NV2001

Radar TrainerNV2001

Learning MaterialVer 1.1

Designed & Manufactured by:

141-B, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India, Tel.: 91-731- 4211500,

Telefax: 91-731-4202959, Toll free: 1800-103-5050, E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.nvistech.com

mailto:[email protected]

NV2001

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Radar TrainerNV 2001

Table of Contents1. Introduction 3

2. Features 4

3. Technical Specifications 5

4. About Software 6

5. Concept of Doppler Radar and Theory 7

6. Theory of Operation 13

7. Experimentsa. Experiment 1 15

Study of the working of Doppler Radar

b. Experiment 2 17Determination of the velocity of the object moving in the Radarrange

c. Experiment 3 19Understanding the principle of Doppler Radar of Time andFrequency measurement with the help of moving pendulum

d. Experiment 4 21Study of the alarm system by using Radar

e. Experiment 5 22Study of the object counting with the help of Radar

f. Experiment 6 24Study of the detection of vibration of different Tuning forks

g. Experiment 7 26Determination of the rotation per minute (RPM) of a movingobject

h. Experiment 8 28Study the effect of different types of materials on Radarreceiving or detection

8. Warranty 30

9. List of Service Center 31

10. List of Accessories 32

www.nvistech.com

NV2001


Introduction

NV2001 Radar Trainer is very useful training system for laboratory to understandthe concept of Radar and its working principle.

Radar or Radio Detection and Ranging is probably the most prevalent applicationof Microwave technology. In its basic operation, a transmitter sends out a signal,which is partly reflected by a distant target and then detected by a sensitivereceiver. If a narrow beam antenna is used, the target’s direction can be accuratelygiven by the position of the antenna. The radial velocity of the target is related tothe Doppler shift of the return signal. The Radar systems are used in civilian,military and scientific applications.

The word “RADAR” is an acronym cairned in 1942 (II world war) by U.S. Navyfor Radio Detection and Ranging. It is basically a means of gathering informationabout distant objects or targets by sending electromagnetic waves at them andanalyzing reflected waves or echo signals. Radar can detect static or mobileobjects or targets and is the most effective method for guiding a pilot with regardto his location in space and also for plane for similar purposes. The reradiatedenergy on being received back at the Radar station gives information about thelocation of target. The location of target includes range, angle and velocityparameters. The range is the distance of the target from station; a Pulse RadarSystem is to be used for this purpose. But angle and velocity could be easily findout by Doppler Radar.

Roof mounted antenna in the raised positionFigure 1

For stationary location of the target, the received power must be appreciable high.Accordingly, the amount of power required to be radiated by the Radar Transmittermust be tremendous, typically few kW to MW. Such high power at highfrequencies can be generated using magnetrons.

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Features

• Complete hardware and software setup to demonstrate the Radarconcept

• Signals study on software as well as on CRO with the help of testpoints given on trainer

• Provided with attractive LCD display for counts.

• Real time fan RPM measurements and vibration measurementswith the help of tuning forks

• Tripod stand provide for height and level matching

• A complete accessories setup for all experiments

• LED Indication for Doppler echo signal

• On board alarm for detection

• Learning Material CD

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Technical Specifications

Transmitting Frequency : 10 GHz

Output Power : 10 to 15mW

Operating Voltage : 8.6V or adjustable

Antenna : Horn

IF Output : Audio range

Power Supply : 230V ± 10%, 50Hz

Software Display Window:

Time Domain window : Display the Doppler frequency in timedomain.

Frequency Domain window : Display the Doppler frequency in frequencydomain.

Control Panel window : User interface for

1. Start/Stop the Display

2. Allows setting of time base andamplitude range on display window.

3. Allows Printing of Doppler frequency

4. Measurement of Doppler frequency

System Requirements :

O/S : Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp

RAM : 64 MB and onwards

Space Required : 10MB

Screen Resolution : 1024 x 768 pixels

Hardware Platform : Pentium machine with sound port

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About Software

This software is used to display and measure the Doppler frequency detectedby the Radar trainer.

Installation Help:

1. Instructions followed by the user for real time signal display software.

2. Insert the real time Doppler Radar trainer software CD into CD drive. Itautomatically installs the software into specify installed location (by defaultc:\programfiles\ installed location) of user’s PC.

