Food consumption and dietary intakes for a family study in Taipei
NUTRITION STANDARDS AND TOOLS Chapter 2. Learning Objectives Explain the function of the recommended...
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Transcript of NUTRITION STANDARDS AND TOOLS Chapter 2. Learning Objectives Explain the function of the recommended...
NUTRITION STANDARDS AND TOOLSChapter 2
Learning Objectives
• Explain the function of the recommended Dietary Reference Intakes
• Describe and discuss the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and identify challenges for chefs
• List the food groups found in MyPlate and recommended servings from each group
Learning Objectives
• Explain how MyPlate encourages variety, proportionality and moderation
• Read and analyze food labels, nutrient claims and health claims
• Discuss the attributes and limitations of various food rating systems
Cornerstones of Nutrition•
• getting enough of each essential nutrient
• • foods from each group daily
• • appropriate portions
• • different foods within groups
Adequacy
Balance
Moderation
Variety
Dietary Reference Intakes• Minimum recommended and
maximum safe levels of many nutrients by age and gender.
• Aim to prevent chronic diseases and promote optimal health.
• Used to assess and plan diets for healthy individuals and groups.
• See appendix B
Daily Values
Reference points for nutrient intake used on food labels
Listed for people who eat 2,000 or 2500 calories
See appendix C Maximum amounts
total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium
Minimum amounts total carbohydrates,
dietary fiber
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• Revised every 5 years• Jointly issued by the
Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS)
• Provide advice about how good dietary habits can promote health and reduce risk for major chronic diseases
• Evidenced-based research
Overview of Recommendations• Reduce incidence and prevalence of
overweight and obesity• Reduce overall calorie intake• Focus on consuming nutrient-dense
foods and beverages• Increase physical activity
2010 Dietary Guidelines - SummaryIncrease Intake
• Vegetables• Cooked dry beans and peas
• Fruit• Whole grains• Nuts and seeds• Seafood• Fat-free and low-fat milk and milk products
2010 Dietary Guidelines - Summary Reduce Intake
• Foods containing added sugars
• Foods containing added solid fats
• Sodium• Refined grains
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010Change the overall food environment
• Improve nutrition literacy and cooking skills
• Increase health, nutrition and physical education programs
• Encourage restaurants and the food industry to offer health-promoting foods
Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsBalancing calories to manage weight
Prevent and/or reduce overweight and obesity through improved eating and physical activity behaviors.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsBalancing calories to manage weight
Control total calorie intake to manage body weight. For people who are overweight or obese, this will mean consuming fewer calories from food and beverages.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsBalancing calories to manage weight
Increase physical activity and reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsBalancing calories to manage weight
Maintain appropriate calorie balance during each stage of life – childhood, adolescence, adulthood, pregnancy and breastfeeding, and older age.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Increase vegetable and fruit intake.
Quantity Variety
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Eat a variety of vegetables, especially dark-green and red and orange vegetables and beans and peas.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Consume at least half of all grains as whole grains. Increase whole-grain intake by replacing refined grains with whole grains.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Increase intake of fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, such as milk, yogurt, cheese, or fortified soy beverages.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Choose a variety of protein foods, which include seafood, lean meat and poultry, eggs, beans and peas, and unsalted nuts and seeds.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Increase the amount and variety of seafood consumed by choosing seafood in place of some meat and poultry.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
Replace protein foods that are higher in solid fats with choices that are lower in solid fats and calories and/or are sources of oils.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
• Use oils to replace solid fats where possible.
• Consume less than 10% of calories from saturated fats by replacing them with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Food Components to Reduce
Consume less than 300 mg per day of dietary cholesterol
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Nutrients to Increase
• Choose foods that provide more potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, and Vitamin D, which are nutrients of concern in American diets.
