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oanoe oveer 145 - Virginia Tech
Transcript of oanoe oveer 145 - Virginia Tech
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 145
Veteran Status and Work in Deadly Civilian JobsAre Veterans More Likely to Be Employed in High-Risk Occupations than
Nonveterans?
April L. Gunsallus ([email protected])The Pennsylvania State University
Abstract
The demand for workers in high-risk occupations is growing, as is the number of service members transitioning from military to civilian jobs. This paper will address whether veterans are more likely to hold physically hazardous occupations than nonveterans. While military jobs vary in the degree to which physical injury or death is likely, even basic entry into the military requires recruits to be mindful of risks at all times and routinely follow safety protocols. In comparison to the nonveteran workforce, veterans may experience a greater risk of holding physically hazardous jobs as a result of the jobs and skills for which they were trained in the military. This paper is part of a dissertation project which addresses fatal occupational injury. While much of the work literature on veterans has been descriptive, this study uses logistic regression to address the following questions: Are veterans overall more likely than nonveterans to hold high-risk occupations? The data come from recent pooled Veterans Supplements of the Current Population Survey. The trend toward increasing high-risk employment opportunity is substantiated by the latest employment projections from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The occupations with the highest projected number of new jobs, in 2022, are concentrated in health care, retail service, and construction industries. The type and number of construction jobs vary among the highest growth occupations. Most in demand in 2022 will be construction laborers (259,800); laborers and freight stock, and material movers (241,900); carpenters (218,200), and heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers (192,600). Many of these jobs are nested within industries that are well-known as dangerous—industries such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting, mining, construction, and manufacturing. None of these industries is evenly distributed across metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) places, with each having greater shares of total employment in nonmetro places compared to metro areas. This dissertation will explore whether nonmetro veterans are more at risk of high-risk job holding than metro or suburban veterans. One factor possibly contributing to nonmetro veterans being in high-risk work is that they have fewer alternative employment options, suggesting an increased likelihood that nonmetro veterans would be more willing to take higher-risk jobs than their nonmetropolitan counterparts.
Keywords: workforce, rural veterans, fatal occupations, gendered occupations, employment opportunities, high-risk industries
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society146
Veteran status and work
in deadly civilian jobs:A
re veterans m
ore likely to
be em
plo
yed
in h
igh-risk o
ccup
ation
s than
no
nveteran
s?
Ap
ril Gu
nsallu
s, Ph
.D. C
and
idate
The Pen
nsylvan
ia State Un
iversityR
ural So
ciolo
gy
3rd
An
nu
al Veteran
s in S
ociety C
on
ference
Virg
inia Tech
No
v 13, 2015
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 147
BACKGROUND –Veterans and High-Risk Occupations
Are veteran
s mo
re likely to be em
plo
yed in
high
-risk o
ccup
ations th
an n
onveteran
s?
A h
igh
-risk occu
patio
n is o
ne in
wh
ich in
juries th
at occu
r are likely to
be u
nexp
ected, su
dd
en, an
d fatal.
No
n-fatal o
r chro
nic in
juries asso
ciated w
ith rep
etitive m
ovem
ents o
r pro
lon
ged
expo
sures n
ot ad
dressed
here.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society148
★Gulf W
ar era (1990-ongoing)
↑Vietnam
era (1964-1975)↑
Korean conflict (1950-1955)↑
World W
ar II (1941-1946)↑
World W
ar I (1917-1918)
Wartim
e PeriodsG
ulf I (P
re 9/11)
Operation D
esert ShieldO
peration Desert Storm
Gu
lf II (OE
F/O
IF)
Operation E
nduring FreedomO
peration Iraqi Freedom
Source: National Center for
Veterans Analysis and Statistics
Gulf Era Vets = 89.6%
Labor Force Participation Rate
Vietnam Vets = 64.3%
Labor Force Participation Rate
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 149
Today 22 million veterans live
among the civilian population
age 18 and older.
Gulf Era veterans represent
almost 1 in 4 of all veterans.