3. Execute the Doppler Radar trainer software application from start menu/Doppler Radar trainer software/ Radar.exe

4. To acquire the Doppler frequency on display window of software stereo cable isused connected between PC interface point given on the Radar system trainerand Line/ Mic in socket provided on user’s PC.

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Concept of Doppler Radar and Theory

A number of Radar systems are sufficiently unlike the re treated so far to bedealt with separately. They include first of all CW Radar, which makesextensive use of Doppler effect for target speed measurements. A simpleDoppler Radar sends out continuous sine waves rather than pulses, as the oneshown in fig. It uses the Doppler Effect to detect the frequency change causedby a moving target and displays this as a relative velocity.

Doppler Effect:

When the target is moving relative to Radar, an apparent shift in the carrierfrequency of the received signal will result. This effect is called the DopplerEffect and it is the basis of continuous wave (CW) Radar.

Figure 2

The Doppler frequency is given by

OR

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Where

Block Diagram of CW Doppler RadarFigure 3

Fd = Doppler frequency

Ft = transmission frequency.

Vr = Relative velocity of target with respect to Radar.

λ = Wavelength of transmitted wave.

C = Velocity of light.

The transmitter generates a continuous oscillation of frequency Fo that is radiatedby the antenna. The target intercepts a portion of this radiated energy and thereceiving antenna collects the reradiated energy. If the target is in motion with avelocity (Vr) relative to the Radar, the received signal will be shifted infrequency from the transmitted frequency Fo by an amount Fd. The plus sign foran approaching target and minus for a receding target. The received echo signal(Fo ± Fd) enters the Radar via the antenna and is mixed in a detector mixer with aportion of the transmitter signal ‘Fo’ to produce the Doppler frequency Fd. Thepurpose of using a amplifier is to eliminate the echo from stationary targets and toamplify the Doppler echo signal to a level where it can operate an indicatingdevice such as a frequency counter.

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Figure 4

Ever been caught speeding by a Police Radar gun? Ever wanted to know howfast you can pitch a cricket ball or how fast you can ride your bike? Everwatched those moving maps of the rainfall across the country?

If you answered "yes" to any of the above, then you know something aboutDoppler Radar.

Basically, Doppler Radar is a good way of measuring the speed of motion of anobject as it moves toward and away from the Radar source. It works bycombining the Doppler effect with a fairly standard pulsed Radar unit. Like mostRadar systems, it works best on objects larger than 5-10 centimeters in size, asthe most effective radio frequencies tend to be between 1 and 10 cm inwavelength. The chief applications of Doppler Radar fall into two maincategories: large, bulky professional systems for measuring the speed of cloudsand precipitation, used in weather forecasting and analysis, and smaller, hand-held systems used by Police and sports coaches to measure the speed of objectssuch as cars and trucks, or sports balls. Many of the cheaper systems in thelatter category are not true Doppler Radar Systems at all more on this later.

Advances in Radar techniques, such as phased array systems, polarized Radarand more accurately focused beams, have improved weather analysis to the pointwhere modern forecasters can identify small tornados forming within a largecloud mass and obtain data on precipitation motion (and hence wind speeds),both in the direction of the Radar pulse, and perpendicular to it.Doppler Radar isused on a national scale to obtain wind speed data in the regions (typically a fewhundreds of km) surrounding each of a number of static weather stations. Eachstation gives only the wind speeds in the radial direction. This informationis used routinely in weather forecasting and monitoring, and is the source ofthose animated weather maps shown on TV forecasts. Although individualraindrops are usually quite small, Radar can detect large sheets of rain (or snow)quite easily, because a lot of small Radar targets behave more or less the same as onelarge one.

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Measuring the speed of cars or sports balls:

For a few hundred dollars you can buy a Radar gun, which is designed tomeasure the speed of a sports ball: a tennis ball during serve or a baseball when itis pitched. These are used routinely by sports coaches to assess theimprovements in performance by their athletes.

The gun is a basic system, based on pulsed Radar technology. The gun sends outstream of Radar pulses, each of which might be 1 microsecond long,repeated at 1millisecond intervals. Thus, the gun only emits Radar energy forabout 0.1 percent of the time it is being used. Each pulse flies out of the gun,encounters an obstacle (such as a tennis ball) and is reflected back, as anecho. The gun measures the time difference between the outgoing pulse andreceipt of the echo. This gives a measure of the range of the ball.

