Oakland Institute: Land Grabs Africa
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Transcript of Oakland Institute: Land Grabs Africa
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JHEAINO _IZD JISCAGSXRH=IKPRG\INO ZRENSPERHNCY IN JHCISIGN+KEFINO G\HR AEROH+SCEAH
AENJ ECUXISIZIGNS! EAAGCEZIGNS ENJ IN\HSZKHNZS
EPRIA 2052
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JHEAINO _IZD JISCAGSXRH=IKPRG\INO ZRENSPERHNCY IN JHCISIGN+KEFINO G\HR AEROH+
SCEAH AENJ ECUXISIZIGNS! EAAGCEZIGNS ENJ IN\HSZKHNZS
Epria 2052
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ECFNG_AHJOHKHNZS
Zdis rhpgrz wes rhshercdhj enj wrizzhn by Oagbea _iznhss wizd sxbszenziea inpxz lrgk zdh Inzhrnezignea Aenj
Cgeaizign enj zdh Gefaenj Inszizxzh.
Zdh exzdgrs wgxaj aifh zg zdenf zdh lgaagwino inji|ijxeas lgr zdhir sxoohszigns= Hkiay Eaphrz! Shnigr Pgaicy Ej|isgr!
GNH6 \inchnz Besshrih! Aenj pgaicihs htphrz! Ah Dxb Rxrea! Shnhoea6 Cdriszien Dbhrai! Shnigr Rhshercd Lhaagw!
_graj Zrejh Inszizxzh6 Ibredike Dezdih! Jirhczgr gl rhshercd! Iniziezi|h Prgsphczi|h Eoricgah hz Rxreah! Shnhoea6
Kenlrhj Fexlkenn! Prgorekkh Keneohr! Swiss Eohncy lgr Jh|hagpkhnz enj Cggphrezign6 Rhbhce Ahgnerj!
Rhshercdhr! Lgcxs gn zdh Oagbea Sgxzd6 Ennh Phrrexaz! Shnigr Ezzgrnhy! Chnzrh lgr Inzhrnezignea Hn|irgnkhnzea
Aew6 enj K. Khrchjhs Szicfahr! Essgciezh! Phgpah enj Hcgsyszhks Prgorek! _graj Rhsgxrchs Inszizxzh. In
ejjizign! zdh jrelz njinos whrh prhshnzhj enj jiscxsshj ez e ci|ia sgcihzy wgrfsdgp in Jefer Shnhoea! gn
?zd enj 4zd Lhbrxery 2052! ezzhnjhj by 29 perzicipenzs lrgk 5? cgxnzrihs! wdicd wes cg+dgszhj by CICGJH\!
Oagbea _iznhss! zdh Inzhrnezignea Aenj Cgeaizign enj zdh Gefaenj Inszizxzh. Zdh gxzcgkhs gl zdis wgrfsdgp erh
incgrpgrezhj inzg zdh nea zhtz gl zdis rhpgrz. Zdh rhshercd wes nenchj by zdh Gefaenj Inszizxzh enj zdh Swiss
Eohncy lgr Jh|hagpkhnz enj Cggphrezign $SJC). Zdh gpinigns htprhsshj in zdis rhpgrz cen in ng wey bh zefhnzg rhhcz zdh glciea |ihws gl SJC.
Jhsion= ekykejh orepdic jhsion! [email protected]! ekykejh.cgk
Pdgzgorepd Crhjizs= Oagbea _iznhss! Gefaenj Inszizxzh enj Cicgjh|
Cg|hr pdgzg jhsion= Zin Ohbhr! Inzhrnezignea Aenj Cgeaizign
Pxbaisdhrs=Oagbea _iznhss is e XF+beshj ngn+og|hrnkhnzea groenisezign wdicd in|hszioezhs zdh rgah gl nezxrearhsgxrchs in lxnjino cgnicz enj cgrrxpzign ergxnj zdh wgraj.
Zdh Gefaenj Inszizxzh is e pgaicy zdinf zenf jhjicezhj zg ej|encino pxbaic perzicipezign enj leir jhbezh gn crizicea
sgciea! hcgngkic! enj hn|irgnkhnzea issxhs.
Zdh Inzhrnezignea Aenj Cgeaizign is e oagbea eaaiench gl ci|ia sgcihzy enj inzhrog|hrnkhnzea groenisezigns wgrfino
zg prgkgzh shcxrh enj huxizebah ecchss zg aenj lgr pggr wgkhn enj khn.
