O Level Physics Formula List
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Transcript of O Level Physics Formula List
Measurements
PHYSICAL QUANTITY BASE SI UNIT
Mass (m) Kilogram (Kg)
Length ( ) Metre (m)
Time (t) Second (s)
Current ( ) Ampere (A)
Temperature (T) Kelvin (K)
Amount of sub. (n) Molar (mol)
Luminous Intensity (L) Candela (cd)
Number Prefix
NUMBER PREFIX NUMBER PREFIX
nano (n) deci (d)
micro ( ) Kilo (K)
milli (m) Mega (M)
centi (c) Giga (G)
Kinematics
Average Speed, , d is distance travelled
l
I
10−9 10−1
10−6 μ 103
10−3 106
10−2 109
s = ΔdΔt
v = Δx
Average Velocity, , x is displacement
Acceleration,
Forces and Turning effect of Force
Newton’s First Law: A body continues to stay in its state of rest or uniform motion in astraight line as long as there is no net force acting on the body.
Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the netforce acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton’s Third Law: For every force object A acts on object B, object B will exert anequal and opposite force on object A giving rise to reaction force.
, M = moment, d = perpendicular dist. from force to pivot
Principle of moment: sum of anticlockwise moment = sum of clockwise moment. rotational equilibrium.
Mass, Weight and Density
v = ΔxΔt
a = ΔvΔt
v = u + at
x = ut + a12 t 2
= + 2axv2 u2
=vfree fall 2gh− −−√
M = Fd
→
w = mg
ρ = m
Pressure
Hydraulic press:
Boyles’ law:
Work, Energy and Power
, g = 9.81
Conservation of energy: Initial energy = final energy
Thermal Physics
ρ = mV
P = FA
= hρgPfluid
=F1A1
F2A2
=P1V1 P2V2
W = Fd
P = = FvWt
= mE k12 v2
= mghE g ms−2
PV ∝ T
=P1V1 P2V2
E = mcΔT= mE L
Temperature can be measured using the following methods:
Expansion of fixed mass of liquidChanges in resistance of a piece of metalExpansion of gas at constant pressure
Why is there constant temperature during melting?
During melting, heat energy is used to weaken the attraction between the solidparticles and not used to increase the kinetic energy of the particles.
Waves, Reflection and Refraction of light, Converging lens
Law of reflection:
Snell’s Law:
Refractive index:
Denser to less dense medium: Light ray bends away from normal
Less dense to denser medium: Bends towards normal
= mE fusion Lfusion
= mE vap. Lvap.
v = fλ
f = 1T
=θi θr
sin = sinn 1 θ1 n 2 θ2
n = cv
1 < n ( ) < n ( ) < n ( )
Critical angle: , is smaller than
Magnification:
1 < n ( ) < n ( ) < n ( )λ red λgreen λblue
sin =θcn 2n 1 n 2 n 1
M = =h ih o
dido
Click to zoom
Note:
An image that is real is always inverted!An image that is virtual is always upright!
When a water wave moves from deep to shallow,
wavelength become shorterFrequency remains the same (Freq. of water wave only depends on SOURCE)Speed becomes slower
Factors that affect speed of sound
Temperature – Higher temperature = higher speed of soundMedium – The denser the medium, the higher the speed of soundHumidity – Sound travels faster in higher humidity conditions