There are two ways to get at the speed of the ball. The easiest is to takeconsecutive pulses, and see how the distance changes with time. The moresophisticated way is to measure the change in frequency in the reflected Radarpulse as it arrives back at the gun. Cheaper Radar systems tend to use the formermethod. It is reasonably accurate, as a lot of pulses can be sent out in a short timeand the differences can be averaged to get a good measure of speed.

More sophisticated systems use the later method that is the true Doppler-Radartechnique. As the Radar pulse is fired, it has a known frequency. When it isreflected from a stationary object, then the pulse comes back with the samefrequency, but if it the target is moving away from the gun, then the reflectedwave is at a slightly longer wavelength (lower frequency) than the outgoingpulse. Of course, if the target is moving toward the gun, then the reflected pulseis at a higher frequency than the outbound pulse.

Early Police Radar guns tended to use the true Doppler-Radar Technique, butnewer guns use a laser system. These are not Doppler-based, but calculate speedby measuring the range of the object at a series of intervals. These laser-basedsystems are more accurate than the Radar-based technologies, as the laserbeam remains compact, even at a distance, whereas the Radar beam tends tospread out, allowing objects apart from the target to confuse the measurement.

Looking at the weather:The trouble with Radar in terms of weather systems is that Radar can onlymeasure motion in the line joining the Radar source with the target. If there isany motion across that direction, either vertically or horizontally, then it simplydoes not register on the Radar picture. What Radar is very good at is in getting avery broad field view of the weather conditions, and this more than makes up forits limitations in other areas.

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However, this ability only to see motion in the radial direction was a severelimitation in first generation Radar systems and the scientists and weatherforecasters have thought hard about how to get a better idea of the total windfield. There are three basic approaches to this.

The first is relatively simplistic and uses simple weather models to guess what theother (horizontal) component of velocity is doing. There are two main standardmodels Volume Velocity Processing (VVP) and (extended) Velocity-AzimuthDisplay (E)VAD. These can give an estimate of the kinds of wind patterns thatare likely to occur, based on the radial data from a single Doppler Radar station.

The second method uses a second or third Doppler Radar station and some heavycomputing power to give actual speeds over the ground. These methods are calleddouble Doppler (from 2 stations) and triple-Doppler (three stations). If you probeany given patch of sky with two Radar beams from different locations, then youcan work out exactly how the rain is moving in two horizontal axes withrelatively simple geometrical methods. A third beam will improve overallaccuracy, and may give data in the vertical direction as well.

The third method is to use very sophisticated Radars, such as phased arraysystems and other modern techniques to get information about the circumferentialspeeds from single weather Radar. These tend to be expensive and experimentalat present. One of the most promising approaches is to use a series of passivetransponders at geographically separate locations to pick up multiple echo’s froma single transmitted pulse.

Where it is important to measure small, localized wind speeds (such as on anairfield), laser-Doppler anemometry offers greater accuracy and higher resolution.Laser- Doppler systems use exactly the same principles of operation as DopplerRadar, but are usually based on CO2 lasers operating in the infrared region.Infrared light passes through clouds better than visible light, but is absorbed bywater vapors, so laser- based systems do not have the same range as microwaveRadars. Lasers, operating at very short wavelengths rely on reflections from tinyaerosols: dust particles floating in the air.

Radar bands and an explanation of where they are used:

L-Band : 1-2 GHz, 15-30 cm wavelength. Mostly used for clear-airturbulence studies.

S-Band : 2-4 GHz, 08-15 cm wavelength. Used for long- and short- rangeweather surveillance. The WSR-88D’s (Nexrad) is S- band.Not easily attenuated but require large dishes and motors.

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C-Band : 4-8 GHz, 04-08 cm wavelength. Used for short-range weathersurveillance (e.g., near airports). Portability means they're oftenused in research field programs. Nice tradeoff between X- andS-Bands. Nearby bands are often used for microwavecommunications links.

X-Band : 8-12 GHz, 2.5-4 cm wavelength. Used for very short-rangework; very sensitive to smaller particles and thus useful forstudies of early cloud development. However, attenuatedrapidly as they pass through storms. Share some space withpolice speed Radar.

K-Band : 12-18, 27-40 GHz, 1.7-2.5, .75-1.2 cm wavelength. Actuallytwo bands, split downs the middle by a strong watervapor absorption line. Similar comments as with X-bands,above. Also share space with police Radar.