Cgpyriodz 2052 by Oagbea _iznhss ' Gefaenj Inszizxzh ' Inzhrnezignea Aenj Cgeaizign
Zdh zhtz key bh xshj lrhh gl cderoh lgr zdh pxrpgshs gl ej|gcecy! cekpeionino! hjxcezign! enj rhshercd! prg|ijhj
zdez zdh sgxrch is ecfngwahjohj in lxaa.
Oagbea _iznhss
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ZEBAH GL CGNZHNZS
AISZ GL BGTHS! ZEBAHS ENJ JIEOREKS ....................................................................................................................5
AISZ GL ECRGNYKS ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
HTHCXZI\H SXKKERY ................................................................................................................................................... 3
5. INZRGJXCZIGN ...........................................................................................................................................................8
5.5 Becforgxnj enj rezigneah gr zdh szxjy............................................................................................................................8
5.2 E wgrj gn zhrkingagoy ..................................................................................................................................................... ?
5.3 Aikizezigns g zdh szxjy .................................................................................................................................................... ?
5.: _dy ingrkezign jiscagsxrh enj zrensperhncy ikprg|h eccgxnzebiaizy ......................................................................... ?
2. ENEAYSIS GL ZRENSPERHNCY ENJ JISCAGSXRH GPZIGNS LRGK ZDH AIZHREZXRH ................................... 55
2.5 Sehoxerjs gr zrensperhncy enj ingrkezign jiscagsxrh rhah|enz zg eaa jhcisign+kefino szeohs ...............................52
2.5.5 G|hr|ihw g zdh inzhrnezignea inszrxkhnzs rh|ihwhj................................................................................................52
2.5.2 Inzhrnezignea binjino inszrxkhnzs ............................................................................................................................52
2.5.3 Inzhrnezignea |gaxnzery eorhhkhnzs gr jhcaerezigns ................................................................................................52
2.5.: Prgmhcz+ah|ha pgaicihs ..................................................................................................................................................52
2.5.8 \gaxnzery cgrpgrezh sgciea rhspgnsibiaizy cgkkizkhnzs ..........................................................................................52
2.5.< \gaxnzery kerfhz+beshj Iniziezi|hs enj cgkkgjizy eorhhkhnzs ............................................................................53
2.5.? Diod ah|ha principahs rhaezino zg dxken riodzs .........................................................................................................5 5!000 chrzilcezhs in
40 cgxnzrihs
Caeiks zg prgkgzh hn|irgnkhnzeaay epprgpriezh! sgcieaay bhnhciea! en
hcgngkiceaay |iebah keneohkhnz gl zdh wgrajs lgrhszs zdrgxod chrzicezign en
aebhaino. Zerohzhj ez cgkpenihs'pri|ezh shczgr. Chrzilcezign is cerrihj gxz beccrhjizhj zdirj perzy chrzilcezign bgjihs.
XZ] 2002 Chrzilcezign prgorekkh gr cghh! zhe! enj cgcge. Zrechebiaizy shr|ichs g
peak gia enj cgzzgn. Zerohzhj ez cgkpenihs.
Rgxnjzebah gn
Rhspgnsibah
Sgy Essgciezign
$RZRS)
200< 580 Khkbhrs Caeiks zg hncgxreoh rhspgnsibah sgybhen prgjxczign enj rhjxchj sgciea en
hn|irgnkhnzea ikpeczs! wdiah keinzeinino gr ikprg|ino zdh hcgngkic szezx
gr zdh prgjxchr.
Rgxnjzebah gn
Sxszeinebah
Bigxhas $RSB)
200< Ng chrzilcezigns yhz Prg|ijhs oxijhainhs gn bhsz preczich in zdh prgjxczign enj prgchssino g
bigxha hhjszgcf enj rew kezhriea! enj gr zdh prgjxczign! xsh! enj zrenspg
g aiuxij bigxhas.
Rgxnjzebah gn
Sxszeinebah Peak
Gia $RSPG)
200: 8:9 Khkbhrs Eiks zg zrensgrk kerfhzs zg kefh sxszeinebah peak gia zdh ngrk. Zerohzh
ez cgkpenihs in zdh sxppay cdein= orgwhrs! zrejhrs! prgchssgrs! cgnsxkh
oggjs kenxeczxrhrs! rhzeiahrs! lnenciea inszizxzign! enj ci|ia sgcihzy. Kgsz
prgjxchrs in zdh Sgxzd enj rhzeiahrs enj groenisezigns in zdh Ngrzd.
