Chemistry 2100 Chapter 27. Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of catabolism and anabolism. 2.
Nutrition and Metabolism Metabolism combines: Anabolism – Biosynthesis with Catabolism – Energy...
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Transcript of Nutrition and Metabolism Metabolism combines: Anabolism – Biosynthesis with Catabolism – Energy...
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Nutrition and Metabolism
• Metabolism combines:• Anabolism –
Biosynthesis with• Catabolism – Energy
Generation• Linked by Coupled
Reactions
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Metabolic Types
• Energy Generation:• Trapping Light Energy
Phototrophs• Chemical Reactions
Chemotrophs
Carbon Source:
CO2 –Lithotrophs
Organic Carbon –
Organotroph
Chemoorganotrophs are also called Heterotrophs
Chemolithotrophs
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Bacterial Nutrition
• Macronutrients:• Carbon source• Nitrogen source• Phosphate• Sulfur• Potassium• Magnesium• Calcium
• Sodium• Iron• Some bacteria use
Siderophores to procure iron
• Micronutrients:• Trace elements• Growth Factors?
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Culture Media
• Defined media – known Composition
• Complex Media – Organic mixture
• Agar to Solidify
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Enzymes
• Organic Catalysts• Proteins• Reduced Activation
Energy• Speed Reactions• 108 – 1020 times
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How Enzymes Act
• Form an Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• Active site of the Enzyme holds
Substrate
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Enzyme Structure• Enzymes are Proteins with Active Sites• Additional Non protein Groups• Loosely Bound Cofactors - Coenzymes• Tightly Attached Cofactors- Prosthetic Groups
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Oxidation – Reduction
• Redox Reactions
• Oxidation – Lose of Electrons
• Reduction – Gaining Electrons
• Electron Donors
• Electron Acceptors
• Reduction Potential
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Electron Transfer
• Electron Tower Based on Reduction Potential
• Electron Carrier
• Primary Electron Donor (Food??)– Energy Source
• Final Electron Acceptor (Waste??)
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Redox Electron Carriers
NAD –Nicotinamide Adenine DinucleotideFreely diffusible carrierNiacinNADP
FMN – Flavin MononucleotideFADRiboflavin
Quinone –UbiquinoneVitamin K
04/19/23
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Energy Conservation
• “High” Energy Compounds (Energy Carriers??)
• ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
• Coenzyme A
• Phosphoenolpyruvate - PEP
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Energy Generation
• Substrate-level Phosphorylation
• Fermentation• Respiration• Oxidative
Phosphorylation– Electron Transport
(Cascade)Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Catabolic Pathways
• Glycolysis
• Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
• 3 Stages
1. Rearrangement
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
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PEP
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Fermentation
Occurs in the absence of O2
Less ATP produced (2 vs 38?)
Many fermentation products
Substrate acts as electron donor and acceptor
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Electron Cascade
• Coenzyme • NADH• NADH
Dehydrogenase• Flavoproteins• Quinones• Cytochromes• Catalase, Oxidase
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Proton Motive Force• Metabolic Poisons• Uncouplers
Dinitrophenol• Inhibitors
Carbon
monoxide
Cyanide
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Carbon Flow
• Citric Acid Cycle• Krebs Cycle• TCA Cycle• Tricarboxylic Acid
Cycle• Carbon Oxidation
• CO2 Production
• Reduced Coenzymes
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Anaerobic Respiration
• Nitrate• Sulfate• Carbonate• Iron
• Final Electron Acceptor other than Oxygen
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Chemolithotrophy
• Hydrogen Sulfide• Hydrogen Gas• Iron• Ammonia
• Phototrophy• Catabolism
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Regulation of Enzymes
• Constitutive Enzymes
not Regulated• Most Enzymes Can
Have Their Activity Regulated
• Feedback Inhibition
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Allosteric Sites
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Isozymes
• Covalent Modification
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Metabolism Word List
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Coupled Reactions
Nutrition
Phototroph
Chemotroph
Organotroph
Lithotroph
Chemolithotroph
Macronutrients
Carbon
Nitrogen
P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na, &
Fe( siderophores)
Micronutrients
Trace Elements
Growth Factors?
Culture Media
Defined vs. Complex Media
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Metabolism Word List 2
Enzymes
Organic Catalysts
Activation Energy
Enzyme-substrate Complex
Active Site
Prosthetic groups
Coenzymes
Oxidation-Reduction Redox Reactions
Electron Donors
Electron Acceptors
Reduction Potential
Electron Tower
Electron Carriers
Primary Electron Donor
Final Electron Acceptor
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Metabolism Word List 3
High” Energy Compounds
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
Coenzyme A
Fermentation
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
Stage I, II, III
Rearrangement
Oxidation
Reduction
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Metabolism Word List 4
Aerobic Respiration
Electron Cascade
NADH dehydrogenase
Flavoproteins
Quinones
Cytochromes
Catalase
Oxidase
Proton Motive Force
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Inhibitors
Uncouplers
Carbon Flow - Citric Acid Cycle
aka TCA, Tricarboxylic, Krebs
Carbon Oxidation
CO2 Production
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Metabolism Word List 5
Reduced Coenzymes
Biosynthesis ?
Anaerobic Respiration
nitrate, sulfate, carbonate
ferric iron
Chemolithotrophy
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, ferrous iron, ammonia
Phototrophy
Catabolism
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