The CW Radar can be used to measure the speed of automobiles, shells,guided missiles etc. it can be used to detect movement of troops, vehicles even indark and in the dark and in the bad weather. Unlike pulsed Radar CW Radar isable to detect an aircraft in spite of fixed objects. However practical applicationof CW Radar is limited by the fact that several targets at a given bearing tend tocause confusion. Also range discrimination may be achieved only by very costlycircuit complexity. Further it is the maximum power it transmits and this places alimit on its maximum range. Also it is not capable of indicating the range of thetarget and can show only its velocity.

CW Doppler Radar has other advantages like it uses low transmitting power,low power consumption, and small size. Hence it can be used for mobileapplications. It can be used by police Radars and in aircraft navigation for speedmeasurement and as rate of climb meter. Radar works under the Doppler theory todetermine speed. This theory results in a shift from the initial frequency when itis reflected off as object moving. The Radar give emits a radio signal at knownfrequency and measure the change in that frequency after its bounced off amoving object and returned to the Radar instrument. For example a train blows itshorn as it passes by you. The pitch of the horn changes as the train passes by.That is the audio Doppler effect. The sound’s frequency changes as the trainmoves away from you. Christian Doppler predicted that a relationship existedbetween the frequency of received electromagnetic waves and the motion of thesource of those waves. The Doppler effect stated simply, says thattransmitted energy reflected off an object will be changed in frequency in directproportion to the relative motion between the transmitter and reflecting object.

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Doppler Radar sensors are unsurpassed for the reliable detection of pedestriansin motion. However for curbside and crosswalk pedestrian detection,pedestrians are often not moving enough to be continuously detected byconventional microwave device. Therefore, other pedestrian detectiontechnologies have often been employed including infrared and ultrasonic.However these technologies have their drawbacks as well includingsusceptibility to background noise temperature variation and colour variation.The result has been that, unit now traffic engineers have had to makeuncomfortable performance compromises. With the introduction of microwavesensors, microwave sensor has revolutionized pedestrian detection. WithDoppler Radar technology, even the smallest of pedestrian movement issufficient to maintain

detection. Mounting is usually accomplished using poles already in place.Mounting heights can be upto 12 feet depending on how far the pole is from thetarget detection area.

Theory of Operation

NV2001 Radar Trainer is a complete training system for teaching andlearning in the laboratory. It consists of trainer board, which contains thecircuitry for Doppler signal processing and transmitter and receiver box withhorn antenna and a tripod. A tripod is useful in changing the height of Radar asan angle of Radar. NV2001 trainer unit contains

1. CW Transmitting Oscillator.

2. Transmitting and receiving horn antenna.

3. Mixer

4. Audio amplifier and filter

5. Alarming circuit

6. Object counting circuitry

7. LED indication

8. A comparator for making a pulse over a predefined threshold

CW transmitter oscillator generates the oscillation of frequency 10GHz. A hornantenna is feeded with this signal output of oscillator also it is given to the mixerblock where it is working as local oscillator input of mixer. Another input formixer is RF signal, which is reradiated signal from target or object with the shiftin frequency of oscillations and this shift in frequency is called Dopplerfrequency. This is the IF output of mixer, which is in audio range.

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Figure 5

The transmitted signals are of low power approx. 10 to 15mW. This is the reasonfor shorted range of Radar. It works under the range of 3-5 meter, but here it isassumed that there were no other movements as interference in this or nearbyarea. For better results, operate it in the range of 1 to 3 meter. Filter circuit is usedto filter the noise in the Doppler echo signal it is a low pass filter. Amplifier isused to amplify the signal so that a good magnitude of signal could be achievedon display (either PC or any CRO) for further analysis of this signal. If digitalstorage oscilloscope is used then it will be very easy to capture low frequencysignal.

The output of amplifier is analog audio signal. This signal is further processed ina comparator, where a predefined reference is adjusted, when the signal isbeyond the threshold the pulse is generated at the output of this comparatorblock. This received pulse is having the frequency equals to the Doppler echo.Now this pulse can be given to LED for indication of an object. Also it is givento a buzzer that beeps when pulse is received. This beep sound indicates theobject or target movement in the Radar range.

The same pulse is feed to an object counter, which counts the pulses incoming toit. And we know that the pulses will come only when an object is moved fromRadar range, so we can count that how many objects are passed through Radarrange.

Different types of accessories are provided with this trainings system to generatethe speed or movement so that Doppler Radar and its applications can be studied.

