FIELD ACTIVITIES ON WAJAALE, HARGEISA AND BERBARA

Name: Abdirizak Ibrahim Nunow

Number: 132

Date: 07/06/2012-24/06/2012

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DECLARATION

I, myself Abdirizak ibrahin nuunow declare that this work is my original work not appeared another where else

Student signature: -------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Date: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Supervisor signature: ------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Acknowledgement

First praise is due to Allah who made it possible for this field report to be completed. After Allah I also extend to thanks my parents to give or adviced me this opportunity also I would like to all people who have helped me in the preparation of this field report. The people listed are to be thanked for their contributions and more importantly their sharing thoughts. The list includes but is probably not limited to the following people.Principle: Mr. ThomasDr: Abdullah sheikh (Dean of study)Dr: Abdiqaadir Khalif (tutor of Anatomy and physiology)Dr: Abdulahi Herz (tutor of Disease).Dr: nuuh xaji aamir (tutor of Pathology and pharmacology)Dr: Ahmed Haji bile (supervisor of wajaale)Dr: Aden (supervisor of Hargeisa)Dr: Ali quranjo (supervisor of Ber Bera)Mrs. Grace (supervisor of Stvs)Mrs. Nashad (supervisor of Stvs)Mr. Jones (tutor of Biochemistry)Mr. Mathinde (tutor of Economy)Mr. Mohamed Aden Mohamed IT (tutor Information of technology IT)

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Table Contents1.0 INTRODUCTION:..................................................................................................................6

1.1 Introduction of the field work..................................................................................................6

1.1.1 Back ground of the study area...............................................................................................6

Tog-Wajaale..................................................................................................................................6

Hargiesa.........................................................................................................................................6

Berbera:.............................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................7

2.1 AIMS.......................................................................................................................................7

2.1.1 Objectives.............................................................................................................................7

2.1.1.2 Methodology......................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER THREE ACTIVITEIS.................................................................................................8

3.0 INTRODUCTION WAJALE ACTIVITIES............................................................................8

3.1 Wajale Livestock Market.........................................................................................................8

3.1.1 ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERMENT......................................................................................8

3.1.2 Clinical examination in Wajaale...........................................................................................8

3.1.3 Treatment..............................................................................................................................8

3.1.4 FMD vaccine introduction....................................................................................................9

3.1.5 VETERINARY STRUCTURE IN WAJAALE..................................................................10

4.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................10

4.1 Hargiesa slaughter house.......................................................................................................10

4.1.1 Hargeisa butchery:..................................................................................................................11

4.1.2 Constraints of butchery Hargeisa........................................................................................11

4.1.3 Hargiesa Livestock Market.................................................................................................11

4.1.4 Market Actors.....................................................................................................................11

4.1.5 Price Determination............................................................................................................11

4.1.6Constraints of Hargiesa Livestock Market...........................................................................12

4.1.7 Hargiesa Milk Markets.......................................................................................................12

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4.1.8 Sources of the milk.............................................................................................................12

2.2.2.1 Duties of the Ministry of Livestock.................................................................................13

BERBERA ACTIVEITEIS..........................................................................................................13

5.0 Introduction:..........................................................................................................................13

5.1 INFRASTRUCTURES OF THE BERBERA QUARANTINE STATION............................13

5.1.1 The quarantine station has three parts:................................................................................13

5.1.2 BERBERA LABORATORY..............................................................................................13

Bacteriology section........................................................................................................................14

Virology section..............................................................................................................................14

Serology section..............................................................................................................................14

5.1.3 CERTIFICATION..............................................................................................................14

Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................15

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Introduction of the field work 

Sheikh technical veterinary school is an institution based on learning by doing, practical activities are continuous and they are related to the lectures. By the end of each academic year is assigned a field work to apply the learned skills as well as the improvement of  writing and reporting system. On 7/06/2012 STVS second year students composed of thirty six members have entertained the fulfillment of this accumulated activity, the learners were equipped protective aprons, long boots, gloves, disinfectants, first aid and post mortem kits and drugs used for the treatment activity. The towns of Hargeisa, Berbera and wajaale were analyzed, mainly clinical examination, treatment, vaccination, milk and livestock markets and veterinary infrastructures have been emphasized, and the assignments were concluded on 24/06/2012 by operating about a week in each town.

1.1.1 Back ground of the study area

Tog-Wajaale

Wajaale is situated on the border between Somaliland and Ethiopia, the town is divided by small valley in to two parts Somaliland and Ethiopia. Somaliland part is the most important part where trade activities are going on especially, trading of live stock and other resources. Population in Tog Wajale is estimated about 22,000 people but increase gradually day after day. Tog Wajale has the largest cattle market in Somaliland and also occurs one of the many activities of livestock sector, which is vaccination program and also inspected. Land of this area is suitable on grazing and growing crops.

