114C81000BC4800A21

B-18

CMBBB

LsLASTBLLLAMOVMoVMOVAAAM!BSAASTLA.LLBL

LLBC8CB

**SCRMB EQU

8TLNLNLLST8TMOVLALA

SCRMI EQULLSTSTAAAACRLA

DUM, WRKST+l1

OPRESPTIO CMULT+31 B SUF2 FD U M -+ 12PDUM+i3,B!NAS2tDUM~I3,BUf;(2,3) (0,2)(3p3)#>,(1 2)(4,3), (2,2)2,4DUM, 1S-3 42,MESGI

2,XtI 810,MESGI-2

7#CRU2vC1

3wEAIIO3eSCRMBOW KST+910, XCUTENEXT!

SCRAMBLE MATRIX$3,DUM+1OMATRXO,M8KI0 v M 8 K II,MATRX+iI ,MSKI2pMATRXiO3,MATRXI2,MATRX, 13,MATRXO 0C800,DUMOMATRX+1OI ,MATRX+47S2,0,02 , 0,13,0,12,0,1

0, 171,11U, MATRX*799

78278378B78578678778878979079179;793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811A1l2813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832

062006220628

0626062A06gA062C

06300632

0634063406360638063AO63C063E06400642064406460648064A064C064E06500652065406560658065A065C065E06600662066406660668

066A066A066C066k

0 6 h32

0670067206740676

E080B6AE00C0624500000A24C4810A21E08@062CLOBCO62Cisoacooac5001002A2044OBFFFE08AO6i04403004572B20002

448200304A9200014A9200024A9200034A9200044A9200054482002B4A900000E0A064EE088064E50000020408OFFFF4C0200214A9200004C0100204482002FC6200000E08C065E200020015L20000070820654500200204C010020C4820028E08C06687082065472B20002

4883004544800606488106DF4402001F7483021A48810044440306D0

BCBCSCaCRLABCBC8AMIBCLB

BINAS EQULASrSTSTSTSTLASTBCBC

XURAASTALACRLBCAMI8BS .ACRLABCBB

REDNO EQUSTLAST

.LBLSTL

READ NUMBER IN

READ NO IN

B-19·

11 p

0OCBO0I MATRX+799

t1C800lip S'6

I ICBOOD U 1 6 D 0DUM,'1SopSCRMl3PDUM~I2,3

BINARY TO ASCII$2,X'30I

2,1,1

2 p 3 , 12,3,1

2 ,X 2 Z2,X'2B I

0,0,11,$+1011,$5480,CIOX'FFFF I

2,C22,0,1IC12,CMULT+40,0,212,$+8(0,1), 10,0,25-82,CtlCl2,CMULT12, S+4

S 0 1 B

$-82,3

s3,DUM+1OwBUF1 BUF+92 C U3,EAIIOI, DUM3,BUF+9

833 0678834 067A835 067C836 067E837 0680838 0b82839 0684840 0686841 0688842 068A843 068C844 068E845 0690846 0692847 0694848 0696849 0696850 0698851 069A852 06AE853 06Db854 0702855 0A22

OA23856 0A24

50030044500300214631060650810030OC3F0684708206964480002C46 3 2 0 6D650820030OC2FO68E7062u0694E01 0000OC2FO68E4C0000200C3F0686

4403004572820002

007D0000

88LSAARBBLAL8AANBBAAR8AARB

REDRT EQULa

GAMES RESRESPT RESBUF RESMATRX RESENDLB DATA

3#DUM3,C ~C

IpBUFF3lX130tWI ,$S40~, 3REDRTOCMULT4'12,BUF,32,X'30'

p S + 4 F 2$6+b

-1 ,$-2,2OC1l-,F C14,3$3,DUM+I2,320404BUO80OX17D'PO

HAR COUNT-I

END ENDLB

B-20

APPENDIX C

SYSTEM SCHEMATICS

RE Gi ,E IE

lOTPAS

LED

COl

4, (-

V/OLrT E£JC TOA'

FOLDOUT FRAME I

TP

Y/iN

4, P

j.,

- +-i5V¢¢7

I E1

/AJ,) -

/\

/_ ,T 5

a t C'D,ng cortalns designs ad otler Rnrwln iVISIONS1 .- v UP 'r PrCCmrlt 0f THEC CARRET1 COrPl"iA10XON. DESCRiPTION DATi APPROVEDi tjI-c t' rlghts ¢pressIly ranled by c.nlraCt ID LTR,-? t- sUfted $tts Gotrrrwnt,. this drasrl.g my nst-e ,,ttte or in prt. be dupliclted or dtxl:cd rIi-.d tc maunfacture ot the prt disclosed Ireln,-,tnmrt Ir piaor witten pernission of THE GRREITcORPORATION.

- -

L/'i/C 7CLE DY/JE 0'9/4L 5/s - 3 i /.A,1

2/ /C 2P 9M/P FA/9iCbic 712

C'R I - CR3 D/OPL /J j/ 9C2 C/, P-/ 7- /$ai' /5 L/

C I C/PC / To 3oo00 , f7 / S tTA Ai 3 --cI

R/ -14/6 17or zcve s -K /cr-_/ __s_ k /S7Z, 6 -4 Y2 nr z %/ /3 Z2M / J i-,A7r 5/i;,/Z " /o, . 5K //0/ ,/ ( /. 5' , , z _ _-.

R/o \ Zoos fI /K 4---- -__ _ _ _ _ _ _

QTY ITEMCODEO.1 PART ORNOECAUERDSRITN MRED N.JDN N IDENTIFYING ND. NOICAUEO ECITO

lii -ASSY PARTS____LIST_

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED:DIkMES2OS ARE IN INCHES.ARSA HMNU CT IG 0P YMA~-, SE FILLET RADII.015 -AI. ....... ... O;,UPFACE ROUGHNESS PER MIL*STD-lD 72____ ____________________________

StlT:R CCNTR-L PER SC653 CHKDIVE:S *'. LIMITS HELD AFTER PLATING A -r-IDENT MARKING PER MC16 VALUE i E..-NG"--L t'c-DIMEKtSIONI NG AND TOL PER MIL-STD-8 MATL .- 1

AiE-AT TREATMIENT PROCESS STRESS H. '/O6 C(c.,KA~LZAESS AND SPEC NAME AND SPEC p

A.RESEARCH APPO SIZE CODE DENT ND. OOlO

WHR CTIT AOC 70210 J />SCALE I SHEET /OF/

FOLDOI

REV

NJ

1_.L

C-1

JT FRAME 2-

a 3 %.