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Objective:

Experiment 1

Study of the working of Doppler Radar

Procedure:

1. Take a tripod stand from the suitcase.

2. Fit the Trans-receiver unit on the tripod stand and adjust the suitableheight for experiment.

3. Connect the SMPS supply to the trainer NV2001.

4. Connect the din connector cable from trainer board (left side of trainer) toTrans-receiver unit.

5. Firstly Switch ‘On’ the SMPS supply and then “Power” switch on thetrainer board. (after switch on “Power” switch near LED will be glow.)

Note: ‘Power’ switch is provided only for ON or OFF at the time ofexperiment & SMPS switch is a main switch.

6. Switch ‘On’ the buzzer on trainer board and set “Level” Potentiometer infully clockwise direction.

7. Connect a CRO probe on test point of “Doppler Frequency Signal”(fd) and wave your hand or reflected in front of antenna.

8. For maximum gain detection adjust the “Detection Adjust” potentiometerin such a way that moving object in front of antenna can be detectedwith beep sound and also observe the signals on the Oscilloscope/DSO.

9. If any noise is observe on CRO then adjust the “Level” Potentiometer toreduce the noise.

Note: Since all the reflected signals (Fd) are of very low frequenciesand always we have to capture the events, so it is better to use PCwith the software NV2001 provided to observe the waveformsinstead of using analog scopes. (Digital storage oscilloscopes maybe used)

10. Procedure for using Software

a) Install the software and open it.

b) Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to lineIn/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC.

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c) Select “Start Acquisition” on the software window.

d) If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the “Level”potentiometer to reduce the noise.

e) Now we can observe the waveform on PC. For measurements wehave to select “Stop Acquisition” and then we can measure thefrequency and time by selecting “Doppler frequency calculation”.

f) We can also observe the waveform in frequency and time domain.

Figure 6

11. In this way we can perform all experiments. Please note that this is lowpower transreceiver for educational experimental purpose only.

12. Observe the Doppler frequency on CRO/PC. It is generated because ofwaving the hand or object. We can move any object in front of it, Dopplerechoes will be always there.

13. This experiment gives the general working of trainer.

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Experiment 2Objective:Determination of the velocity of the object moving in the Radar range

Procedure:

1. Follow the procedure as given in experiment 1 from step 1 to 9.

2. Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to lineIn/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC.

3. Open the software window. (If software is not installed then first install it.)

4. Select “Start Acquisition” on the software window.

5. If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the “Level”potentiometer to reduce the noise.

6. Keep the Sliding Platform for moving the object in front of Radar antenna.

7. Connect the metallic object on the sliding platform.

Figure 7

8. When object is moved slowly from right to left or left to right correspondingDoppler frequency can be observed and measured on test point ‘fd’ Weknow that

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Figure 8

9. Once the Doppler frequency is measured, velocity of object can be foundout very easily.

10. Repeat the experiment by moving the object fast.

Figure 9

11. Observe the change in Doppler frequency and the velocity of object.

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Objective:Experiment 3

Understanding the principle of Doppler Radar of time and frequency measurementwith the help of moving pendulum.

Procedure:


2. Record and measure the signal gain at test point ‘fd’ on DSO, at fixedtime base position of 500msec/div and fixed amplitude 3times (or anyfixed parameter).

3. Hang the pendulum on stand.

4. Now move the pendulum in front of Radar antenna in the direction ofhorn antenna.

5. You can observe a very low frequency signal on DSO/CRO.

6. Measure the time period of the signal.

7. Case 1 (for example)

Figure 10

As we know that theoretically the time period T of pendulum is given by

Where,

= Length of the string

g = Gravitational constant = 9.8m/s2

Take = 333 mm = 0.333 m

So T = 1.15 s

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Now from captured signal on CRO it can be observe that when pendulum ismoving to and fro then Doppler Radar draws the signal twice, so we have tomeasure the time period between any first and third pulse or peak of the signal,as cursors are in following figure.

8. Case 2

Take = 258 mm = 0.258 m

So T =1.01 s

Now capture the signal in this position on CRO.

Figure 11

Figure 12

Results are changing by changing the length. It means Radar is detectingfor very small objects also, with the accurate results too.