Hargiesa

Hargiesa is a capital city of Somaliland which situated in the northwestern of the country; it was the capital city of British Somaliland protector from 1941 to 1960, and also serves as the capital city of Maroodijeex region. Hargeisa is the largest city in the Somaliland more over it has the second largest livestock market after Burao livestock market, which sale different species of domestic animals.

Berbera:

Berbera is a city in northwestern of Somaliland. It was for centuries the capital of the Somaliland region during colonization of British from 1870 to 1941 after that time is was moved to Hargeisa. Strategically on the oil route, Berbera has a deep-sea port that was completed in 1969, and which is still the main commercial sea port for Somaliland. The port of Berbera is the pride of Somaliland. It is one of the most strategic ports in the Gulf of Aden, but is dwarfed by other ports in the region largely because of Somaliland’s political status.

Berbera has been making some improvements lately. The World Food Program (WFP), faced with the huge problem of providing food aid to 1 million people in landlocked Ethiopia, has recently upgraded facilities and warehouses. This project will inject a large dose of needed cash into Somaliland’s weak economy

Its population was approximately 200,000. The weather of Berbera is very dry, hot and wet during the rainy season. The landscape around Berbera, along with Somaliland's coastal lowlands, is desert or semi-desert where the temperatures in the summertime can approach

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upwards of 50°C,most of the city residents are forced to seasonally migrate to the cooler inland

 Tog-Wajale Hargeisa Berbera

Figure one: map of study area.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 AIMS

To set into perform what was learnt in the end two years. To learnt field activities reporting and to collect data from that places.

2.1.1 Objectives

To exercise the knowledge, skills and techniques acquire in the two years course work.

To study the challenges met dissimilar live stock sectors and To recognize chance and test that faced livestock stake holders study area.

To take part vaccination program To acquire provisional skill in one or many of the activity they may be exposed after

graduation

2.1.1.2 Methodology

Observation: throughout our field trip of the study areas was one of our main methodologies that we composed a group of data.

Inspection: all through field trip in Wajale we enclose examined a group of animals and infrastructure under the management of the veterinarians in the study areas.

Oral interview: for the period of our data collected we used oral interview for the different stakeholders in classify to get adequate in sequence about the situation in the ground by using questioner from.

Treatment and vaccination: for the stage of our field work we also performed a number of treatments to sick animals and we vaccinated a lot of animals proposed for export

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CHAPTER THREE ACTIVITEIS

3.0 INTRODUCTION: WAJALE ACTIVITIES

For the length of field work in Wajaale STVS student participate and observe veterinary activities going on in the study area: like vaccination, treatment, and livestock market.

3.1 Wajaale Livestock Market

Wajaale livestock market is the largest cattle market in Somaliland cattle and small ruminants were available in market, the animals reach it on foot from the surrounding districts of Tog Wajaale. The activities of the market increase during Islamic events Ramadan and Pilgrimage due to high demand of importing countries. During observation and interview to market actors we noticed that the animals in the market were using different purpose. Female animals were selling for local consumption only while bulls were proposed for export. According to respondance in the market brokers evaluate size, body condition and health status of animal for pricing issues.

Grades Prices in USADGrade 1. 760$ -830$Grade 2. 5500$ -600$Grade 3. 400$ -450$Table: 1 indicate the price of animal according to different grades.

3.1.1 ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERMENT

According to municipality officer local government is a responsible different activity which is going on livestock market such as taxation and keeping security of the market and maintaining of hygiene and sanitation of market.

3.1.2 Clinical examination in Wajaale

Thousands of cattle (bulls) were vaccinated against Foot and mouth disease (FMD) to ensure their health before they are exported to the Arabian countries. Before the vaccination, students carried out general clinical examination as usual such as:

History taking: students were asked some questions to the livestock owners such as: where they bring the animal? And were they sent to?

Visual appraisal: during this step of clinical examination students carried out observation to identify if there was any abnormality of the animals, if any sick animal in herd

Physical examination: (palpation, auscultation)

3.1.3 Treatment

Students performed mass treatment of animals in wajale city. During treatment the drugs were mainly used. On 12/06/2012, 10 sick animals were visited, whole of them were cattle and it was complained that all animals have been in a poor body condition for several months, in addition to that one of the animals showed serious condition of emaciation, diarrhea, anorexia and dullness, cough and decreased temperature of 34oC the farm and the environment were poor nutrition there is well rainy season in last year they were drought regions and the environment they were no grass and they very poor nutrition and poor management.