>7- DrI I C,5 C

/... -1- ./

I, -

/ -

+ 11

OC +~

C OA47 7

00Nf7&v P64

- 6lDE }d /5pFpiJCR

EP4 + q

o'-

YELLOWV JIE'TO 2'LO ---

C,? OLDUUT fmuil E

.* . . tr iis des gis and other inf ormationI ' , t',* inry it Tie GARREh- CORPORATION

E' ,q ...: E:t. epr.essy granted by contract to LTR. .4 ratcts ,o.crnment, this drawing teay not,: a n Dart. be duptlcated or discloed or

% -.^ r maniatctuoe ot the part dislosed herein,. ' It 'iV wr itten pernission o! THE GARRETT

REVISIONSDESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

* I

1- 11

II42

fz E6&tL/ro R c /i'/cJO,9L zM 3-'-, :7?I R C$ ATCA r Fo/kC//IL -c'4/7z3C 3 ,P`c/ C/R /70 000DfC/- 1Z / -ro0- ; /7;f 35 Z CR7- Sks ,f:!LCCT-C- 3 ._ar_7r/6 / Lo. 1 3/ h/, -r /2

,/_ _ , 470-- 3 ,JAr/ 2, ,

,8 -. 27 KRe _ *4.7r,, I 7

ITEM CODE PART OR-

I T DENT NO IDENTIING NO. NOMENCLATURE OR DESCRIPTION SYM__C ]NO. [DENT NO IDNIYGNO II

] I -- Ass PARTS LISTR * : Cf PWt.ISE SPECIFIED.

', 'A ARI EININCHES. _____ AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANYO f .C._C4NESS PER IL.SMD40 . .... .. . ..t..