• These foods include vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and milk and milk products.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Food Components to Reduce
Reduce daily sodium intake to: less than 2,300 mg 1,500 mg for select
individuals
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Food Components to Reduce
Keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible by limiting foods that contain synthetic sources of trans fats, such as partially hydrogenated oils, and by limiting other solid fats.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Food Components to Reduce
Reduce the intake of calories from solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS).
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Food Components to Reduce
Limit the consumption of foods that contain refined grains, especially refined grain foods that contain solid fats, added sugars, and sodium.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsFoods and Food Components to Reduce
If alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation – up to 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men – and only by adults of legal drinking age.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsBuilding Healthy Eating Patterns
Select and eating pattern that meets nutrient needs over time and at an appropriate calorie level.
DGA 2010 Key RecommendationsBuilding Healthy Eating Patterns
Follow food safety recommendations when preparing and eating foods to reduce risk of foodborne illnesses.
MyPlate
Balancing Calories• Enjoy your food,
but eat less.• Avoid oversized
portions.Foods to Increase• Make half your
plate fruits and vegetables.
MyPlate
• Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk.
Foods to Reduce• Compare sodium in
foods like soup, bread and frozen meals and choose foods with lower numbers.
• Drink water instead of sugary drinks.
……Based on Calories
What Counts As A Serving?
.
1 slice of bread
1 cup of ready-to-eatbreakfast cereal
1/2 cup cookedrice, pasta, orcereal
1 cup of raw orcooked vegetables
1 cup of vegetablejuice
2 cups of rawleafy greens
1 cup of fruit
1 cup of 100% fruit juice
1/2 cup of dried fruit
1 cup of milk, yogurt,or soy milk
1 ounce of meat,poultry, or fish
1 egg
1 tablespoon of peanutbutter
1/4 cup of cooked drybeans
1/2 ounce of nuts orseeds
2 ounces of processedcheese
1.5 ounces of naturalcheese
GRAINS1 ounce
VEGETABLES1 cup
FRUITS1 cup
DAIRY1 cup
PROTEIN FOODS1 ounce
Fruits Grains
VegetablesProtein
Diary
1 cup dairy alternative
Fruit – 1 to 2 cups
• What is in the fruit group?
• What counts as 1 cup?
• Health benefits• Nutrients in fruit
Vegetable – 1 to 3 cups
• What counts as 1 cup?
• Health benefits• Nutrients in
vegetables
Weekly Vegetable Intake Recommendations
Dark Green 1 ½ - 2 cups
Red and Orange 5 ½ - 6 cups
Beans and Peas 1 ½- 2 cups
Starchy 4-6 cups
Others 4-5 cups
Grain – 3-8 ounce-equivalent
• What is in the grain group? Whole grains Refined grains
Grain – 3-8 ounce-equivalent
• What counts as 1ounce equivalent?
• Health benefits• Nutrients in grain
Protein – 2 -6 ½ ounce-equivalents
• What is in the protein food group?
• What counts as 1ounce equivalent?
• Health benefits• Nutrients in protein
group
Milk – 2-3 cups
• What is in the milk group?
• What counts as 1cup equivalent?
• Health benefits• Nutrients in milk
How To Apply MyPlate
Personal diet analysis Recipe Modification Starting point of healthy eating
Harvard Healthy Eating Plate
Copyright © 2011 Harvard University. For more information about The Healthy Eating Plate, please see The Nutrition Source, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, http://www.thenutritionsource.org.
