NutritionNutrition

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What are Nutrients?What are Nutrients? parts of food which provide for parts of food which provide for

growth, maintenance, body functionsgrowth, maintenance, body functions Carbohydrates (CHO)Carbohydrates (CHO) FatsFats ProteinsProteins VitaminsVitamins MineralsMinerals WaterWater

What is a Ruminant?What is a Ruminant? Animals with more than one Animals with more than one

compartment in the stomachcompartment in the stomach Chew their cud (re-chew food)Chew their cud (re-chew food) Cows, sheep, goatsCows, sheep, goats Cows have four compartments Cows have four compartments

in the stomachin the stomach Alf has eight stomachsAlf has eight stomachs

Why don’t cattle need as Why don’t cattle need as much B vitamins?much B vitamins?

Microorganisms in the stomach of Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow make their own B vitaminsthe cow make their own B vitamins

Can also make some proteins if Can also make some proteins if given the right kind of Nitrogengiven the right kind of Nitrogen

NonRuminantsNonRuminantsForagers: Horse, rabbitForagers: Horse, rabbitNonForagers: pig, poultryNonForagers: pig, poultry

How much to feed?How much to feed? Depends on function of animalDepends on function of animal Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Pregnant, Lactating, Working,

GrowingGrowing How often to feedHow often to feed - Depends on stomach size & rate - Depends on stomach size & rate

of metabolismof metabolism - Stomach size is relavant to - Stomach size is relavant to

amount of feed fedamount of feed fed - Mink = 4-6 times/day, - Mink = 4-6 times/day,

- Cows = 1-2 /day- Cows = 1-2 /day

What foods give energy?What foods give energy? Carbohydrates (starch & Carbohydrates (starch &

cellulose) & Fatscellulose) & Fats Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHOFat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO Energy is major part of a feed Energy is major part of a feed

rationration Up to 90% of a ration for a steerUp to 90% of a ration for a steer Measured in Kilocalories or Measured in Kilocalories or

TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

What are Proteins?What are Proteins?Used to build muscle, body Used to build muscle, body

tissuetissueMade of amino acidsMade of amino acidsRuminants can make some Ruminants can make some

proteinsproteinsSimple Stomachs need specific Simple Stomachs need specific

amino acidsamino acids

What are Minerals?What are Minerals?Natural elements which Natural elements which

regulate certain body regulate certain body functionsfunctions

Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, CoZn, Mo, Se, I, Co

Most are trace mineralsMost are trace minerals

Macro MineralsMacro MineralsMacro needed in larger amountsMacro needed in larger amounts Calcium (Ca) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P)Phosphorus (P) Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl)Chlorine (Cl) Potassium (K)Potassium (K) Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S) Magnesium (Mg)Magnesium (Mg)

Trace MineralsTrace Minerals

Molybdenum (Mo)Molybdenum (Mo) Selenium (Se)Selenium (Se) Silicon (Si)Silicon (Si) Fluorine (F)Fluorine (F) Chromium (Cr)Chromium (Cr)

Micro needed in smaller amountsMicro needed in smaller amounts

Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn) Iodine (I)Iodine (I) Cobalt (Co)Cobalt (Co) Manganese (Mn)Manganese (Mn)

What are vitamins?What are vitamins?Compounds responsible for Compounds responsible for

certain functionscertain functions

Fat Soluble Fat Soluble VitaminsVitamins – A, A, – D,D,– E, E, – KK

Water Soluble Water Soluble VitaminsVitamins– B, B, – CC

What are additives?What are additives? Antibiotics: disease preventionAntibiotics: disease prevention Coccidiostats: control parasitesCoccidiostats: control parasites Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellowXanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow Hormones: increase growthHormones: increase growth Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys)Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys) Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting

rancidrancid Pellet Binders: keep in pellet formPellet Binders: keep in pellet form Flavoring Agents: make taste betterFlavoring Agents: make taste better

Livestock FeedingLivestock FeedingRoughage Roughage

–high fiber, low energyhigh fiber, low energyConcentrate Concentrate

–low fiber, high energylow fiber, high energy

How is a ration balanced?How is a ration balanced?

Pearson square: balance a ration Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one using any two ingredients for one nutrientnutrient

How much Soybean Meal (44% How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?mixture that is 16% protein?

Pearson SquarePearson Square

SoybeanMeal 44%

Barley 13%

16%

SBM = 3 parts

Barley = 28 parts

Total Parts = 31

Pearson SquarePearson Square Soybean Meal = 3 partsSoybean Meal = 3 parts Barley = 28 partsBarley = 28 parts Total Parts = 31Total Parts = 31 Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10%Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10% Barley = 28/31 or 90%Barley = 28/31 or 90% If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM =

200#, Barley = 1800#200#, Barley = 1800#

SummarySummary Livestock feeds are classified as Livestock feeds are classified as

roughages and concentrates. roughages and concentrates. A ration is the amount of feed an animal A ration is the amount of feed an animal

is given during a 24 hour period.is given during a 24 hour period. Rations are balanced for the protein and Rations are balanced for the protein and

energy needs of an animal.energy needs of an animal. Feeding standards and tables of feed Feeding standards and tables of feed

composition are used to balance a ration.composition are used to balance a ration.