9. Also measure the time period T of pendulum on software window.

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Study of the alarm system by using Radar

Procedure:




4. Connect the din connector cable from trainer board (left side oftrainer) to Trans-receiver unit.

5. Firstly Switch ‘On’ the SMPS supply and then “Power” switch on thetrainer board. (after switch on “Power” switch near LED will be glow)

Note: Power switch is provided only for ON or OFF at the time ofexperiment & SMPS switch is a main switch.

6. Switch ‘On’ the buzzer on trainer board and set “Level” Potentiometerin fully clockwise direction.


8. For maximum gain detection adjust the “Detection Adjust”potentiometer in such a way that moving object in front of antenna canbe detected with beep sound and also observe the signals on theOscilloscope/DSO.

9. If any noise is observe on CRO then adjust the “Level” Potentiometer toreduce the noise.


11. Open the software window.(If software is not install then first install it.)

12. Now observe the signal on CRO or software window.

13. Now if you wave your hand in front of Radar as if any object is passedfrom Radar range, then you can hear beep sound from buzzer. It tellsus that some thing is passed through Radar range i.e., it is alarming us.

14. Now if any object is moving towards Radar then we can observe thatpulses are generated and along with it buzzer sounds continuously.

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Experiment 5Objective:Study of the object counting with the help of Radar

Procedure:




4. Connect the din connector cable from trainer board (left side of trainer) to

Trans-receiver unit.

5. Firstly Switch ‘On’ the SMPS supply and then “Power” switch on thetrainer board. (After switch on “Power” switch near LED will be glow).

Note: Power switch is provided only for ON or OFF at the time ofexperiment & SMPS switch is a main switch.

6. Set “Level” Potentiometer in fully clockwise direction.


8. For maximum gain detection adjust the “Detection Adjust”potentiometer in such a way that moving object in front of antenna canbe detected with beep sound and also observe the signals on theOscilloscope/DSO.

9. If any noise is observe on CRO then adjust the “Level” Potentiometer toreduce the noise

10. If you wave your hand from Radar range then it will generate theDoppler echo signals.

11. Switch ‘On’ the buzzer on trainer board.

12. Note as you switch ON the counter then it will take some readings.Ignore this reading and reset the counter switch with the help of Resetswitch.

13. Now pass the object from Radar range or wave your hand as likeobject is passing.

14. We can compare the number of pulses on the CRO/ Software Window orevents captured on CRO with the number of objects passed. Some errorsmay be occur because of low speed, other reflection, and also dependson conductivity of objects etc.

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Figure 13

15. You can see or observe if objects are small, possibility of error is increased.

16. This experiment can be done by different metallic and non metallic objectand results can be observed.

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Study the detection of vibrations of different tuning forks

Procedure:






6. Record and measure the signal gain at test point ‘fd’ on DSO/PC, at anyfixed time base and fixed amplitude knob position to visual the waveformproperly.

7. Take any tuning fork,

Example 1

Frequency = 256 Hz.

8. Now just stroke it for generating the vibrations and bring it in front of theRadar antenna.

Figure 14

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9. Observe the result.

Figure 15

10. Measure the frequency of pulses generated because of Doppler echoesdue to vibrations of tuning fork. (For measuring Doppler frequency selectsany one peak & second peak of the signal)

11. Compare the results of Doppler frequency and tuning fork frequency (writtenon it).

Example 2

Tuning fork frequency = 288 Hz.

Figure 16

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Objective:

Experiment 7

Determination of the Rotation per minute (RPM) of a moving object (Fan)

Procedure:






6. Connect a fan at full speed in front of Radar at a suitable distance fromantenna to get the proper deflection in the form of Doppler frequency.

Figure 17

7. Now measure the Doppler frequency at test point ‘fd’ CRO orsoftware window.

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Figure 18

Note: For measuring Doppler frequency select any one peak & sixth peak of thesignal.

Frequency is ……….. Hz.

Now we know that,

Frequency (Hz) = Cycles or Rotation per second

Now,

Frequency (Hz) x 60 = Rotation per minute

It means RPM calculated by Doppler frequency is approximately equal to theactual RPM of fan.

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Objective:

Experiment 8

Study the effect of different types of materials on Radar receiving or detection

Procedure:





5. If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the “Level”Potentiometer to reduce the noise.

6. Take Sliding Platform for moving the object and adjust it in front ofRadar antenna at suitable distance.

7. Take a metallic object and slide it on the platform.

8. Record and measure the signal gain at test point ‘fd’, at fixed time baseposition and fixed amplitude (or any fixed parameters).