Nutrition Facts
• Serving size Given in familiar units
and grams Labeling law sets
standard serving sizes to allow comparison
• Portion size The amount served or
eaten Usually larger than
serving size
Nutrition Facts
Exempt from Labeling
• Very small packages• Small businesses (sales below
$50,000)• Ready-to-eat food for take-out• Bulk foods not sold directly to
consumer• Plain tea, coffee, spices, herbs• Foods with no nutrients
Interpreting Labels
• Serving sizes = 13 pieces, 39 grams
• 3.5 servings per box
• Calories 170 x 3.5 =
595 calories per box
Interpreting Labels
• Saturated fats 3.5 grams x
3.5 =12.25 grams
• DV saturated fat 18% x 3.5 =
63%
• Label claims 35% less fat
Nutrient Content Claims
• Content claims are legal definitions not just descriptions
• Also apply to menus
Nutrient Content Claims
Nutrient Content Claims
Free Low Reduced /Less
Calories Less than 5 40 calories or less120 calories or less per 100 gm(main dishes)
25% fewer
Total Fat Less than .5 grams
3 gms or less3 gms or less per 100 gms (main dishes)
25% less
Saturated Fat Less than .5 grams
1 gm or less and 15% or less of calories from sat fat
25% less
Cholesterol Less than 2 mg 20 mg or less 25% less
Sodium Less than 5 mg 140 mg or less 25% less
Sugar Less than .5 grams
Not defined 25% less
Other Nutrient Content ClaimsClaim Requirement
High, rich, excellent source Contains 20% or more DV
Good source 10-19% of DV
More, fortified, enriched, added, extra, plus
10% or more of the of the DV; used for vitamins, minerals, protein, fiber, potassium
Lean Meat, poultry, fish products – less than 10 g fat, 4.5 or less sat fat, less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving
Extra lean Meat, poultry, fish products – less than 5 g fat, 2 or less sat fat, less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving
Claims using term “antioxidant” • RDI must be established for the nutrients.• Nutrient must have existing scientific
evidence of antioxidant activity• Level of each nutrient must be sufficient
to meet the definition for "high," "good source," or "more"
Approved Health Claims
• Calcium and osteoporosis• Sodium and hypertension• Dietary fat and cancer
Approved Health Claims
• Dietary saturated fat and cholesterol and risk of coronary heart disease
• Fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables and cancer
• Fruits, vegetables and grain products that contain fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and risk of coronary heart disease
Approved Health Claims
• Fruits and vegetables and cancer• Folate and neural tube defects• Dietary noncarcinogenic
carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries
• Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease
• Soy protein and risk of coronary heart disease
• Plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease
Health Claims based on Authoritative Statements
• Whole-grain foods and risk of heart disease and certain cancers
• Potassium and the risk of high blood pressure and stroke
• Fluoridated water and reduced risk of dental carries
• Low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat, and reduced risk of heart disease
Ingredient list
Ingredient that weighs the most is first Example: Juice ingredient label 100% juice
Ingredients: apple juice, natural flavors, ascorbic acid
Ingredients: water, high fructose corn syrup, apple juice, ascorbic acid
Ingredient List
Interesting ingredients….. “healthy” or “nutrient dense” foods
listed first Determine MyPlate servings
Organic
Produced with… No sewer-sludge/synthetic fertilizers No pesticides No growth hormones No antibiotics No irradiation Limits on genetic modification
Generally higher in phytochemicals Not necessarily higher in nutrients
Highest In Pesticides….
Peaches Apples Sweet bell
peppers Celery Nectarines Strawberries Cherries Lettuce Imported Grapes
Pears Spinach Potatoes
Organic Labeling
Raw, fresh and processed products that contain organic agricultural ingredients• 100% organic must
contain only organically produced ingredients and processing aids (excluding water and salt)
Organic Labeling USDA National Organic Program
• Organic - at least 95% organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt)
• Made with organic ingredients - must contain at least 70% organic ingredients
Natural Labeling
USDA has defined natural for meat and poultry only:
• Contains no artificial ingredients or added color
• Minimally processed (the raw product not fundamentally altered) may be labeled natural
• Label must explain the use of the term natural – for example, “no added colorings or artificial ingredients” or “minimally processed”
Natural
No legal definition for other foods
Generally, no added colors, synthetic flavors or ingredients
Cleaner ingredient list Canola oil, orange juice,
etc, organic soy sauce, rice wine vinegar, evaporated cane juice, garlic, ginger…beet extract for color
Front-of-package nutrition labeling