I a, PER SCs653 cH"t[ ,' * ti MIT5 HELD AFTER PLATING

l ' Pt Ftl MCI$ VALUE ENGRare: t.GAND 101. PER MtIL-S-ID41 Po-> V 0 5r/PP1. ' it

MA rL

o- TtFATvEAT PROCESS STRESS

A D.O SPEC NAME AND SPEC -..-

AI.RSEARCH APMO SIZE COOE IDENT No. DWG NOA

7/OHER ~ACIVV ArOC 7 0210 L /S36 /?7-- SCALE rI SHEET / OF /

I~~ ~ ~ ,'.'' ?;'.

~~~. . ^,.

REY

XrrER

.,M

IV'tN)-1

C -

L.siD UT

* 4 4 a - $

* , It , * 4-111

- 1' r

i II- . .

It II

x

3,

· F J--'

7P3

- 4 t

0/

7P

- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I

- J ~

I - . I

j

P5 ft,4qL oO007-

/CT

out

ioK ,

10223

PLEVL, pL-7E I O L I,

ORA90J6E S2ECTORS5Lor 2

HEAT TFE i -

HARONESS A'

REQD NEXT ASSY USED ON

APPLICATIONI. I

FOLDOUT FRAME /

7-P

BY /K

R'7(7; / I

OTYRECO

UNLESS CT-DIAMENSICSMACHINE F -SURFACE :,EURR CC'

-9

tIM.ENS.C -IDENT M.A -I DIMENSICA -

sl -------- - -pl-- I -------p-- - -- ----------

= .- .

i

I

SHEn- F C-3

I

('~pULS

/,.upuT-r s

SP RA SJ , ,,

,(-

E4PoLMME r K /

e E/01,5 tl

PC? D-ELL fo r W

R17<< ,

-z ) - /5 V.//3 /0 K

RC3

- vow )+,z24K

.IK

_ ~ 1 -_ _ ) ,¢*15V 1,P ,qi ,q2

U

-ISv A, -,s

v' £JEC TO.R3. L/ 3

OLOU L,RAMTFOLDOUT FRAMT) '

.TP

C/I- ., ,, . -'

I I OK te -

ih- Iis drwaing contains desig£ns and othsr ntorrnationhIch ere tho property of THE GARRETT CORIPORATION

Lcept for rights ecprissly granted by contract to LTRtho United States Goverment, this d.raring rny not,in rwhole or In part, ba duplicated oc disclosed orused for nunulactum of the part disClosed htin.without the prior mlitten permision of THE GARRETICORPORATION.

REVISIONSDESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

,Z4m5 "/u

/ao

-15v' 415 V

PI >5 5

7VV

' YL_ //

C T5

CZ-C3

+ tL

CR/-CR ;/Oo //dO qC.PcC/ 70R

C/ ,C CP,,C/7Tz7R ,Zo f"Z /C OP4P FA/Ce/// / 709

1 I /C eOP 'Mp aA/RC/LC //V 7297747312_

RaQ7 Pzr 860e1JS /O/cr 3Soos-2 - 0 3R/G T//RlA P .Boue/PJS 5 <R_ _S RSS_ roi_ 1/_ __ T r s /

/.-! /K A z %/

R Z, ) Z 2.R6_ -R /oKR5 -= Zo2 -2

/,4/

{TY 1ITM CODE5/57-9R 50< 1141jA- ,qIQT0IE.CD PART OR JNOMENCLATURE OR DESCRIPTION SYM

REQD NO. DENT NO. IDENTIFYING NO.I

COU~ACT XI INESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIEDIf~

Dr'MENSIONS ARE IN INCHES. ___Iouw)AIREBEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANYMPACHINE FILLET RADII1.015-~ J'f 7 ? A W-aSo.C. 0v sT.gsm.,CfwbTOSURFACE ROUGHNESS PER MIL-STD-10~*5p7 a....RUAR CONTROL PER SC653DIMENSION LIMITS HELD AFTER PLATINGtt)ENT MARKING PER MC16 VALUE EN L 7-4Y51W06R19PDIMENSIONING AND T01L PER MIL-STD-8 JAT

HEA TREATMENT PROCESS STRESS__ LA#p /F/E R. P,5YC/J-OZ 06/C71QL`HARDNESS AND SPEC NAME AND i. /'-iP/ ,5 1§./CE /

A IRESEAACH APPD SIZE CODE IDENT HOa DVOG MOjC 70210 ~-•'l3/Y36 /73SCALE__________________SHEET / OF/

:r r

1.,

C-4

C-k

e,,,9A.J

'-q _Cg, '

I FOLDOUT F 2

�s� _ I __ _ __

1

C56,e -B /~- V

I F,

OUTPUr 7-0,10',io0 /)A'PLFT

7,O COgA1PT,,

OS Oe-P,)'

7-0 0s OU7-PUVT

pi/Jl .Vo0UrDqC q8 e

®eq010 /hOil Z.*12 3.*13 IV

/14 50*i5

6e7.

*16 80

V/rClj

CvREEAJ &vEC T°

5L-o 9

p/~J zA YLvuT550

* 5J VIt

* x Bo- comes

* X i JPor V'o

oY IajPur eoe

· Y BAL eo0 Le

6o7A-7-OM

/l/EsV

REQD NEXT ASS' .

I7

/1<

-/5V /,Z ( )-/i v

4 /5 /Z;I$( > ' , ' /5V

C-,

. :-

U- .' :

:'. -B -MS 'iFa.: .

- wee: :

FOLDOUT FRAM|E (

/APPL Il - * -

-. S I r .' (0431 deyIsnd OIcftr cwOIfk l ISAV p5lsCk4~ty of TIHC C~AflI.14 COHPCORAI ION.

t-.%o t;, ig1 hts c.p~sysII g~nner by cowtreCt t LTRI , 11-tNj syt'Is C~osumont. this dro-ng mey MtI

,. 0',~ m i part. L~ doplsCutdorI discloIsed o,~-sod i,~ mnOulaculre of the Port disclosed I"ocin,. -,x ftt ffix witten pynnlssion of THE GAR1RETT

COQPOROATION.

23

QTY IEMICODE PART ORNOECAUERDSRITNRQ NODETNO. IDENTIFYING NO. NOECAUR RDSCITO

~~b - ASSY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PARTS LIST001NTRACI JIM

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, '~DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES.___ AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANYMACHINE FILLET RAOiI .015 - .03D A. * eV`5.I fl OP VSI ....r cO OA*T.C.SURFACE ROUGHNESS PER MIL-STD-10 ;r.....BURR CONTROL PER SC653 CHNDIMENSION LIM ITS HELD AFTER PLATINGIDENT MARKING PER MC16 VALUE ENGRIO ~~-t,,AtrDIMENSIONING AND TOL. PER MIL-STD-8 MATIL .t- t1L/P-'IU/MEAT-TREATMENT PROCESS STRESS 15/Lufi7O' P5 ~1CA/-/O/O /c-QLHARDNESS AND SPEC NAME AND SPEC P AZz 5 S /K V7

AIRESEARCN AMID SIZE CODEIDENTNOOWNO

__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SCALE e--l. SHEET / OF

I\LVlTll N .

DESCRIPTION I DATE LAPPROVED

*6 5 ' £CI

REv

LrrImE

Q-F,- N

C)c

~La

C-5

-HI OP -,,m_, : a, -A '7V4/CI C4P c / 7"0o . 6,Re_ T' :/,4" PO? OCo77-) /0KR6-_e7 ,_ES/5 TO I /K '/4 2,,rr 2 %,: __ _ 2.,4K . ..,q I/aKA?5f ~~ ( .K ( .

Rho !

FOLDOUT FRAME .2cl�,-n�b�.�c�c�,.�mcTn�

IA.2w

la, /4s

GRCEI'J £zj6Crow/

LOT- /0

msOTIOUT FRl /M,

This drawing contains designs and other inornationwhich are the property of THE GARRETT CORPORATION.Except for rights expressly Wanted by contract to LTRthe United States Gowrrnnent, this drawing may not,.in whole or in part, be duplicated or disclosed or j Jused for manufacture of the part disclosed herein.without the prior written pernmlsions of THE GARRETTCRPORAoT1.,,

REVISIONSDESCRIPTION I DATE I APPROVED

_-_ _..... -P-A/-, 0 -/ /- --/ LiP 3 OP-/Ae7 YAr'1CILD 7'q /

a .- '4 6, .cd /- 7 - (-r.