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Albendazole: Albendazole is the one of the benzimidale group that was used against helmenthiasis and gave in oral administration. The recommended dosage of this drug differs among the animal species, for cattle is 14ml/50kg of body weight but sheep and goat is 2ml/10kgof body weight. Animal treated this drug should not be slaughtered for human consumption until two weeks after treatment and their milk should not be sold before four days. The drug must be stored in dry and dark place at a temperature below 40c.

Cilamycine: cilamycine is a trade name of oxy tetracycline and it’s a long acting antibiotic drug. The route of administration of this drug is deep intramuscular injection to the cattle, pigs, and sheep for the treatment and control caused by or associated with organism sensitive to the action of oxy tetracycline. The recommended dosage of this drug is 1ml of a drug for every 10kg of body weight and drug require storage temperature below 25c.

Species No. Of Animals

Drug for used

Dosage rate Route of Administrated

Cattle 6 Albendzole 14ml/50kg OralSheep 4 Albendzole

& tetrycline14ml/50kg and 1ml/10kg

Oral and intramuscular

Goat 5 Albendzole and ox tetrycline

14ml/50kg and 1ml/25kg

Oral and intramuscular

Table two: shows the treatment of the animal in Wajale city.

Vaccination is the process of preparation of antigen from infected animal and introduces to none infected animal to prevent the disease, and is divided two types: inactivated vaccine and attenuated vaccine

3.1.4 FMD vaccine introduction

Fotivax is the commercial name of FMD vaccine, type of by bivalent sero type O/A. This vaccine was inactivated vaccine manufactured by Kenya agricultural research institute veterinary vaccine production center. The recommended dosage of this vaccine was 3ml in cattle, pigs and 2ml for sheep and goats. Ministry of livestock imports this vaccine from Kenya implemented by SAHSP and FAO. During the period of transportation the vaccine is preserved under refrigerator or lyophalization. lyophalization is a process of cooling without crystal, the time at which vaccine reach the livestock ministry of Somaliland they keep under refrigerator until the vaccine is distributed to the veterinary institutions those are responsible for vaccination and treatment of animals.

Figure1: Fotivax (F.M.D inactivated vaccine)

During the fieldwork the students vaccinated a lot of animals as the table below shows.

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Spec i e s Dosage r a t e (ml ) Rou te o f Admin i s t r a t i on

Ca t t l e 6 Subcu t aneousSheep 10 Subcu t aneousGoa t 7 Subcu t aneousTable 3: vaccination table

3.1.5 VETERINARY STRUCTURE IN WAJAALE

For the duration of this field work we have identified veterinary structure in Wajale one doctor, four vet assistant and 1 auxiliary, were available is the district, they are public staffs responsible for veterinary activities in the area, though their main duty is inspection and vaccination of the exporting cattle sometimes they perform passive surveillance, clinical examination and treatment of their surroundings.

HARGIESA ACTIVITIES

4.0 Introduction

During the time that students were in Hargaisa city, they visit different places, such as: The Milk market, the Slaughter house and the Livestock markets, green valley.

4.1 Hargiesa slaughter house

Hargiesa slaughter is located in the east ward of the city and it has an area of 2km 2 the slaughter house functions from 1:00AM up to 9:00PM.An average of 950 small ruminants and more than 85 animals of cattle and camel are slaughtered per night. Hygiene, transportation and distribution of meat are sponsored by maandeeq enterprise which is based on the principles of public private partnership (PPP).Maandeeq takes incentive for the hygiene and transportation of carcass, 6000 s/land shilling and 42500 s/land shillings are charged the small and large ruminants respectively.

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4.1.1 Hargeisa butchery:

Butchery is the place where the people buy their meat. The Butchery is located central of the market the people both buyers and sellers meet there. The price of meat was very high in Hargeisa butchery.

4.1.2 Constraints of butchery Hargeisa

Lack of water storage and limited shade. Lack of good roads. High taxation.

4.1.3 Hargiesa Livestock Market

Hargiesa livestock market is the second largest market in Somaliland and is located in the eastern corner of city; the area of the market is around 0.5km2

The market consists of four parts: one for cattle, one for camel, one for donkeys and one for shoats (sheep and goat). All these four domestic animals were sold in this market; mostly the male shoats were used for export, while the females are used for local consumption.

