Nutrional management

2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012

Feeding and Nutrition 1

SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn)Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education Centersschoen@umd edu www sheepandgoat [email protected] ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com

SpeciesSpeciesGenetic typeSize (weight)AgeSexStage of productionStage of productionLevel of productionBody conditionEnvironment



1. Water1. Water2. Energy3. Protein4. Fats5. Vitamins6 Minerals6. Minerals

Fiber

Pounds, kilograms, grams or caloriesgrams, or calories.

Energy (TDN, ME, NE)Protein (CP)

Grams (g)Macro minerals

Parts per million (ppm)Parts per million (ppm)Micro minerals

International units (IU)Vitamins



It is assumed that livestock will eat (or be fed) a certain

132 lb. ewe lamb (early gestation, single lamb)Requires 0.34 lbs. of CP per day

percentage of their body weight in dry matter.

Recommended dietary percentages are based on dry matter intake.

The new NRC (2007) requirements no longer give

5 lbs. of hay 4 lbs. of hay 3 lbs. of hay

7.7% 9.7% 12.9%

requirements no longer give percentage requirements of nutrients.

The most useful use of percentages is to compare nutritive value of feedstuffs.

Ewes and doesDry periodDry periodBreedingGestationLactationWeaning

Lambs and kidsNewbornPre‐weaningPre weaningPost‐weaning▪ Slaughter stock▪ Replacements

Bucks and ramsMaintenanceBreeding



DRY PERIODDRY PERIODMaintenance

BREEDINGFlushing

WEANINGDrying off

GESTATIONEarly/mid vs. late

LACTATIONEarly vs. late

Female is recovering from lactation and preparing to

t b dForage (pasture, browse, or h t d f ) i ll th t’ get rebred.

Rebuild body condition and reserves. NOT TOO FAT

harvested forage) is all that’s usually needed to maintain dry, non‐pregnant ruminants.

Type Weight DMI TDN CP

Dairy doe 132 lbs.2.972.25%

1.6555.6%

0.19 6.4%

Doe 132 lbs2.50 1.32 0.17

Length of dry period depends upon birthing interval and length of lactation.

Doe 132 lbs.5

1.90%3

52.8%7

6.8%

Ewe 176 lbs.2.861.63%

1.5153.1%

0.217.2%

Divide DMI by % DM to get As Fed.2.86 ÷ 0.88 = 3.25 lbs. of hay

2.86 ÷ 0.24 = 11.9 lbs. of pasture



Feed a diet so that females will be gaining weight as they

NRC energy requirements (TDN) are 10% above maintenance.will be gaining weight as they

enter the breeding season.

Supplement females with 0.5 lb. of grain per head per day or move females to a lush pasture that has been saved for flushing.

Start 2 weeks before breeding

are 10% above maintenance.

gContinue 3 to 4 weeks into breeding season

Females in average or better body condition usually do not respond to flushing.

What’s occurring?Embryos implant in uterus (d 20 24)Embryos implant in uterus (d 20‐24)Mammary gland development (d 30‐90)Placenta development (d 30‐90)Wool follicles forming (d 35‐100)

NRC Energy requirements (TDN) above maintenance vary by species, genetic type, and weight.

▪ 16‐43% for females in table.

Type (twin‐bearing)

Weight DMI TDN CP

Dairy doe 132 lbs.3.602 73%

1.9153 1 %

0.318 6%

Quantity of nutrients is more important than quality of nutrients.

Don’t allow females to get fat!Females should be gaining minimal amount of weight. ▪ Ewe: ~0.10 lb. per day.

2.73% 53.1 % 8.6%

Doe 132 lbs.3.152.38%

1.6753.0%

0.299.2%

Ewe 176 lbs.4.052.30%

2.1653.3%

0.338.1%

Divide DMI by % DM to get As Fed.3.15 ÷ 0.88 = 3.6 lbs. of hay

3.15 0.24 =



What’s occurring?Rapid fetal growth.Li i d iLimited rumen capacity.Mammary development.

Usually necessary to supplement high moisture feeds and dry forages with concentrate feeds to meet nutrient requirements, especially for females carrying multiple births.

Energy (TDN) is most likely

Type (twin‐bearing)

Weight DMI TDN CP

Dairy doe 132 lbs.3.722 82%

2.4666 1 %

0.4512 1% Energy (TDN) is most likely

to be deficient in diet.Calcium requirements increase

Do not feed low quality or nutrient‐dilute feeds during late gestation.

Do not overfeed!

2.82% 66.1 % 12.1%

Doe 132 lbs.3.342.54%

2.2266.5%

0.4313.0%

Ewe 176 lbs.4.382.48%

2.9053.3%

0.4410.0%

Divide DMI by % DM to get As Fed.4.38 ÷ 0.88 = 5.0 lbs. Ewe would have to eat 5 lbs. of hay to meet her TDN requirements.

OVERFEEDING UNDERFEEDING

Dystocia$$$$

Energy ketosis (pregnancy toxemia)Calcium milk fever

Weaker lambs and kidsHigher neonatal mortalityQuantity and quality of colostrum (first milk)colostrum (first milk)Less milk production

Poorer performance of lambs and kids.

Fewer secondary follicles in offspring fiber production



Highest nutrient requirements ($$$)requirements ($$$)

Energy + protein

Save highest quality forage for lactation diet.