7-QqA S / 5 rOI 24 s9-C 77-'4

c ,- cP C ,0',,/ '"R /O2"/i - 3 V/C3-c·./ GAP/C/TOt . oliiA r- /OOVC4PAC/rog /0A -/°00V

/_ T_// / 7M POT7 U50J5 Zoc<I /3- 1 POT RR/ 5 - LDU4L /OOK

c ±2E5/'S70O S.6 '/. LJ6tir

/28 - 4/' /5 3 A rre7 ug Z t~rr Z r

R5 /K_ _ _ 2,.7A?

I :JI,/-/2 /.5'5r< RE?,. /< //. Arr Z 'QTY ITEMI CODE PART ORI { ENO .IDENT N IDENTIFYING NO. NOMENCLATURE OR DESCRIPTION SYM

I ASS' PARTS LISTCOmPTAClr M

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED Co:rYAcT r[oDiMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES. _ . .. AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANYMACHINE FILLET RADII .015- o,,3-olo or Tri AS CO TIOSURFACE ROUGHNESS PER M L-STD-10 ___O, ?'56,r7;o. ......,.OBURR CONTROL PER SC653 CHKDiMENION LIMITS HELD AFTER PLATINGIE LN) MARKING PER MC16 _____ l/1 ,LJEn2/ C(DMENSIONING AND TOL PER MIL-STOD-8 " L " , V ,Iz 10HFAT tR-EA rMENT PROCESS sTnESS -/ ) C OL qiARDINESS AND SPE NAE AND SPEC /9 5 E - A E/J 7

Ai//E"ACH Ang SIZE cO DEon T I O. D OVG NO.

C 70210 k 36/80. SCALE ,-\ ISHEET / OF /

A

I

i

0QO

-,6

m

I I

C-6* '4

FOLDOUT iA,L j-

·

"""~

-

G/FgD .Oi/ CI/L D

o.rn1, FRAM I

.

t

7-

---- I

-- -7�r --F -

-: .

-·L--�

RUSED ON

[ APPLICATION

E<.o.0 *J l,;0Il *P01iA'l tr$..I r, I ,, LiR DESCRIPTIO.

l~t A~l~I~J .^ E,5 Go..llat~. 11 IAHt g Wd P As -.tJ 031.r-P rt dld.dU Ao ,lAHAA. -- IArA.+AJ.AI-gA tnfAlt lIt 1HEtffl------ -.-1 -, 0.-- . .5 --

.,llavS A Ot 11l1~~A l11 1T

P5__________ Pir /L At ry± CCu-16044__/_-_____ LIST7- oxi Z5. 3<IZL5K-6/73. LSE3/75.5543 1 'ThLI- L 4 -L' 0-9LC, 52/-9/65I

/// V/ . ,4T1-`I-Ze c-/51C/. /-/TA, J-,', P -/,5 - '.fAlJ i.2- T7-'7

- -- y/ - ( /.ZA - tAA / 2F/p/C-

OTY ITEM CODE PART ORRAOET No. INOMENCLATURE OR DESCRIPTION SYI

R£QD O. [DENTNO.1 IDENTIFYINGNO

Ir- ASS PARTS LIST.I1

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFICFD:BURR C4NROL PERSCf:~3

IDENTIFICAIION MARKING PERMC16STO INiTERPRETATIONS PER PIBS

I-

: 'I&- I AIREEEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY

-... --.-...

S.C. 5r'Z EM/ vi / //i/6,

... SIZE C.t .... DC~ .- OWA A-A

D 70210 /5K 36/70SCALE I-xi , S T /t .

-. 3

INkttI\n

FOLDOUT FnTl'. Mt7

.---

I I I 1 HEAT~i TREATMENT RCS

AMY A- .I

',et-t.CS -t

Ctl~t .Ctbffu ,

SCALE /I~ J ISHEET / OF

I-IIAE'S -0 5. .

C'.C

;t 11 a -- ,

C * -.

I I I i-QTY ,T -

vREQD ' -

UNLESS OTHE-' - .

DIMENSLOeS .- E ~

MJACHINE F'LL= e

SURFACE R A--BURR CO, -1t''DIMENSION -IDENT MAP,- -C:DIMENSIOM;"., .,-T

REQD NEXT ASY ISEOON

--__ _ _ _ _

,OLDOUT FRed, /

HEAT I RIES .-I . -..- e

t

-+IV I

-15V (

COM (

- - - - . - -- - , - - - I

HARDNESS A. ~ .-

APPLICATION

`3 Tl

- .. L.C~St' CtZ2 WRCTT

'n

Z _ OP ANIP. UA741Z\ OP. AMNP U-7AT7747 31Z

Da . - - . .--4

,eC. 4- COA .A.C7T . o 100 Ac¥.t

RA,' I TGO'--- - -.------------ -

R', 1o. v- -- ',O .- °I -/c,TZ~G, t7 \oe . \R4, RS

. .-v ;'wK . i10A> --

OTy ITEM CODE PART OR NOMENCLATURE_________ OR__DESCR______T__ON_______REQO NO. DENT NO. IDENTIFYING NO. NOECAUR RDSRITOIY

-F -- ASSY _____________ PARTS LIST

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED-DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES.MACHINE FILLET RADII 01S -SURFACE ROUGHNESS PER MIL.STD-L0BURR CONTROL PER SC653DIMENSION LIMITS HELD AFTER PLATINGID{NT MARKING PER MC16DIMENSIONING ANDTOT PER MIL-STD4

HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSHARDNESS AND SPEC NAME AND SPfC

nr.P /.osr3L- E' ' ' ' iIc /7 I

/ //YIJALUT [R I

S~I

, -' ;~,'

OTmHER TCrVm APP'

AIRESEARCH MANUIACTURING COMPANY0VIION0 OF T-K *..lr COSPOI TIOW

o .. .. . , &

SCHEMAT\C. E C CAMPLIFIER -PSYC'OLOG iCAL

SIZE CODE IDENKT NO. G NO

C 70210 LSKG 17_ ISCALE N>,Tl ISHFFT I nF I

_ _ _ _ _ _.. ' - -

t,

t. .I v d -* .4

ZERO

'.' , AT ION

71-- -1 , . i.--- - ,,, . -

....... s n-

-. e~)

AIP

£EEC? /D -

ECG PULSE OUT F

coI AR, 5,/4,/

REG PL5SE //I

CLock //AJ(pEOA-; C6MPO7T.A)

P6 P)L$£ /'J

'V' PuOL5E Ac)T( CE. - rAe

7

//

8

-/5V -',e, /,Z

415 ,/ A),P,/2,,13

5V PULSE OUT( To coe )

( Ee4 - PG )

/0

V/ oL r EEC TCOR

SLO 6

FOLDOUT /FRAM |

-I i "V,'. -7 , -e') r LI, D

c

' --. ,; .. g cfutnts des-Sns an0 other Mn'o,rhastoI ,.: atoe t properfty of THE GARRETT CORPORATION.LtJst for lights eNox esly ranted by contract to LTRtso United States Goernrrnent. this drawing may not,

| - ,tl: wo in Pam be duplicated otr disclosed or-dI f.t otr manufactue of the Part dilosted htrin,---.,sot tt prior w'ritten pe.rmssion of THE GARRETTCORPORATION.

REVISIONSDESCRIPTON DATE APPROVED

-ill --

P5n/-lo 2 /AJP2r A i4tjD 6,qTF -TL E OYAJg 32_/'r"

Vf7-1 FLJ /P-FLoP 7"LE9Y.J6 31Z AJUAL 0/5 - 7TL.E.DY.JE

I //C O: 'AMP FA,/(CVr// 70,'0/ -QZ 7-J 5 /STO-A 2AJ 390o

C, 7 - CR8 D/ODE / A/ 73 Z.C, /- C26 D/oDE ,IVq/,

C3 cI: PCR-D k' 3oot

C5/ c Pqc/7?R 3ossR•L Por jokitJZ /0l /0r

/3 2C5 7o/0? 22M 5, /2 6800 X2 pv4<

R 1 i. 7KR 7- _._ 5. /

-111 1 I " -/'25 - - - .7- 7e /,"-. /'-, ~'-' ':' °/o !QTY ITEM CODE PART OR ' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

REQD ITEM CODE IDENTIFYING NO. NOMENCLATURE OR DESCRIPTION SYMIREQD NO. IIDENT NO.I IDENTIFYING NO.I I* ASS PARTS LIST

l*"--GssC .UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES.MACHINE FILLET RADII .015 --. 03%URFACE ROUGHNESS PER MIL-STD10PUPR CONTROL PER SC65SLIMENSION LIMITS HELD AFTER PLATINGEi NT MARKING PER MC161tMENSIONING AND TO- PER MIL-STD4

HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSARDNESS AND SPEC NAME AND SPE

/

MSATL

STRES

AIREBEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY* "'- ........IOi,' : t. ",SAtTT CO.PO.ATIO.LHI s-^.-.@. ..l.

P - EE -G R/5E L 5, ,LC(01J44 pqA-qOk', P5 ((HOt jLO6/(/L,,q5 c~ S5 3M1,9/ 7

�-4. - .- -AIRESEARCN ACIDSIZE CODE IDENT NO. WG NO.

C 70210 L5/Y/36/76SCL ,N ISET /OF/C

REV,As

rT-r

'U. -

;LJ~

SCALE-, I ISHEET / OF /

- I -- --

- -- -- - - - .-

-----------------

1

II

r

ttur ct 2

rtnffn StllYlt t t - -

L4

ci UCT c

--··nrI

aIREtSERCH ̂"°

C-9

ANALOG I N iDNNALOG IN b

( B

LO OUTH.I OUT

LM

'k

COMMON

A.P,-

I - I . .

ONE OF 'TWO S-ODWN

LOCAPT\ON: SLOT 7 I a

VIOLET EJ ECTO'

.FOLIDOUT M¶a-& I

. .

- -

f.',/, .. t Ic exI- - -. d Slal,

I Cp P- 5 -OI

D 70210 L ISK5 ( l- _Is 1 iE(T I 0 I

REVISI' '.-W ' t, LTR DESCRIPTION .

TCctSf tZtt. I'S e . i I4, Itpert. fl ¢u¢,¢Jtf, 44I/a i/,tw~ ,

i/fl CI 11.0 4/fl t Cl/) ht*.1..4ltl Whifrlaol Cf 1HE /C4RRL

[ ...Al *-A4 'WA-t7 cAec.1i ,AA.d47

i Q48 QS r,'NSIST'S . Z-N304- -_

czc- %" 4 _ ZN w . c -- -t- I --- 'A . Z - _. ".-F

L .CRI -- 4_* ct 4C3 CXP clroc l.OA~f __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

CA, C4 CAPXC.TO °;.4.1A~f -- -___v2,V.29,R~3l,e3Z RE~s!5h.Z 'W. /f4WTr M eT.. Fi i

PART .OR

Ij IDENTIF'YING NO. ASRPTO

I SYL .

PARTS LIST

II' '

.... " ~ )}AIREIIC.A"CH MANUF'ACTU ING~ com"PA

, .. -.......

ER ~' '"~

l ........

I 3, eZnOCN ,'~ ZO. B~siSo-7-ZN3>9

- PART CR G Uo== =IDENTIFYING NO. t'iMENCtATURE OR DESCRIPTION.

______________________ PARTS t IST

IE ¢. t-t - t.. 1 AIREIIEAQC MANUrACTURI>NG ,,COMA

- -I-,- -s * *O5CE i Tl C, EP ,./P.ER13 'ZCHEMA\T~I ERQG/pc-ES c-,-- CHANGE CARb -

":/ - PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSkM,,T

------- :

PIP'TO&,A-14- I1P/ YEL/\'VlAT

A

BCb

HJKU

VRPF

EST

i

a V'H - ('lcNEIPCG' cq

- I I --

< I 'LU/WRT PC. ,Z

B<ZN BiT Z

-I .'4 I

R/,,,P- G C A< I I <

I C)ZN /VAT PG CH

K.LK/v - Gr ATE

< I I~h B<(4 4 U LSB, g

I l H B\T S< I I

< I 'I <

I 4I

/ IWH-r EGG I~r.C

,( j' G~(~ C PC I

I< LWEGOC RIN

<oi c o EIw. P4

< ,<O CSLOCK. INI< '

6,.0 T -T,

INTER FACG CABLE

PTOCA - e- 4P

A

B

CD

B

< I TI

< II . ,

< I '^<

< , " I>II<CG CAIBLE

PTo ro k - e) -,3 P (MlALP) GjW

< i is/ L-I

_EG. CA,:L-ELeNc.T-; *'.0 FT

I

(P<K<N<T<Y<U<32/R<'Z.

<b<X<J<C

/f

(3<F

l.0 "1-4.

S +K R-

() REF

FOLDOU'T FRA/ME /

I/"

INC,,

0O - I

¢-LIN- ='

IN -40 -S. .'

0 - 5' ;

0-4 10-G:

0-c>I

J

, a./I C.NN5

\ '-

,( l N _. - --It. -

i{':.%'

I

I

Ii!II

. -

ZVH

.

L.=I

0 1

I

�4' -___

C < 1 ,

/

,-

Ep�

- �

� -, -

'I.-.-.-

5

+l5V (N,P 4--

; PULSE IN -- (D e

COM (R', -

-I5-sV -(AO , BT

kNNA, LOG OUT .o- s (40- IZo B/M) (

I A

IAI I r IION E

l1 X ,.I

I .... nf[

III

I

I

(I

j-.OT II - YEL.LOVW' EJEC- OR

itCC

I ,

_I _ -�

II

�-rsv v- e,,- A v

^''- 1' % d.&. f g........... oIt UCtaS S$tat l..............., C~.,..¶tnt IC {' ,S -I. -~ I I0t It CO.D . E Dl :SCPIP IO ' A E TIO

Odl. lt7 mKblIJt cl act 01 d.K C U.C ~*dCI tOJ7 S lb pImi .1.1. 51 1551 E GnCRRF11CC~F'C~A~f1t* I I'

·- '- b,.

IN w.' " 5 0 d--

12 IN~ 41 9:40

(.. I: b..

, 45.c~tv

IOK--.

J .. - I

.[ ° ,oo.~D .t S

4.'1 ' : ~ ,c)~

.(v

IN47'1 5.4a . - _=-

Fii55 Zr- -- t -e' '.- -- ' -.i .. ::---L.- ...-___ . . . . __ __

C< --:.t :-'--::'!.... I 0 ,L o -5 SoT A.34Z T"rLe'¥YNER-- A - -- -- S-l413

10KK . A.SOZ A~'A 5 ? . o-P A. U _-_ _4'3i

QZ4 - . -. i2 .. ~i. ii ~ o~4 ,'- ...u-,4"sztO'/-. K..... i4 .

C37 CAPA.CTOC o.C8;Zc. \ -f. .. . 4,' , -

-_:~ ._ \C~ j IA Tf9 33 _. af ~J

L7 1 - Q4,s,QL1 T. . -1-- -' _ _-

.01 43 [ I 1,L .-. T0 4SC' a_________N3.o ......... --10< ~ Co .i . 9,CZr T~Ni5.O ZN0(.L --

.i-W ,T '-. 'R15 - I K /-WI -. M-Tk.L L._ )+-7-Z 4 --t t t

OTY TEM ODE PART OR

RETO [NTM ODEN NO IDENTI'YING NO. N O E C LTR OR DESCRIPTION-.--- ASSY .' PARTS LIST

UNLESS OTH[RWISE SPECIFIED:BURR EXNRI PEJR / AIRCrBCARr'N MANUFACTURING COM~PA/'Y

A3 j,-n ~

4":" ~CHF__-ANTC_, C CACIZOTAC

5TO INT-E.RPrTATIONS PER P185 'Z

REO NE . I - -7 2 |- - - -L I T SCALE '1. E . I

Rlz~-ZIRI1i , Zl 4-iF27 , to - 2- .Rj=X~r .1Kt4W Z°p;= X ILM -Ll 11 L I I2!|1 .-.-7 7,777- *C> ->2 .. - G 3 H - \-23 0US5

| REQD | NO. IDENT NO.| IDENTIFYING NO. I IOECAUEO ECITO| | | | | ASSY ,> PARTS LIST

UIF UU OTHERWISE SPECIFIED. IB URR CONTO PER I S1)AIRE8EARCH MANUrACTURINO COMPANYXISTD INTERPRETATIONS PER PIESSE| S C H EMATI C C A RD IOTIACHIHA RAMS|PROCESS |i I I-l SYC HOL G I CA L

l l | HARD~~~K-0ESS A.0 SP-EC | E ADS /|' 'f ' 'Le.r |AIREQD NEXT ASSiY USED ON |/I/|M 01

-fi APPLICATION 7 SAEICq|HEET I OF I

C-12

APPE "DIX 3

REFERENCES A'.- 3-E.LIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX D

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES

1. Koster, W. G., editor, Attention and Performance 11, North HollandPublishing Co., Amsterdam, 1969.

2. Sanders, A. F., editor, Attention and Performance III, North HollandPublishing Company, Amsterdam, 1970.

3. Mackworth, J. A., Vigilance and Attention, Penguin Press, London, 1970.

4. Moray, N., Attention: Selective Processes in Vision and Hearing,Hutchinson Educational, London, 1969.

5. Posner, M. I., and S. J. Boies, "Components of Attention," PsychologicalReview, 1971, Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 391 to 408.

