O-Map Seminar, Curitiba, Brazil, October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming...

O-Map Seminar, Curitiba, Brazil, October-November 2006Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN)

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ISOM 2000


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ISOM 2000 details


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These specifications (ISOM2000) should be These specifications (ISOM2000) should be read in conjunction with the rules for IOF read in conjunction with the rules for IOF orienteering events.orienteering events.

For IOF events deviations are permissible For IOF events deviations are permissible only with the sanction of the IOF Map only with the sanction of the IOF Map Commission (IOF MC).Commission (IOF MC).

For other events such sanction must be given For other events such sanction must be given by the national federation. In addition, there are by the national federation. In addition, there are supplementary specifications for other supplementary specifications for other orienteering disciplines on the basis of the orienteering disciplines on the basis of the specification for foot orienteering maps.specification for foot orienteering maps.

1 Introduction


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In the ideal case no competitor should In the ideal case no competitor should gain an advantage or suffer a gain an advantage or suffer a disadvantage because of faults on the disadvantage because of faults on the map.map.

For the mapmaker, the task is knowing For the mapmaker, the task is knowing which features to map and how to which features to map and how to represent them.represent them.A continuing involvement in the sport is A continuing involvement in the sport is important for a basic understanding of the important for a basic understanding of the requirements for the orienteering map: its requirements for the orienteering map: its content, the need for accuracy, the level content, the need for accuracy, the level of detail and above all the need for of detail and above all the need for legibilitylegibility..

2 General requirements


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Absolute accuracy of a map is important if Absolute accuracy of a map is important if an orienteering map is to be used with a an orienteering map is to be used with a positioning system or together with positioning system or together with geographical data sets from other geographical data sets from other sources.sources.In such cases it must also be possible to In such cases it must also be possible to transform the map to a well known transform the map to a well known geographical reference system.geographical reference system.

Using GPS devices and/or photogrammetry Using GPS devices and/or photogrammetry can give absolute accuracy.can give absolute accuracy.Previously in most cases relative accuracy Previously in most cases relative accuracy was enough, so converting old maps into was enough, so converting old maps into real coordinates can be very time-real coordinates can be very time-consuming.consuming.

2.3 Accuracy


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Generalization is the most important Generalization is the most important process of o-mapping, but without process of o-mapping, but without knowing its cartographic and orienteering knowing its cartographic and orienteering background the result cannot be perfect.background the result cannot be perfect.

Mostly on complex terrains legibility Mostly on complex terrains legibility requires uniform level of generalization, requires uniform level of generalization, but it is also important on simplebut it is also important on simplerr terrains, too.terrains, too.

2.4 Generalization and legibility


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The scale for an orienteering map is 1:15 The scale for an orienteering map is 1:15 000. 000. Terrain that cannot be fieldworked at a Terrain that cannot be fieldworked at a scale of 1:7500 and legibly presented at a scale of 1:7500 and legibly presented at a scale of 1:15 000, is not suitable for scale of 1:15 000, is not suitable for international foot-orienteering.international foot-orienteering.

Maps at 1:10 000 may be produced for relay Maps at 1:10 000 may be produced for relay and short distance competitions.and short distance competitions.The scale 1:10 000 is recommended for older The scale 1:10 000 is recommended for older age groups (45 and above) where reading fine age groups (45 and above) where reading fine lines and small symbols may cause problems lines and small symbols may cause problems or for younger age groups (age classes 16 and or for younger age groups (age classes 16 and below) where the capacity of reading complex below) where the capacity of reading complex maps is not fully developed. maps is not fully developed.

3.1 Scale


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The contour interval for an orienteering The contour interval for an orienteering map is 5 m.map is 5 m. In flat terrain a contour In flat terrain a contour interval of 2.5 m may be used.interval of 2.5 m may be used.

It is not permissible to use different intervals on the It is not permissible to use different intervals on the same map.same map.

3.2 Contour interval


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No deviations from the given dimensions No deviations from the given dimensions within the specifications are permitted.within the specifications are permitted.It is however accepted that due to limitations It is however accepted that due to limitations in printing technology the final map symbol in printing technology the final map symbol dimensions may vary up to +/- 5%.dimensions may vary up to +/- 5%.

SCREENSSCREENS

The table of the standard commercial The table of the standard commercial photographic screens became obsolete in photographic screens became obsolete in ISOM2000.ISOM2000.In case of traditional drawing you have to check th adjusted In case of traditional drawing you have to check th adjusted screens.screens.

The table of allowed screen combination was The table of allowed screen combination was revised.revised.

3.3 Dimensions of map symbols


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Where a map is enlarged to a scale of 1:10 Where a map is enlarged to a scale of 1:10 000 or greater, all lines and symbols must be 000 or greater, all lines and symbols must be enlarged to 150%.enlarged to 150%.

Area screens made with fine dot percentage Area screens made with fine dot percentage tints should not be enlarged wherever tints should not be enlarged wherever possible, i.e. screens at 60 lines/cm.possible, i.e. screens at 60 lines/cm.