Nutrient requirements▪ Young > matureYoung > mature▪ Twins > singles▪ Triplets > twins▪ Accelerated > annual▪ Dairy > non‐dairy▪ Parlor milked >

Type (twin‐bearing) Weight DMI TDN CP

Dairy doe (avg. producer) 132 lbs. 6.6 ( 5.0%) 5.25 (80.0 %) 1.39 (21.0%)

General rule of thumb is to feed 1 lb. of grain for each lamb a ewe is

Doe 132 lbs. 3.85 (2.91%) 1.98 (51.4%) 0.54 (14.2%)

Ewe 176 lbs. 4.73 (2.69%) 3.3 (69.8%) 0.89 (18.8%)

Dairy ewe 176 lbs. 7.15 (3.80%) 4.42 (61.8%) 1.10 (15.3%)

Feed meat goat does 1 lb. of a 16% CP ration per dayeach lamb a ewe is

nursing.

1 lb. of grain per day to ewes nursing lambs on pasture.

day.

Feed 1 lb. of concentrate for each 3 lbs. of milkproduced.



NEWBORNNEONATAL PRE‐WEANING POST‐WEANING

SLAUGHTERANIMALS

REPLACEMENTS

Colostrum – first milkfirst 12 24 hoursfirst 12‐24 hours

▪ Energy, fat, and protein▪ Vitamin A▪ Antibodies

[Large protein molecules]▪ Immunoglobulins (IgG)▪ Laxative

Lambs and kids should Lambs and kids should consume colostrum within 30 minutes of the birth (ideally) and 10% of the body weight in their first 24 hours of life.



SUPPLY BEHAVIOR

L b d kid i h i Females vary in the quality and quantity of colostrum they produce.

Older ewes > younger ewesGrain‐fed > no grain fed

Lambs and kids vary in their suckling ability and intake of colostrum.Ewe bonding behavior affects colostrum intake.

Cull females with poor bonding behavior and those that produce insufficient or thick colostrum.

Do not keep lambs or kids that require tube or bottle feeding.

For the first several weeks, all a lamb or kid needs is its mother’s lamb or kid needs is its mother s milk.

Lamb and kids will start to nibble on solid food soon after birth.

By the time they are 4 to 6 weeks of age, they could be getting as much as 50% of their

i f h nutrients from sources other than milk.

Pre‐weaning diet will affect rumen development.

Starter grain > Hay > Pasture



WHO? WHY?

Early‐born lambs and kids

Lambs and kids born in accelerated lambing and kidding programs

Artificially reared lambs and kids

Early‐weaned lambs and kids.

Ease stress at weaning.Improve growth rate.Enhance rumen development

In flocks and herds, where there are lots of multiple births and milk could be a limiting factor.

On farms where pasture is a limited resource.

Set up a creep area in barn or on pasture by the barn or on pasture by the time most of the lambs or kids are 10 days old.

Create barrier that allows entry of lambs or kids, but prevents ewes and lambs from and lambs from entering.

Area should provide easy access, be well‐lit, and be clean and dry.



FreshPalatablePalatable

17 to 20 percent CPLower for older lambs, kids2:1 Ca:P ratioAll‐natural proteinHighly digestibleSmall particle sizeExample rations:Example rations:

1. cracked corn + soybean meal2. Starter pellet

Always availableGood feeder design

Set up a barrier that ll f l b allows entry of lambs or

kids, but not ewes or does.

Forage in creep area must be superior to forage in non‐creep forage in non creep area.

Forage in creep area must be high quality.



Market Replacements

Pasture

Weaning Market animals

Dry lot

PASTURE COMBINATION HIGH CONCENTRATE

Late bornLate weaningLow to moderate growth potentialHigh quality pasture

Moderate growth potentialZero grazingFree choice hayLimit feed grain

Mixed rations

Early bornEarly weanHigh growth potentialDairyZero grazingHigh energyp

Creep grazing (?)Supplemental feeding (?)

Mixed rationse.g. whole grain

High energySelf‐feed grain

Pelleted rationLimit feed hayMaximum gain



Separate from market animals

Grow no more than 50 to 75% of the maximal rate of gain.

Good forageGood forage + 1 lb. of grain (lambs)Good forage + 0.5‐1% of BW of grain (kids)

Frame development more i t t th fi i h

Target weights60 ‐70 % of mature weight for breeding75% of mature weight at 12 months

important than finish.

Fast growth and unnecessary fat disposition may be detrimental to mammary development.

Exception: full‐feed dairy ewes (WI)

During most of the year, forage (hay pasture or forage (hay, pasture, or browse) will meet the nutritional requirementsof most mature rams and bucks.

Supplement rams and bucks with concentrates bucks with concentrates if necessary to maintain body condition.

Free choice minerals



Rams and bucks should be in d b d di i ( ) good body condition (3‐4) at

the time of breeding.

Feed grain as needed to condition rams and bucks.Continue feeding grain during breeding season.Feed ram lambs and bucklings through breeding season to

Most males will lose body condition during the breeding season (some, a lot).

through breeding season to allow for growth and breeding activity.

Feed rams and bucks after breeding season to gradually recover body condition lost during breeding season.

Evaluate the adequacy Evaluate the adequacy of previous feed supply.

Determining future feed requirements.

Accessing the health status of individual animals.



Index of 1‐5 usually for sheep and goats

1. Emaciated2. Thin3. Average4. Fat5. Obese

Score by feeling for fat and/or muscle over the backbone, ribs, spine, and loin.

Ewes and doesAlways, 2‐4Never, 1 or 5

Breeding, 3Late gestation, 3Lambing, 3+gWeaning, 2

Rams and bucksPre‐breeding, 3‐4



Protein (CP)Meat balls

VitaminsCheese topping

Energy (TDN)Pasta

MineralsSauce

Next webinar –Thursday, 2/2, 7:30 p.m. ESTTopic: Ration balancing w/Willie Lantz

Thank you for your attention.

Any questions?

Susan [email protected]

www.sheepandgoat.com

Nutrional management

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