6. Natgnen, R., "Evoked Potential, EEG, and Slow Potential Correlation ofSelective Attention," in A. F. Sanders, ed., Attention and Performance III,North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1970.

7. Fedderson, W. E., and N. A. Kanas, "Behavioral, Psychiatric, andSociological Problems of Long-Duration Space Mission," NASA TM X58067,1971.

8. Memford, R. B. et al., "Stress Responses as Criteria for PersonnelSelection: Baseline Study," Aerospace Medicine, Jan. 1970.

9. Zubek, J. P., "27 Behavioral and EEG Dangers During and After 14 Days ofPerceptual Deprivation and Confinement,"Readings in General Psychology:Canadian Contributions, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1970.

10. Serafetinides, E. A., J. T. Shurley, R. Brooks, and W. P. Gideon,"Electrophysiological Changes in Humans During Sensory Isolation,"Aerospace Medicine, August 1971, pp. 840 to 841.

11. Zuckerman, M., H. Persky, L. Miller, and B. Levine, "Sensory Deprivationversus Sensor Variation," J. Abnormal Psych. Vol. 76, No. 1, 1970, pp. 76to 82.

12. Frankenhauser, M., B. Hordhenden, A. Myrsten, and B. Post, Psycho-physiological Reactions to Understimulation and Overstimulation," ActaPsychologica, Vol. 35, 1971, pp. 298 to 308.

13. Shapiro, D., and A. Crider, "Psychophysiological Approaches to SocialPsychology," in G.,Linzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of SocialPsychology, (In Press, 1971).

D-1

14. Coffman, M., and H. D. Kimmel, "''Instrumental Conditioning of the GSR: AComparison of Light Deprivation and Monotony Hypotheses," Exp. Psychol.,Vol. 89, No. 2, 1971, pp. 410 to 413.

15. Bohlin, G., "Monotonous Stimulation, Sleep Onset and Habituation of theOrienting Response," Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,1971, 31, 593-601.

16. London, H., D. S. P. Schubert, and D. Washburn, "Increase of AutonomicArousal by Bredem," J. Abn. Psychol., 1972 (80) 29-36.

17. Averill, S. R. et al., "Habituation to Complex Emotional Stimuli,"J. Abnormal Psychol., 1972 (80), 20-28.

18. Rathbart, M., and M. Millinger, "Attention and Responsivity to RemoteDanger," J. Pers and Soc. Psychol., 1972.

19. Rice, D. G., and N. S. Greenfield, "Psychophysiological Correlates ofLaBelle Indifference," Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1969, (20) 239-245.

20. Schmolling, P. and L. B. Lopidus, "Arousal and Task Complexity inSchizophrenic Performance Deficit: A Theoretical Discussion," Psychol.Reports, 1972, 30, 315-326.

21. Mackintosh, N. J., and L. Little, "Selective Attention and ResponseStrategies as Factors in Social Reversal Learning," Canad. J. Psychol/Rev.Canad. Psychol, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1969, pp. 335 to 346.

22. Schell, D. J., "Conceptual Behavior in Young Children Learning to ShiftDimensional Attention," J. Exp. Child Psych., Vol. 12, 1971, pp. 78 to 87.

23. Roland, B. C., "Relationship Between GSR, Heart Rate, and Reversibility ofa Nuclear Cube," Percept. and Motor Skills, 1970, pp. 30 to 38.

24. Webster, R. G., and G. M. Haslerud, "Influence on Extreme Peripheral Visionof Attention to a Visual or Auditory Task," J. Exp. Psychol., Vol. 68,1964, pp. 269 to 272.

25. Wachtel, P. L., "Conceptions of Broad and Narrow Attention," Psych.Bulletin, Vol. 68, 1967, pp. 417 to 429.

26. Welford, A. T., "Perceptual Selection and Attention," Ergonomics, Vol. 13,No. 1, 1970, pp. 5 to 23.

27. Cabanac, M., "Physiological Role of Pleasure," Science, Vol. 173, 1971,pp. 1103 to 1107.

28. Baddeley, A. D., "Selective Attention and Performance in DangerousEnvironments," Br. J. Psychol 63, 4 pp, 537-546, 1972.

D-2

29. Epstein, S. and -- iz (1965), "Steepness of Approach and AvoidanceGradients in Hum.f-s *a Function of Experience; Theory and Experiment,"J. Exp. Psychol. 70, 1-13.

30. Hebb, D. O. (1955), "Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System),"Psychol. Rev., 62, 243-254.

31. Malmo, R. B. (1959), "Activation: A Neuropsychological Dimension,"Psychol. Rev. 66, 367-386.

32. Corcoran, D. W.-J., "Personality and the Inverted U Relation," Br. J.Psychol., 1965,-(5 6), 267-273.

33. Easterbrook, J. A., "The Effect of Emotion on the Utilization and theOrganization of Behaviour " Psychol. Rev. 66, 1959, 183-201.

34. Teichner, W. H. (1968), "Interaction of Behavioural and PhysiologicalStress Reaction,: Psychol. Rev. 75, 271-291.

35. Hockey, G. R. J. (1970a), "Effect of Loud Noise on Attentional Selectivity,"Q.J. Exp. Psychol. 22, 28-36.

36. Hockey, G. R. J. (1970b), "Signal Probability and Spatial Location asPossible Bases for Increased Selectivity in Noise," Q. J. Exp. Psychol.22, 37-42.

37. Cornsweet, :.. 'AUses-of Cues in the Visual Periphery under Conditionsof Arousal," J. Exp. Psychol., 1969, Vol. 80, 14-18.

38. Weltman, G., and G. H. Egstrom (1967), "Perceptual Narrowing in NoviceDivers," Human Factors 8, 499-506.

39. Weltman, G., J. E. Smith, and G. H. Egstrom (1971), "Perceptual NarrowingDuring Simulated Pressure-Chamber Exposure, Human Factors 13, 99-107.

40. Howarth, C. I., and J. R. Bloomfield, "Search and Selective Attention,"British Medical Bull., Vol. 27, 1971, pp. 253 to 258.

41. Underwood, G. and N. Moray, "Shadowing and Monitoring for SelectiveAttention," Quart. I. of Exp. Psychology, Vol. 23, 1971, pp. 284 to 295.