4.1.4 Market Actors

The main actors in the market included: brokers, producers, market actors, and interregional and traders. Below is a brief description of each actor.Brokers:These people are the link between the buyers and sellers so, if there is no broker theMarket doesn’t work probably. The role of the brokers in the market is:

1. Negotiating of the price between buyers and producers2. Facilitating the market functions3. Providing the sellers and buyers with a fair price

Producers: these are the people who rear and produce their animals, producers are mainly pastoralist and they transport their animals to the market using vehicle.Interregional: these people are that link of the product from one region to the another regionTraders: Traders there are many agents who works in the market they animal from producers they consider age, body weight, size, physiological state, animals have highest demand during Islamic events. (Arafo,Ramadaan) then they export overseas countries Yemen ,and Saudi Arabia .small trades they resell the animals by butchers and other people ,and large traders buy animals from producers and transport it to Berbera port so as to Arabian countries like Saudi Arabia .

4.1.5 Price Determination

There was no price discrimination in this market according to customers. However, the grade and sex of the animal playing a big role in determining price. Sheep and goat had the same price depending on their grade as shown in table below.

Grades Price s/l in shillings Price in dollarsGrade 1 360, 000 55.3$Grade 2 320,000 49.2$Grade 3 252, 000 38.7$

Table 4: this table indicates the price of different grades of sheep and goat.On the other hand, the camel was the most expensive animal in this market costing up to 800$depending for male camel that was grade one. Female camels did not fetch as high prices as the male. When asked why, the camel sellers said that while female camels were

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mostly for domestic consumption, most of the male camels were transported to Berbera for export thus attracting higher prices since there is competition between the local people and the exporters of these animals. The prices for camel are summarized in table below.

Grades Price in dollars for male camels

Price in dollars for camels which are mainly for local consumption

Grade 1 800$ 615$Grade 2 600$ 461$Grade 3 450$ - 500$ 300$

Table 5: indicates the price of camel according to their different grades

4.1.6Constraints of Hargiesa Livestock Market

Lack of water storage and limited shade. Lack of good roads. High taxation. Reduction of milk in drought time

4.1.7 Hargiesa Milk Markets

There are two common milk markets in Hargeisa; one is in the center of the town and known as Waaheen the other is located in the north of the city is known as Gobanimo.These two markets are very crowded and operate between 12:00am to 3:00pm. The markets have stalls which are intended for selling of milk. The milk is sold in plastic containers which is not hygienic. Most of traders in this market are women whose livelihoods are solely dependent on selling milk. This market creates jobs for women and men. These jobs include: drivers, mediators, cleaners, tea shop owners.

4.1.8 Sources of the milk

Hundreds of Jerry cans are brought to the markets per day, during the summer time an average of 700 liters are sold by each seller and can exceed in the spring (the rainy season). Most of the milk in the market is transported from areas far from Hargeisa. Some of it is from the northwest area like Geed-ballaar, Gebilay and Alla-ibaday while some is from places like Illimaha, Faraweyne and Balligacas. In the west it is transported from Quraca Abriin and Waddomiikaahiil. In the South it is transported from Balli-gubadle and Haro-haadlay and the eastern of the town there is a lot of places that the milk from.4.1.9 Price of the MilkThe milk is consumed by Hargeisa local community and is priced according to the demand and supply. Both cattle and camel milk are highly consumed and are sold for 3000 S/L shillings per milk cup; they measure a cup of 750ml which means each liter is about 4000 S/L shillings. Goat milk is the least preferred, each cup is sold about 1500 S/L shillings and sheep is not milked because of the clture of the Somali communities. Table seven summarizes the prices according to species.Milk type Price/ milk cupCamel milk 5000 S/L shillingsCattle milk 5000 S/L shillingsGoat milk 3000 S/L shillingsTable 6: price of milk

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2.2.2 Ministry of livestock in HargiesaDuring field work the students visited the Ministry of Livestock which is located in the center of Hargeisa. It was busy because of the work load and has authorities in all over the country; it has an area of around 1km2 including the offices of the ministry and the central laboratory. The ministry has 153 workers

2.2.2.1 Duties of the Ministry of Livestock

Adoption and application of new technologies relevant for livestock production. To improve human resources and strengthen technical support requirements in the

livestock sector. To ensure the health of exported animal and their safety Promoting national food security to meet nutritional requirements.

BERBERA ACTIVEITEIS

5.0 Introduction:

During our field study in Berbera we visited the quarantine station to observe the daily operations and the infrastructure in place.

