Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor...
-
Upload
clifton-simpson -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
2
Transcript of Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor...
![Page 1: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nutrient Requirements of Nutrient Requirements of Beef CattleBeef Cattle
![Page 2: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Theorem of the 7 P’s
• Prior
• Proper
• Preparation
• Prevents
• Poor
• Production
• Performance
![Page 3: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Unique Ruminant Animal• Ruminants have a four compartment stomach
and are able to digest fiber. • This is an important consideration when
attempting to convert fiber products into a usable food-source for humans.
• Four Compartments Include:1. Reticulum2. Rumen3. Omasum4. Abomasum
![Page 4: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The RumenOne of the coolest places on earth
![Page 5: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Beef Cow’s Assignment
• Our expectation of a productive cow– Maintain her body weight / condition– Deliver a live calf without difficulty– Come into heat promptly– Conceive early in the breeding season– Nourish a developing fetus– Adequately nurse the calf through to weaning
![Page 6: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cow Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement
The Basic, Complicated Nutritional Equation:
![Page 7: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Defining the Situation• What is the overall objective of the feeding /
supplementation program– Extend the forage base– Meet nutritional deficiencies– Alter cow production
• You have to know where you want to go before you can get there.
![Page 8: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Basic Required Nutrients
WaterProtein
MineralsVitamins
FatsEnergy
![Page 9: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Water• Water is the most critical nutrient in ALL
livestock production:– Clean– Fresh– Consider semi-routine analysis:
• Microorganisms• Chemicals
• To ensure availability and control contamination of waterways, it is best to provide cattle with water derived from a well.
![Page 10: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Energy• Energy is derived from digestion of feedstuffs
– Fiber– Protein– Starch– Fat
• TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy • Net energy assigns the proportion of that feedstuff
which meets– Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation
• Common sources of energy include:forage (hay) citrus pulpmolasses grain byproductsfat
![Page 11: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Energy• Energy (TDN)
– Major “nutrient” required by cattle
– Main driver for production• Growth• Reproduction• Lactation
– Direct relationship between TDN and quality of feedstuff
– Low quality feed = low energy and low intake
Feed % TDN
Bahiagrass Hay
51
Alfalfa Pellet
59
Soybean Hulls
70
Molasses 72
Soybean Meal
84
Corn 88
![Page 12: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Energy Supplementation• Main driver of BCS• Reasons for use:
– Reduce forage consumption
– Meet energy demands
– Diet selection allows
![Page 13: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Energy Supplementation Considerations
• Begin feeding before it is too late• Response improves with long term low level
supplementation• Feeding low levels of energy (w/out adequate
diet protein) decreases overall energy intake• High starch supp. decreases fiber digestibility
(Negative Associative Effects)
![Page 14: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Energy Supplementation Considerations
• Usually contain < 20% CP• Do not feed energy when high CP supplement
will improve performance• Grain is a substitute for forage• High starch supp. work best with moderate to
high quality forage
![Page 15: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Protein• Ruminant protein requirements are met by:
• Diet• Rumen microbes• Recycling of urea
• Ruminants are able to utilize “microbial- protein”, derived from microbes, which live in the rumen.
• Common protein sources include:– Forage, Oilseed Meals, Grain By-products, Feather
Meal
John Arthint5)
![Page 16: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Protein Supplementation• Increases forage dry matter intake and
digestibility• Critical level:
• forage CP < 7% or• TDN:CP is >7 (51% TDN: 5% CP)
• Correct protein type is essential– Non-protein nitrogen– Natural protein
– Ruminal Degradable Protein (DIP)– Ruminal Undegradable Protein (UIP)
![Page 17: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Natural Protein• Soybean, cottonseed, feather meal, distillers
grains, other forages: ryegrass, perennial peanut
• Animal performance: natural>NPN• Supplies DIP, UIP, energy, and other nutrients• Proportions of DIP and UIP vary and can affect
use and performance in given situation
![Page 18: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Natural Protein Considerations• Utilization: similar
among classes of animals– Use with younger
animals with increased requirements
• Fed as dry or additive in liquid feeds
• Supplies N to rumen for microbes and protein to animal
![Page 19: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Non-Protein Nitrogen• Synthetic (Urea, Biuret) chemical compounds that contain
a nitrogen source not associated with protein.• Improvement in performance compared with no
supplementation.• Utilization rate may be reduced because of decreased
forage digestibility potential.• Lacks energy, vitamins, and minerals.