3.4 Enlargements of maps


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This part of ISOM2000 contains the longest This part of ISOM2000 contains the longest new additions.new additions.

The appearance of colours is dependent on The appearance of colours is dependent on the printing order.the printing order.In spot colour printing, order should always In spot colour printing, order should always be:be:

1. yellow1. yellow2. green2. green3. grey3. grey4. brown4. brown5. blue5. blue6. black6. black7. purple7. purple

3.5 Printing


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Four-colour printing is the traditional way of Four-colour printing is the traditional way of printing most colour work, maps have been one of printing most colour work, maps have been one of the main exceptions due to the fine line the main exceptions due to the fine line requirements.requirements.The fourThe four--colour printing method uses the three colour printing method uses the three basic colours of the subtractive colour model: cyan, basic colours of the subtractive colour model: cyan, magenta and yellow plus black.magenta and yellow plus black.

Although four-colour printing requires fewer and Although four-colour printing requires fewer and standardized inks, the main advantage of using this standardized inks, the main advantage of using this process is that it allows the inclusion of colour process is that it allows the inclusion of colour photographs and full colour advertisements at no photographs and full colour advertisements at no extra cost.extra cost.

3.5.2 Four colour offset printing (1)


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The use of digital techniques to produce four colour The use of digital techniques to produce four colour separations has now made it possible to make high separations has now made it possible to make high quality orienteering maps using four colour quality orienteering maps using four colour printing.printing.This is not the suggested method of printing This is not the suggested method of printing orienteering maps, it is an alternative. This method orienteering maps, it is an alternative. This method will only be acceptable when line quality, legibility will only be acceptable when line quality, legibility and colour appearance are of the same quality as and colour appearance are of the same quality as the traditional spot colour printed map.the traditional spot colour printed map.

However, the mapmaker has to take into However, the mapmaker has to take into consideration the limitations and potential errors of consideration the limitations and potential errors of this method. The reproduction of very thin lines this method. The reproduction of very thin lines (contours) requires special attention.(contours) requires special attention.

3.5.2 Four colour offset printing (2)


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With traditional spot colour printing inks are physically printed With traditional spot colour printing inks are physically printed on top of each other. It is possible to simulate the same with on top of each other. It is possible to simulate the same with four-colour printing technique, and this optimises legibility and four-colour printing technique, and this optimises legibility and gives a colour appearance as close to traditional spot colour gives a colour appearance as close to traditional spot colour printing as possible.printing as possible.To achieve this effect in four-colour offset printing, information To achieve this effect in four-colour offset printing, information underlying a specific spot colour should not be blocked out underlying a specific spot colour should not be blocked out (erased/printed white) completely, but should be blended in to (erased/printed white) completely, but should be blended in to produce a new colour for printing.produce a new colour for printing.The use of overprinting effect with 4-colour offset printing is The use of overprinting effect with 4-colour offset printing is recommended for the following solid colours: recommended for the following solid colours:

•100 % Violet 100 % Violet •100 % Black 100 % Black •100 % Brown 100 % Brown •100 % Blue 100 % Blue •100 % Green100 % Green

3.5.2 Overprinting


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Colour copiers, printers and other digital printing equipment are Colour copiers, printers and other digital printing equipment are not yet suitable for printing orienteering maps not yet suitable for printing orienteering maps for high level for high level competitionscompetitions. It is very difficult to achieve the line quality, . It is very difficult to achieve the line quality, legibility and colour appearance of traditional spot colour legibility and colour appearance of traditional spot colour printed maps using this kind of equipment.printed maps using this kind of equipment.

It is expected that the continuing development of computer It is expected that the continuing development of computer technology will lead to the possibility of using alternative technology will lead to the possibility of using alternative printing methods with quality suitable for large competitions.printing methods with quality suitable for large competitions.Most printing devices use a 4-colour technique (CMYK). For Most printing devices use a 4-colour technique (CMYK). For such devices the same colour settings as recommended for 4-such devices the same colour settings as recommended for 4-colour offset printing may be suitable, but the colour colour offset printing may be suitable, but the colour appearance will vary slightly from one device to another and appearance will vary slightly from one device to another and from one paper quality to another.from one paper quality to another.

3.5.3 Alternative printing methods (1)


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Both the graphical representation (screens) and the limits have Both the graphical representation (screens) and the limits have slightly adjusted.slightly adjusted.It is the most interesting on continental areas (Central Europe, It is the most interesting on continental areas (Central Europe, USA, Japan). Our maps are too green: runnability tests can help USA, Japan). Our maps are too green: runnability tests can help for the proper application.for the proper application.