Gulf Era Vets = 6.1 m
illion
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society150
CFOI –The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries by BLS
OEF total deaths: 2,220
OIF total deaths: 4,500
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 151
CFOI –Men’s & W
omen’s Fatality
Men
and
wo
men
sort in
to d
ifferent typ
es o
f occu
patio
ns.
•d
ifferences in
men’s an
d w
om
en’s abilities
•th
eir risk/safety preferen
ces•
emp
loyer d
iscrimin
ation
•d
iffering
econ
om
ic circum
stances
Fatal work injuries &
hours worked,
by gender of worker, by year.
Source: CFOI 2012, 2013, 2014
A disproportionate share of fatal work injuries
involve men relative to their w
ork hours.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society152
Majo
r Occu
patio
nal C
atego
ry2
01
4*
20
13
20
12
Co
un
tR
ateC
ou
nt
Rate
Co
un
tR
ate
Transp
ortatio
n an
d m
ovin
g1289
14
.71184
14
.11150
14
.0
Co
nstru
ction
and
extraction
8851
1.8
8181
1.8
8381
2.4
Service584
2.6624
2.7596
2.7
Man
agem
ent, b
usin
ess, and
finan
ce452
1.9410
1.7451
1.9
Installatio
n, m
ainten
ance,an
d rep
air391
7.8
3567
.0326
6.7
Professio
nal an
d related
2531.6
2280.8
2450.7
Farmin
g, fish
ing
, and
forestry
2342
4.1
2252
3.1
2222
3.3
Sales and
related232
0.7211
1.5216
0.7
Prod
uctio
n206
2.4210
2.6211
1.5
Office an
dad
min
istrative sup
po
rt98
0.670
0.482
2.5
Total W
orker
Fatalities/All-W
orker
Rate
46
79
3.3
44
05
3.2
43
83
3.2
CFOI –Fatality Count and Rate by Occupation by Year
* Data are preliminary for 2014.
Rates are per 100,000 full-time equivalent w
orkers
Farmin
g, fish
ing
, and
forestry
23
42
4.1
22
52
3.1
22
22
3.3
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 153
http://ww
w.startribune.com
/deadliest-workplace-the-fam
ily-farm/330403811/
October 7, 2015
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society154
“Farmin
g fits veteran
s, an
d veteran
s fit farmin
g.
Man
y veterans w
ant to
retu
rn to
small to
wn
A
merica to
raise their
families. A
nd
we
welco
me th
em h
om
e.”
WORKFORCE OPPORTUNITY –
Veterans Returning Home
http://www.cfra.org/farm
ing-fits-veterans-and-veterans-fit-farming
http://www.gijobs.com
/5-different-types-of-jobs-in-agriculture/
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 155
WORKFORCE OPPORTUNITY–
Skilled workers in demand
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society156
DATA –Current Population Survey, Veteran Supplem
entsCPS is the only m
onthly estimate of the labor force
(Does not include active duty service m
embers)
Certain months have a “focus” (a.k.a. supplem
ents)
I combined data from
2012 & 2013
Starting N ≈
300,000(rem
oved those Not in the Labor
Force) N = 124,117 (ages 18-65)
(removed w
omen)
Final N = 64,753
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 157
DATA –Dependent Variable –Binary “In a Deadly Job or Not”
Total N=64,753
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society158
DATA –Independent Variable –Binary “Nonm
etroor Not”
Total N=64,753
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 159
DATA –All W
orkers & Veteran Workers Characteristics
Variab
les2
01
2&
20
13
All ♂
& ♀
All Vets
Wo
rkin
g in
a Dead
lyJo
b2
1.7
33
.3
Ag
e (18-65)x̄
=41.4
x̄=
48.7
RaceW
hite
82.484.3
Black
9.510.2
Oth
er8.0
5.5
Hisp
anic
(any race)
12.75.7
Edu
cation
Less than
HS/H
Sd
iplo
ma
35.430.7
Som
e colleg
e30.4
39.7
Co
llege d
egree (B
S/hig
her)
34.329.5
Female
47.910.4
Everserved in
the m
ilitary5.8
100
No
nm
etrop
olitan
status
18
.82
1.7
Total W
orker
12
4,1
17
7,1
50
Variab
les2
01
2 &
20
13
All ♂
♂Vets
Wo
rkin
g in
a Dead
lyJo
b3
5.4
36
.4
Ag
e (18-65)x̄
=41.4
x̄=
49.1
RaceW
hite
83.884.8
Black
8.39.5
Oth
er8.0
5.7
Hisp
anic
(any race)
13.75.7
Edu
cation
Less than
HS/H
Sd
iplo
ma
39.632.4
Som
e colleg
e28.0
39.3
Co
llege d
egree (B
S/hig
her)
32.428.4
Female
------
Everserved in
the m
ilitary9.9
100
No
nm
etrop
olitan
status
18
.92
1.9
Total W
orker
64
,75
36
,40
8
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society160
Higher risk of holding a deadly job
for men.