Prgmhcz+beshj iniziezi|hs
ILC $kxazipah
inzhrrhaezhj
pgaicihs)
5994+2055!
rh|. 2052
ILC des 542 khkbhr
cgxnzrihs. Exzdgri}hj
cepizea= XS*2.:8 biaaign
Zdh ah|ha g scrxziny enj jhzeia g szenjerjs eppaihj jhphnjs gn zdh scea
enj scgph g zdh prgmhcz! es jhzhrkinhj by zdh Prgmhcz Caessilcezign prgchss
Zdh Htcaxsign Aisz shzs gxz eczi|izihs ngz zg bh in|hszhj in. ILC Phrgrkenc
Szenjerjs gn Sgciea , Hn|irgnkhnzea Sxszeinebiaizy jhlnhs caihnz rgahs en
rhspgnsibiaizihs gr keneoino prgmhczs enj rhuxirhkhnzs gr ILC sxppgrz en
incaxjhs jiscagsxrh rhuxirhkhnzs. Zdh ILC Hn|irgnkhnzea enj Sgciea Rh|ihw
Prgchjxrhs Kenxea enj Oxijench Ngzhs jhlnh keneohkhnz+epprg|hj zesfzg ecdih|h caihnz cgkpaiench wizd zdh Pgaicy enj Phrgrkench Szenjerjs.
Huxezgr Principahs 2003! rh|ishj
200< , 2052
?3 lnenciea inszizxzigns
in 2? cgxnzrihs >
$?0( g inzhrnezignea
prgmhcz lnench jhbz in
hkhroino kerfhzs)
Eppaihs zg prgmhcz lnench zrenseczigns >XS*50 kiaaign. E |gaxnzery shz g
szenjerjs gr jhzhrkinino! esshssino! enj keneoino sgciea enj hn|irgnkhnze
risf in prgmhcz lnencino. Hszebaisdhs e crhjiz risf keneohkhnz rekhwgr
gr jhzhrkinino! esshssino! enj keneoino hn|irgnkhnzea enj sgciea risf
Huxezgr Principahs Linenciea Inszizxzigns $HPLIs) cgkkiz ngz zg prg|ijh agen
zg prgmhczs wdhrh zdh bgrrgwhr wiaa ngz! gr is xnebah zg cgkpay! wizd zdhi
rhsphczi|h sgciea enj hn|irgnkhnzea pgaicihs enj prgchjxrhs zdez ikpahkhn
zdh Huxezgr Principahs.
IKL $Cgjh g
Oggj Preczichsgn Liscea
Zrensperhncy enj
rhaezhj oxijench
jgcs)
5994 N'E Zdh IKL Cgjh g Oggj Preczichs gn Liscea Zrensperhncy ijhnzilhs e shz g
principahs enj preczichs zg dhap hnsxrh zdez og|hrnkhnzs erh prg|ijino e cahepiczxrh g zdh szrxczxrh enj lnenchs g og|hrnkhnz. _diah eaa cgxnzrihs er
hncgxreohj zg ejgpz zdhsh preczichs! ikpahkhnzezign is |gaxnzery. Rhuxirh
jiscagsxrh rhoerjino zdh |eaxh g nezxrea esshzs $i.h. injhphnjhnz g en
perzicxaer prgmhcz prgpgsea)! enj htzhrnea exjizino g lscea ingrkezign. Zd
IKL Kenxea gn Liscea Zrensperhncy xrzdhr haebgrezhs zdh Cgjhs principah
enj preczichs enj jrews gn htphrihnchs in khkbhr cgxnzrihs zg iaaxszrez
oggj preczich. Zdh IKL Oxijh zg Rhsgxrch Rh|hnxh Zrensperhncy eppaihs zd
principahs g zdh Cgjh zg cgxnzrihs zdez jhri|h e sionilcenz sderh g rh|hnxh
rgk gia enj kinhrea rhsgxrchs.
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JHEAINO _IZD JISCAGSXRH
q
2.5.? DIOD AH\HA PRINCIPAHS RHAEZINO ZG DXKEN
RIODZS
_izdin zdh aizhrezxrh rh|ihwhj! zdh dxken riodzs
inszrxkhnzs prg|ijh zdh g|hrercdino principahs zdez
mxsziy prg|isigns gr zrensperhncy enj de|h zdh
orhezhsz whiodz. Zdhsh inszrxkhnzs prg|isigns gr
jiscagsxrh erh hkbhjjhj wizdin brgejhr gbaioezigns
gr cgnsxazezign enj zdh hnmgykhnz g zdh riodzs g
phgpah zg aenj enj rhsgxrchs.