4.4 Vegetation, adjustment of runnability


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Ski orienteering takes place in the track network, and involves Ski orienteering takes place in the track network, and involves as a basic element complex route choice problems, including as a basic element complex route choice problems, including the estimating of height differences. It is obvious that the map the estimating of height differences. It is obvious that the map must concentrate on clearly depicting these features. The map must concentrate on clearly depicting these features. The map must also be legible when skiing at high speed. This means that must also be legible when skiing at high speed. This means that the map should omit a large part of details in “free“ terrain in the map should omit a large part of details in “free“ terrain in order to exaggerate the track network and to simplify the order to exaggerate the track network and to simplify the presentation of the shape of the ground. Only details that presentation of the shape of the ground. Only details that impact route choice and navigation and positioning, need be impact route choice and navigation and positioning, need be shown on the map.shown on the map.

In order to accomplish fairness in route choice, additional In order to accomplish fairness in route choice, additional symbols need to be introduced. These symbols describe the symbols need to be introduced. These symbols describe the quality and width of the tracks.quality and width of the tracks.

5 Map specifications for ski-orienteering (1)


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Discipline-specific symbolsDiscipline-specific symbols::

• Track >2 mTrack >2 m

• Track 1-2 mTrack 1-2 m

• Track 0.8-1 mTrack 0.8-1 m

• Road covered with snowRoad covered with snow

• Sanded or snowless roadSanded or snowless road

• Prepared areasPrepared areas



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Mountain bike orienteering takes place on the track and Mountain bike orienteering takes place on the track and path network and involves as a basic element complex path network and involves as a basic element complex route choice problems, including the estimating of height route choice problems, including the estimating of height differences.differences.

It is obvious that the map must concentrate on clearly It is obvious that the map must concentrate on clearly depicting these features. The map must be legible when depicting these features. The map must be legible when cycling at high speed. This means that the map should cycling at high speed. This means that the map should omit a large number of details in "free" terrain in order to omit a large number of details in "free" terrain in order to exaggerate the track and path network and to simplify exaggerate the track and path network and to simplify the presentation of the shape of the ground.the presentation of the shape of the ground.Only details that impact route choice and navigation and Only details that impact route choice and navigation and positioning, need be shown on the map.positioning, need be shown on the map.

6 Map specifications formountain bike orienteering (1)


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In order to accomplish fairness in route choice, additional In order to accomplish fairness in route choice, additional symbols need to be introduced. These symbols describe the symbols need to be introduced. These symbols describe the quality and width of the tracks and paths.quality and width of the tracks and paths.The scale for mountain bike orienteering maps range from 1:10 The scale for mountain bike orienteering maps range from 1:10 000 to 1:30 000. Maps at 1:10 000 may be produced for the 000 to 1:30 000. Maps at 1:10 000 may be produced for the shorter distances while 1:30 000 is suitable for the long shorter distances while 1:30 000 is suitable for the long distances.distances.


• Track: easy ridingTrack: easy riding• Path: easy ridingPath: easy riding• Track: slow ridingTrack: slow riding• Path: slow ridingPath: slow riding• Track: difficult to rideTrack: difficult to ride• Path: difficult to ridePath: difficult to ride



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Trail orienteering requires map and terrain interpretation by Trail orienteering requires map and terrain interpretation by competitors on tracks, paths and marked routes (referred to as competitors on tracks, paths and marked routes (referred to as 'trails'). Competitors are not permitted to enter the terrain off 'trails'). Competitors are not permitted to enter the terrain off the trails and this has a number of consequences for trail-O the trails and this has a number of consequences for trail-O mapping.mapping.

The competition area is that adjacent to the trails, generally The competition area is that adjacent to the trails, generally within 50 m. Concentrating on this greatly reduced area, within 50 m. Concentrating on this greatly reduced area, compared with foot orienteering, leads to a more detailed compared with foot orienteering, leads to a more detailed terrain representation and an enlarged map scale.terrain representation and an enlarged map scale.

The map must fairly represent the terrain as seen from the The map must fairly represent the terrain as seen from the trails. Features which cannot be seen may be omitted, trails. Features which cannot be seen may be omitted, particularly if their inclusion would distort the representation of particularly if their inclusion would distort the representation of visible features.visible features.

7 Map specifications fortrail orienteering (1)


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The concept of runnability cannot apply to trail orienteering. The concept of runnability cannot apply to trail orienteering. Those symbols and descriptions in foot orienteering which refer Those symbols and descriptions in foot orienteering which refer to passability and runnability of terrain features off the trails to passability and runnability of terrain features off the trails are amended to refer to appearance and visibility.are amended to refer to appearance and visibility.

Trail orienteering provides competition for disabled entrants. Trail orienteering provides competition for disabled entrants. There is a need to represent on the map stepped sections of There is a need to represent on the map stepped sections of the trails which present difficulties to competitors with impaired the trails which present difficulties to competitors with impaired mobility. Special symbols are introduced for this purpose.mobility. Special symbols are introduced for this purpose.


• Passable stepPassable step• Impassable stepImpassable step

7 Map specifications fortrail orienteering (2)


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O-Map Seminar, Curitiba, Brazil, October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming...

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