Men in deadly jobs 35%
compared
to 7% w
omen.
MEN
VETERAN w
orkers are more
likely to be in deadly jobs than w
omen veterans.
The proportions are 36% m
en and 7%
wom
en of veteran workers in
deadly jobs.
Results –Bivariate relationships –Sex
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 161
Results –Bivariate relationships –Metropolitan Status
Higher risk of holding a deadly job
in NO
NM
ETRO areas for m
en.
Nonm
etrow
orkers in deadly jobs47%
compared to 33%
metro.
NO
NM
ETRO VETERAN
men
workers are m
ore likely to be in deadly jobs than m
etro veterans.
The proportions are 34% m
etro and 46%
nonmetro
of veteran w
orkers in deadly jobs.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society162
Results –Logistic Regression Modeling –Key IV’s
Veteran status is marginally
significant. Veterans more likely
than nonvetsto be in a deadly job.
Nonm
etrostatus is significant.
Nonm
etrom
en are more likely
than metros to be in a deadly job.
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 163
Results –Key IV’s –Veteran & Metropolitan Status
Controlling for nonmetro
status drops veteran status out of
statistical significance.
An interaction effect between
veterans and nonmetro
status is not significant in this m
odel.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society164
Results –Interaction Effect? –Veteran x Nonm
etAn interaction effect betw
een veterans and nonm
etrostatus is
not significant in this model.
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 165
Controls –Education
Controlling for education brings veteran status back into statistical significance.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society166
Controls –Race
Controlling for race does NO
T brings veteran status back into
statistical significance.
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 167
Controls –Education & Race
Adding controls for education &
race brings veteran status back into statistical significance.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society168
Controls –Educ& Race & Hisp
Adding Hispanic ethnicity
strengthens the effect andstatistical significance of veteran.
Roanoke, VA • November 12–14, 2015 169
CONCLUSION –Questions
April G
unsallusalg978@
psu.edu814.360.9618
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Veterans in Society170
About the Author
April Gunsallus, M.S., is a Graduate Research Assistant for the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at The Pennsylvania State University. After earning a bachelor’s degree in Economics at Lebanon Valley College of Pennsylvania, April commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer at Pensacola, Florida, and worked for three years in naval aviation. April received her M.S. in Rural Sociology from Penn State and will receive her Ph.D. in 2016. The arc of her research explores how risk and resilience interact among the individual, family, and community levels. She is particularly fascinated by the domain of work and occupations. At the Clearinghouse, she contributes to The Veteran Metrics Initiative which seeks to better understand Service member transition from Military to civilian life. As a doctoral student, she serves on the executive board of a student Veteran fraternity and is actively engaged in philanthropic and social Veteran activities.
References
Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2014.” Chart Package. United States Department of Labor. 2015. http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0013.pdf.
___“Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2013.” Chart Package. United States Department of Labor, 2014. http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0012.pdf.
___“Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2012.” Chart Package. United States Department of Labor, 2013. http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0011.pdf.
National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. “Profile o Veterans: 2012,” Data from the American Community Survey, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014, http://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Profile_of_Veterans_2014.pdf.
___“Characteristics of Rural Veterans: 2010,” Data from the American Community Survey. United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2012.
http://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Rural_Veterans_ACS2010_FINAL.pdf.
___“Labor Force Participation of Veterans: 2000 to 2009 Data from the American Community Survey.” United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 2010, http://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/LFPR_FINAL_March2.pdf.