Bgzd zdh ICPPR enj ICHSCR szipxaezh zdez In ng
cesh key e phgpah bh jhpri|hj g izs gwn khens
g sxbsiszhnch!59 enj zdh ICHSCR rhuxhszs Perzihs
zg hnsxrh en huxizebah jiszribxzign g wgraj ggj
sxppaihs in rhaezign zg nhhj. Zdh ICHSCRs prg|isign
gn zdh riodz zg ejhuxezh dgxsino20 des sinch bhhn oi|hn
inzhrprhzi|h oxijench zdrgxod zdh Ohnhrea Cgkkhnzs
$hsphcieaay nxkbhrs : enj ?)! wdicd htzhnj zdis zgzdh riodz zg ai|h sgkhwdhrh in shcxrizy! phech enj
jionizy.25 Ohnhrea Cgkkhnz ? rhcgoni}hs zdez grchj
h|iczigns gccxr in zdh nekh g jh|hagpkhnz enj gr
zdh caherino g aenj gr eoricxazxrea pxrpgshs. Iz szezhs
zdez ahoisaezign sdgxaj incaxjh khesxrhs wdicd prg|ijh
zdh orhezhsz pgssibah shcxrizy g zhnxrh zg gccxpihrs g
dgxshs enj aenj.22
Hnsxrino xalakhnz g riodzs is rhcgonishj es prikeriay
zdh rhspgnsibiaizy g zdh Szezh. Prghssgr Mgdn Rxooih
$zdh Xnizhj Nezigns Sphciea Rhprhshnzezi|h zg zdh
Shcrhzery Ohnhrea gr Bxsinhss enj Dxken Riodzs xnzia
2055) jh|hagphj Zdh Oxijino Principahs gr Bxsinhss
enj Dxken Riodzs $dhrhinezhr ceaahj zdh Oxijino
Principah). Zdhsh de|h ezzreczhj wijhsprhej rhsphcz gr
jhlnino bxsinhss rhspgnsibiaizy gr xalaaino zdhsh riodzs
wdhn gphrezino jgkhsziceaay enj g|hrshes! enj zdh
rhspgnsibiaizy g dgkh Szezhs zg hnsxrh zdez zdhy khhz
zdhsh gbaioezigns.23 Zdhsh oxijino principahs prg|ijh
jhzeias gr dgw bxsinhss hnzhrprishs nhhj zg xnjhrzefh
dxken riodzs jxh jiaiohnch. Zdhy rhpgrz gn hgrzs zg
khhz zdhsh gbaioezigns enj pxbaicay cgkkxnicezh zdhsh
hgrzs. Zdhy oxijh Szezhs enj bxsinhss hnzhrprishs indiod risf dxken riodzs sizxezigns! enj rhcgkkhnj
injhphnjhnz |hrilcezign g zdh rhsxazs.
Khenwdiah! zdh XN Sphciea Reppgrzhxr gr zdh Riodz
zg Lggj! Gai|ihr jh Scdxzzhr! des jh|hagphj e shperezh
shz g principahs gr dgw aeroh+sceah in|hszkhnzs nhhj
zg hnsxrh rhsphcz gr zdh riodz zg ggj.2: E nxkbhr g
ngn+binjino inzhrnezignea gr rhoignea rekhwgrfs rhhr
zg diod ah|ha principahs rhaezino zg dxken riodzs enj
aenj riodzs. Eohnje 25 eiks zg hnsxrh aenj is eaagcezhj
eccgrjino zg sxszeinebah jh|hagpkhnz principahs! wizd
rhsphcz gr agcea riodzs! enj zdez cgkkxnizihs erh
prgzhczhj rgk sgcieaay! cxazxreaay! gr hn|irgnkhnzeaayxnsgxnj eczi|izihs.28
Zdh Ericen Cgn|hnzign gn Cgnshr|ezign g Nezxrh
enj Nezxrea Rhsgxrchs cgnzeins szrgno prg|isigns
sxppgrzino zrejizignea riodzs enj rhuxirhs Perzihs zg=
zZefh zdh khesxrhs nhchssery zg hnebah eczi|h
perzicipezign by zdh agcea cgkkxnizihs in zdh
prgchss g paennino enj keneohkhnz g nezxrea
rhsgxrchs xpgn wdicd sxcd cgkkxnizihs
jhphnj wizd e |ihw zg crhezino agcea inchnzi|hsgr zdh cgnshr|ezign enj sxszeinebah xsh g sxcd
rhsgxrchs.2