5.1 INFRASTRUCTURES OF THE BERBERA QUARANTINE STATION

The infrastructure of Berbera new livestock quarantine station consist of holding grounds (quarantine part, inspection part, and feeding & resting part), laboratory (serology, bacteriology), postmortem, and administration buildings and also the quarantine has 17 shades, 17 water troughs, 2 large ramps and all the other facilities like feeding system of the animal, their inspection and treatment, vehicles, pools, toilets, water trucks, and electricity. This new quarantine station is more sophisticated than the old one that is being used now.

5.1.1 The quarantine station has three parts:

1. One part is intended for all animals, which the inspectors recognize as sick animals or depressed or animals that have poor body conditions visually.

2. The other part is for grossly healthy animals; however the inspectors should observe these animals well and take blood specimens from them to confirm their health status.

3. And the part is resting and feeding place of the animal after general inspection and gross evaluation.

5.1.2 BERBERA LABORATORY

Berbera laboratory is located inside the quarantine station. It is composed of two small rooms, which were well equipped. There are about six laboratory technicians, and four assistants. These lab technicians are expert’s blood testing for Brucella spp, (Brucella Melitensis, Brucella Abort us and Brucella Camiladae). The antigen used for all animals’ test was the same, and was bought from the U.A.E by the traders.

Species tested were sheep, cattle, goat and camel. There are several diagnostic tests that students saw for Brucella depending on their availability and simplicity which are: Direct microscopic examination

Complement Fixation Test Culture Inoculation of guinea pig (S.C and I.M) Milk Ring Test

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Serum Agglutination Test or Rose Bengal TestApart from Brucella Test there are other diseases that the quarantine laboratory diagnosis such as:

Rift valley fever (by using capture Elisa)

Foot and mouth disease (indirect Elisa )

PPR (by using competitive Elisa )

The laboratory has the following sections;

Bacteriology section: This section is used for the identification, classification and characterization of the bacterial species.Virology section: The section is used for detection of the viral diseases.

Serology section: The section is used to detect the  presence of antibodies against a microorganism. The common diseases diagnosed in the laboratory are FMD, Rinderpest, PPR (Peste des petite ruminants) Rift valley fever and Brucellosis.  Different diagnosing methods a r e pe r fo rmed i n t he l ab such a s , D i r ec t Enzyme- l i nked immunosorbent assay (Direct ELISA) for FMD, competitive ELISA for Rinderpest and PPR, detection of antigens or antibody to the virus in the blood (serology) like Rift Valley Fever and rose Bengal test which is the most widely and simplest test used for brucellosis

5.1.3 CERTIFICATION

There are three type of certification:

Inspection certification: This is certificate identify that the animals has no sign of disease and animals have good body condition.

Movement permission certification: This certificate shows that the animals can be transport from one region to the other without suspicion of disease transmission

Health certification: This is certificate that make sure that the animals has qualified all necessary performance and free from disease, this certificate is final certificate that allows animals export from the Berbera port and to give quarantine.

Constraints facing the quarantine

There is no enough trained workers in this place Misdiagnosis in some cases because of overcrowded animals Lack of enough adequate water supply and pasture Lack of enough sheds

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Chapter four conclusions and recommendation

Conclusion:

The field work was successful because it provided us an opportunity to put in practice most of what we have been learning at school. The experiences acquired include vaccination, drug administration, sample collection, diagnosis of health problems and others including interviewing of different stakeholders in the livestock sector. In addition, there were many challenges that have been observed during the study including financial problem, which was one of the serious problems facing the livestock stakeholders, and there was no remarkable effort done by the government to tackle the problem. We also observed that there was high level of milk contamination due to poor hygiene in the market which needs to be enhanced. The government should help the livestock owners by providing them with free vaccination and treatment as most of them cannot afford to pay.Recommendations

TO increase the number of veterinarians inspecting animals in Wajale district It is being recommended that the Somaliland government built well and enough

crushes in Wajale and to give enough equipment (automatic syringes and refrigerator) for vaccination and treatments of the animals

To take apart the infrastructure of Hargeisa Livestock Market because the market was congested, and also to give shades for the market.

Administration of Maandeeq slaughter house, local government and international NGOs should give training and alertness to enhance the knowledge and skills of slaughter house workers.

Government should improve personal hygiene of Maandeeq slaughter.

To increase Sufficiency of quarantining time

To give awareness in animal health conditions in term of traders

To keep the well fare of animal due to traders

Regional veterinary officer with ministry of livestock have to supply laboratory technicians in Berbera a protective cloths and equipments while workers were at dangerous of Brucella infection and the disease is extremely contagious and transmit from human to animal and vise versa

Annex one:Pictures of field work report:Crushes in wajaale:

Slaughter house of Hargiesa:

Livestock market Hargiesa: Milk market Hargiesa:

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