42. Larkin, W., and G. Z. Greenberg, "Selective Attention in UncertainFrequency Detection," Perception and Psychophysics, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1970,pp. 179 to 183.

43. Chuprikova, N. I., "The Neurophysiological Bases of Limitation ofAttention Span," Voprosy Psikhologii, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1968. (SovietPsychology, USSR, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1969.)

44. Teichner, W. H., and 0. Olson, "A Preliminary Theory of the Effects ofTask and Environmental Factors on Human Performance," Human Factors,Vol. 13, No. 4,-'971, pp. 295 to 344.

D-3

45. Rabbit, P., "Ignocipg Irrelevant Information," Brit. J. of Psychol.,Vol. 55, No. 4, 1964, pp. 403 to 414.

46. Warm, J. S., G. Hagner, and D. Meyer, "The Partial Reinforcement Effectin a Vigilance Task," Perceptual Motor Skills, Vol. 32, 1971, pp. 987 to993.

47. Germana, J., "Differential Effects of Interstimulus Interval on Habituationand Recall Scores," Psycho. Sci., Vol. 17, No. 2, 1969, pp. 73 to 74.

48. Allport, D. A., B. Antonis, and P. Reynolds, "On the Division of Attention:A Disproof of the Single Channel Hypotheses," Q.J. of Exp. Psychol., 1972(24) 225-235.

49. Glaser, H., ed., EEG and Behavior, Basic Books, New York, 1963.

50. Hiligard, S. A., K. Squires, J. Bauer, and P. Lindsay, "Evolved Poten-tial Correlates of Auditory Signal Detection," Science, Vol. 172, June1971, pp. 1357 to 1360.

51. Donald, N. W., and W. R. Goff, "Attention-Related Increases in CorticalResponsivity Disassociated from the Contingent Negative Variation,"Science, Vol. 172, June 1971, pp. 1163 to 1166.

52. Gale, A., M. Halsum, and V. Penfold, "EEG Correlates of CumulativeExpectancy and Subjective Estimates of Alertness in a Vigilance Type Task,"Q.J. of Exp. Psychol., Vol. 23, 1971, pp. 245 to 254.

53. Wortz, E. C., First Annual Symposium, Biofeedback Research Society, 1971.

54. Fehmi, L. G., Proceedings of the Biofeedback Research Society, Panel 2:EEG Feedback; Research Report, Los Angeles, 1970.

55. Kamiya, J., Proceedings of the Biofeedback Research Society, Panel 5:Feedback and Altered States of Consciousness, Los Angeles, 1970.

56. Barry, J. B. and H. C. Beh, "Desynchronization of the Alpha Rhythm of theEEG as a Function of Intensity of Visual Stimulation," Psycho. Sci., 1972,(26) 241-242.

57. Invgar, D. H., "Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Related to EEG andCerebral Function," Acta Anesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1971, pp. 110-113.

58. Sokolov, Y. N., Perception and the Conditioned Reflex, McMillan, 1963.

59. Lynn, R., Attention, Arousal, and the Orientation Reaction, Pergamon Press,New York, 1966.

60. Wortz, E. C., Optical Subliminal Stimulation, AF 30-602-67-C-0239, TheGarrett Corporation, Los Angeles, 1967.

61. Wortz, E. C., Remote G.S.R. Homolog, AF 30-602-4126, The GarrettCorporation, Los Angeles, 1968.

62. Wortz, E. C., Thermal Radiation Sensor, U. S. Patent No. 3581570, 1969.

63. Gogan, P., "The Startle and Orienting Reaction in Man: A Study of TheirCharacteristics and Habituation," Brain Research, 1970, Vol. 18, No. 1,pp. 117-135.

64. Pilsbury, J. A., S. Meyerowitz, L. F. Salzman, and R. Satran, "Electro-encephalographic Correlates of Perceptual Style," American PsychosomaticSociety, March, 1966.

65. Raskin, D. C., H. Kostes, and J. Bever, "Cephalic Vasomotor and HeartRate Measures of Orienting and Defensive Reflexes," Psychophysiology,Vol. 6, No. 2, 1969, pp. 149 to 159.

66. Keefe, F. B., "Cardiovascular Responses to Auditory Stimuli," Psychom.Sci., Vol. 196, 1970, pp. 335 to 337.

67. Fantalova, V. L., "Analysis of Fluctuations in Blood Volume of an Organand of Pulse Changes in its Volume During Investigations of the OrientingReflex," Bulletin of Exp. Biol. and Med., USSR, Vol. 70, No. 8, 1970.

68. Gliner, J. A., P. Hamley, and P. Badia, "Elicitation and Habituation ofthe Orienting Response as a Function of Instructions, Order of StimulusPresentation, and Omission," J. Exp. Psychol., Vol. 89, No. 2, 1971.

69. Gabriel, M., and T. S. Ball, "Plethysmographic and GSR Responses to SingleVersus Double Simultaneous Novel Tactile Stimuli," J. Exp. Psychol.,Vol. 85, No. 3, 1970, pp. 368 to 373.

70. Beidman, L. R., and J. A. Stern, "Onset and Terminal Orienting Responsesas a Function of Task Demands," Psychophysiology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1971,pp. 376 to 381.

71. Maltzman, I., M. J. Smith, W. Kantor, and M. P. Mandell, "Effects ofStress on Habituation of the Orienting Reflexes," J. Exp. Psychol.,Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 207 to 214.

72. Coles, M. G. M., A. Gale, and P. Kline, "Personality and Habituation ofthe Orienting Reaction: Tonic and Response Measures of ElectrodermalActivity," Psychophysiology, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1971, pp. 54 to 63.

73. Lacey, B. C. and J. I. Lacey, "Cardiac Deceleration and Simple VisualReaction Time in a Fixed Foreperiod Experiment," Paper at Society forPsychophysiological Research Meeting at Washington, D. C., October 1964.

74. Graham, F. K. and R. K. Clifton, "Heartrate Change as a Component of theOrienting Responses," Psychol. Bulletin, 1966, 65, pp. 305-320.

D-5

C

75. Kibler, A. W., "The Relationship Between Stimulus Oriented Changes inHeart Rate and Detection Efficiency in a Vigilance Task," AMRL TR-67-233,1967.