Figure 19

9. Connect an acrylic sheet as an object and repeat the experiment atfixed parameter as pre defined.

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10. You can observe the change in signal gain.Figure 20

11. Connect a Teflon sheet as an object and repeat the experiment atfixed parameter as pre defined.

Figure 21

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Warranty

1) We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumableslike dry cell etc. are not covered under warranty.

2) The guarantee will become void, if

a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in thelearning material.

b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.

c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.

d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.

3) The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediatelygiving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specificallymentioning the type, serial number of the product and date of purchaseetc.

4) The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatchedsecurely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne bythe customer.

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List of Service Center

BarodaFlat No. A/1, Mudra Complex,Behind Sudha Hotel, Ellora Park,Baroda-390023 (Gujarat)Tel: +91-0265-3089505Fax : +91- 0265-3089506email : [email protected]

GuwahatiAvijit Roy Building, A.K. DevRoad, Fatashil Ambari, Nearjalaram Mandir,Guwahati-25 AssamMobile: 09435144068email: [email protected]

Indore94, Electronic Complex,Pardesipura, Indore-452 010Tel: 91-731-2570301/02,4211100,Fax: 91-731-2555643E-mail: [email protected]

New DelhiFirst Floor, C-19, F.I.E.,Patparganj Industrial Area,Delhi-110092 (INDIA)Ph: 011- 22157370, 22157371,Fax: +91-011-22157369email: [email protected]

Bangalore202/19, 4th Main Street,Ganganagar,Bangalore - 560032Ph.: +91-080-41285011T.Fax: +91-080-41285022email: [email protected]

KolkataAC-101, Prafullla Kanan, NearKestopur Bus Stop, Krishnapur,Kolkata- 700059 (West Bengal)Tel: +91 33-65266800Mob: 9433029888email: [email protected]

MumbaiE Type, Bldg No. 5/1/3, Sector1,Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400703Ph: +91-022-27826616,65266616email: [email protected]

JaipurFlat No. G-2, S-101, BhagatVatika North, Civil Lines, Jaipur- 302006 (Raj.)Mobile: 097998-10236email: [email protected]

LucknowFirst Floor, 279/54/20/A,Chuhar Singh Colony, PanDariba, Lucknow (U.P.)Mobile: 09918670737email: [email protected]

HyderabadPlot No. 24, Flat no. 203, LaxmiResidency, ChandragiriHousing Society, TrimulgherrySecunderabad- 500015.Ph:040-27740147,9247712763email: [email protected]

Cochin/KochiC/o PragalbhaValsan,Poriyamadathil house,ABMS Lane, Asoka Road,Near Mathrubhumi, Kaloor,Kochi - 682 017Ph: 0484-2409441email: [email protected]

Chandigarh201, 2nd floor KMB HospitalityServices, SCO 19, Near KabirPetrol Pump, Ambala-ZirakpurHighway Zirakpur,Mohali - 140603Ph.: 0172-6530329email: [email protected]

105/106, 1st floor, Ajinkyatara,Ganesh Mala, Sinhgad Road,Pune - 411030Ph.: +91-020-24254244/55Fax: +91-020-24254244email: [email protected]

ChennaiFlat C, 1st Floor, Old No. 49New No. 64, Bajanai KoilStreet, Sriram Nagar Extention,Pallipattu, Chennai-600113Tel: 044-43514212, 43514213email: [email protected]

OrissaPlot No-67 (1st Floor)Aerodrom Area,Vimpur mouzaNear Vimpur Primary SchoolBhubaneswar- 751020Mobile: 09238307873email: [email protected]
















NV2001


List of Accessories

1. Audio Cable for PC Line In input ...........................................................1 No.

2. Din connector cable (5Pin)......................................................................1 No.

3. SMPS Supply...........................................................................................1 No.

4. Tripod Stand ............................................................................................1 No.

5. Fan with Stand.........................................................................................1 No.

6. Sliding Platform ......................................................................................1 No.

7. Different objects ……………………………………………………….3 Nos.

8. Trans-receiver Unit + Horn Antenna ......................................................1 No.

9. Pendulum ................................................................................................1 No.

10. Tuning Forks……………………………………………………………2 Nos.

11. Tuning Fork Pad………………………………………..……………….1 No.

12. Stand for moving the Pendulum .............................................................1 No.

13. Learning Material + Software CD...........................................................1 No.

NV2001

Documents

Transcript of NV2001