• Urea is a common NPN source used in cattle supplements.
• Rumen microbes are able to use NPN to synthesis microbial protein.
![Page 20: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NPN Considerations• Management Issues
– Mature cows consuming forage of adequate quality can use NPN as an economic substitute to natural protein.
– Better performance in older cows than young/growing cows.
– Young and low body condition cattle will experience improved performance with the use of natural protein.
• Potentials for toxicity• Requires a carrier that supplies energy• Success of utilization depends on adequate ruminal
energy for microbes• Liquid Feeds (Molasses)
– Provide carbohydrates for bacterial energy to utilize NPN.
![Page 21: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation
• Vitamin-Mineral deficiencies cause problems regardless of protein/energy
• Deficiencies in forage– especially low quality– fast-growing and/or winter annuals
• Other supplements may alter mineral availability in forage
• Efficacy of all other supplementation depends on vitamin/mineral adequacy
![Page 22: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mineral Supplementation
• Minerals– Forage most important
contributor– Macro-minerals
• > 1 gram/day– Micro-minerals
• < 1 gram/day– Essential for basic
physiological processes– Many forage sources are
deficient in multiple minerals
Macro Micro
Potassium Copper
Magnesium Iron
Sodium Manganese
Sulfur Zinc
Phosphorus Cobalt
Calcium Iodine
Selenium
![Page 23: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Vitamin Supplementation
• Vitamins– Water-soluble– Fat-soluble– Ruminants synthesize water
soluble vitamins– Fat-soluble vitamins often
supplemented– Vitamin A
• Low quality, hay, or frosted forage when consumed for >2 months
Water Fat
Thiamine (B1) Vit. A
Riboflavin (B2) Vit. D
Niacin Vit. E
Biotin Vit. K
B6
B12
Pantothenic Acid
Folic Acid
![Page 24: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What affects cow nutrient requirements
• Nutrient requirements differ:– Age– Level of production– Current and/or desired body
condition– Breed– Physiology
• Lactation• Gestation
– Pasture activity– Terrain– Pest load– Feed Additives
• Ionophore– Environment
• Temperature• Season
![Page 25: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Effect of Time on Requirement Cycles in Beef Cows
Calve
Wean
![Page 26: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Energy/Protein Requirement Cycles in Beef Cows
![Page 27: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Comparison of Cow vs Heifer Energy Requirement
![Page 28: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Nutrient Requirement Cycles and Pasture Characteristics
January
![Page 29: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Months Needing Energy/Protein Supplementation to Meet Requirements –
Grazing Bahiagrass
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Maintenance X X
Lactation X X X X
Gestation X X X X X X X
![Page 30: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Assessing Effectiveness of Nutrition
![Page 31: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
How to tell if cattle are getting adequate nutrition
• Body Condition Score• Estimation of body fat• Gauge effectiveness of
feeding program• Decision tool to
determine future feeding needs
• Scale of 1 to 9• Most Florida cows score
from 3 to 7– BCS 3 = 7 to 9% fat.– BCS 5 = 15 to 18% fat.– BCS 7 = 25 to 27% fat.
![Page 32: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cow Body Condition Score
• Body condition score is the best measure of past nutritional status and a good indicator of future reproductive performance.
• 5 is the magic number!5 is the magic number!
![Page 33: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Supplementation• Feeding the cow herd is the largest cost area
in beef enterprises, approx 45-50% of annual maintenance cost
• Stored or supplemental feeds constitute the largest, most variable portion
• Designing supplementation program correctly is a must
![Page 34: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Final Remarks
• Underfeeding the cow herd before or after calving really affects 2 calf crops, this year’s and next year’s.
• THE MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT IS THE ONE THAT IS MISSING!
![Page 35: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Theorem of the 7 P’s Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Production Performance.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649ce05503460f949aaa6f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
QuestionsQuestions