76. Coles, Michel, B. J. Sosdian and I. J. Issacson, "Heart Rate and SkinConductance Response to Signal and Non-Signal Stimuli," Psycho. Sci. 1972,Vol 29 (I), pp 23-24.

77. Hare, R. D. "Cardiovascular Components of Orienting and Defense Responses,"Psychophysiology, 1972 (9), 606-614.

78. Hare, Robert, S. Britan and J. Frazelle, "Autonomic Responses to AffectiveVisual Stimulation: Sexual Differences," J. Expl. Res. in Pers. 5, 14-22,(1971).

79. Carroll, D., "Signal Value and Physiological Response to Affective VisualStimuli," Psycho. Sci. 1971, 25, 94-96.

80. Wilkinson, R. T., et al., "Performance and Arousal as a Function ofIncentive, Information Load and Task Novelty," Psychophysiology, 1972,

9, 589-599.

81. Zeiner, A. R. and A. Schell, "Individual Differences in Orienting Condi-tionability and Skin Resistance Responsivity," Psychophysiology, 1971,8 (5), pp 612-622.

82. Kreitler, H. and S. Kreitler, "The Model of Cognitive Orientation:Towards a Theory of Human Behavior," Br. J. Psychol. (1972), 63, pp 9-30.

83. Neisser, U. (1967), "Cognitive Psychology," New York, Appleton Century

Crofts.

D-6

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Burch, G.E. and T.D. Gilen, "A Digital Rheoplethysmographic Study of VasomotorResponse to Simulated Diving," Cardiology 1970, 55, 257-271.

Davenport, W.G., "Vigilance and Arousal, Effects of Different Types ofBackground Stimulation," J. Psychol. 1972, 334-346.

Delfini, L.F., and J.J. Campos, "Signal Detection and the Cardiac ArousalCycle," Psychophysiology 1972, 9 pp, 484-491.

Ely, D.J. "Temporal Duration as a Dimension in Generalization of the OrientingResponse," Percep. and Motor Skills, 1972, 34, pp. 271-276.

Epstein, S., and A. Roupenian, "Heart Rate and Skin Conductance DuringExperimentally Induced Anxiety (Effect of Uncertainty about Receivinga Noxious Stimulus)," J. Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 16,No. 1, 1970, pp. 20 to 28.

Ferenczi, S., Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-analysis, Hogarth, London, 1950, pp. 81 to 83.

Hammerton, M., and A.H. Tickner, "An Investigation into the Effects of StressUpon Skilled Performance," Ergonomics, 1968, Vol. 12, No. 6, 851-855.

Heizman, A.B. and J.B. Dillon, "Distinction between Arterial, Venous, andFlow Components in Photoelectric Plethysmography in Man," Am. J. Physio-logy, 1940 (130) 177-185.

Holland, J.L., and J.M. Richards, Jr., "Academic and Nonacademic Accomplish-ment Correlated or Uncorrelated," J. Educ. Psychology, Vol. 56, 1965,pp. 65 to 174.

Knott, P.D., "Effects of Frustration and Magnitude of Reward on SelectiveAttention, Size Estimate, and Verbal Evaluation," J. Personality,Vol. 39, No. 3, 1971, pp. 378 to 387.

Kurie, G.D., and A.M. Mordkoff, "Effects of Brief Sensory Deprivation andSomatic Concentration on Two Measures of Field Dependence," Perceptualand Motor Skills, Vol. 31, 1970, pp. 683 to 687.

Lidberg, L.D. Schallin, and S.E. Levander, "Some Characteristics of DigitalVasomotor Activity," Psychophysiology, 1972, Vol. 9 (4) 402-411.

Magoon, H.W., The Waking Brain, 2nd Ed., Thomas, Springfield, 1963.

Meffererd, R.D., et al., "Stress Responses as Criteria for Personnel Selection:Baseline Study," Aerospace Med., January 1970.

Meldman, M.J., Diseases of Attention and Perception, Pergamon, New York, 1970.

D-7

Meile, R.L., "The 22 Item Index of Psychophysiological Disorder: Psychological

or Organic Symptom," Soc. Sci and Med 1972, Vol., 6, pp 125-135.

Mischel, W., Personality Assessment, Wiley, New York, 1968.

Mulder, G., et al., "Heart Rate Variability in a Binary Choice Reaction Task,"

Acta Psychologica, 36, 239-251, 1972.

Porges, S.W.,. and D.C. Raskin, "Respiratory and Heart Rate Components of Atten-

tion, J. Exp. Psychol., Vol. 81, No. 3, 1969, pp. 497 to 503.

Raskin, D.C., H. Kostes, and J. Bever, "Cephalic Vasomotor and Heart Rate

Measures of Orienting and Defensive Reflexes," Psychophysiology, Vol. 6,

No. 2, 1969, pp. 149 to 159.

Sadler, T.G., et al., "The Interaction of Extraversion and Neuroticism in

Orienting Response Habituation," Psychophysiology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1971,pp. 312 to 318.

Sandman, C.A., et al., "Neuroendocrine Influence on Attention and Memory,"

J. Comp. and Physiol. Psychol., 1972, 80, 54-58.

Schapiro, H., et al., "Sensory Deprivation on Visceral Activity," Psychosomatic

Med., Vol. 32, No. 5, 1970, pp. 515 to 521.

Siddle, D.A.T., "Vigilance Decrement and Speed of Habituation of the GSR

Component of the Orienting Response," Br. J. Psychol., 1972 (63) 191-194.

Treisman, A.M. and J.G.A. Riley, "Is Selective Attention Selective PerceptionOr Selective Response," J. Exp. Psychol., 1969, Vol. 79, No. 1, 27-34.

Witkin, H.A., R.B. Dyk, H.F. Faterson, D.R. Goodenough, and S.A. Karp,Psychological Differentiation: Studies of Development, Wiley, New York,1962.

Witkin, H.A., H.B. Lewis, M. Hiestaman, K. Machoves, P.D. Meissner, and S. Wapner,Personality Through Perception, Harper, New York, 1954.

Zeiner, A.R., "Orienting Response and Discrimination Condition," Physiol. andBehav., 1970, 5, 641-646.

D-8

OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT … · final report objective techniques for...

Documents

Transcript of OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT … · final report objective techniques for...