Nutrition and Transport in Plants Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw...

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Page 1: Nutrition and Transport in Plants Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission.

Nutrition and Transport in Plants

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Outline

Plant Nutrients

Soil

Nutritional Adaptations

Overview of Water and Mineral Movement

Water and Mineral Absorption

Water and Mineral Movement

Bidirectional Phloem Transport Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

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Plant Nutrients

Photosynthesis is the major source of plant nutrition.

Plants also require a number of inorganic molecules; essential nutrients.

Macronutrients

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Potassium,Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Sulfur.

Each may exceed 1% dry weight of plant.

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Plant Nutrients

Micronutrients = Iron, Chlorine, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Molybdenum, and Boron.

Constitute from less than one, to several hundred, parts per million in most plants.

Nutritional requirements assessed in hydroponic cultures.

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Plant Nutrients

.

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Slogan to remember macro/micronutrients

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Plant Nutrients Beneficial Nutrients = either are required

for or enhance the growth of a particular plant

Horsetails = silicon; mineral nutrient.Sugar beets = sodium; enhance

growth.Soybeans = nickel; when root nodules

are presentFerns = aluminumLocoweeds = aluminum; fatal to

livestock

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Soil

Defined as a mixture of particles, decaying organic material, living organisms, air, and water.

Minerals, microorganisms and humus provides for the richness of the soil

Forms from the weathering of rock.

About half total soil volume is occupied by spaces or pores.

Filled with air or water, depending on environmental conditions.

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Soil

Plant growth affected by soil composition.

Most roots found in topsoil.

Minerals, microorganisms and humus.

About half total soil volume is occupied by spaces or pores.

Filled with air or water, depending on environmental conditions.

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Soil Profile: Top soil = A horizon

Contains litter and humus

Subsoil = B horizon

Little or no organic matter but contains the inorganic nutrients leached from A horizon

Weathered rock = C horizon

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Soil

Cultivation

In natural communities, nutrients are recycled on a continual basis.

Cultivated soils are more exposed to erosion and nutrient loss.

Crop Rotation

Plowing under leftover plant material.

Fertilizers

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

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Water and Mineral Uptake Occurs between the porous cells

through the root hairs to enter endodermal cells when they have lower osmotic pressure

Minerals are actively taken up by plant cells Proton pump Chemosmois Protein channels

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Water and Mineral Uptake

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Adaptations of Roots for Mineral Uptake:

Mutualistic Relationships

Root nodules – between plants and bacteria plants contribute

Plants contribute carbohydrates and bacteria fix nitrogen into nitrate

Mycorrhizae – between plants and fungi

Fungi breakdown organic matter in the soil and release nutrients to the plant.

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Transport Mechanisms

Xylem and Phloem

Water Properties

Water Potential – energy of waterFactors that determine water potential

water pressure across a membrane and solute concentration across a membrane

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Transport Mechanisms Xylem and Phloem

Water Properties

Turgor Pressure - Physical pressure resulting from water entering cell vacuole is referred to as pressure potential.

Osmotic Potential - Smallest amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis.

Water Potential - Total potential energy of water in a plant.

Water moves to a cell with more negative water potential.

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Mineral Transport in Roots

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Water Transport

Root Pressure - Movement of water into the plant and up the xylem columns despite absence of transpiration; positive pressure.

Active transport increases solute potential of roots.

High root pressure may lead to guttation.

Occurs through groups of cells located near edge of leaf.

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Cohesion-Tension Model of Xylem Transport

Cohesion = water molecules cling to each other creating a water column in xylem

Adhesion = ability of water to interact with the molecules making up the walls in xylem, thus giving the water column extra strength and preventing it from slipping back

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Transpiration = evaporation of water through leaf stomata•Exerts a pulling force or tension that draws the water column through the xylem to replace the water lost.

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Water and Mineral Movement

Evaporation from leaves produces a tension on entire water column extending down to the roots.

Water has inherent tensile strength that varies inversely with the diameter of the column.

Air bubbles cause xylem to fail.

Plants must admit carbon dioxide, but must control water loss.

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Water and Mineral Movement

Regulation of Transpiration

Stomata open and close due to changes in turgor pressure of guard cells.

Turgor results from active uptake of potassium (K+) ions.

Increase in K+ concentration creates a water potential that causes water to enter osmotically, guard cells to become turgid, and stomata to open.

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Stomata Opening and Closing

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Other Factors Regulating Transpiration

Carbon Dioxide

Light

Temperature

Water Loss Regulation

Dormancy

Deciduous Leaves

Thick, Hard Leaves

Trichomes

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