Nutrient Management
description
Transcript of Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management 2010 ND Feedlot School
Chris AugustinCarrington Research Extension Center
Nutrient Management Specialist701-652-2951
AFO Rules
• Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) Definition– Animals have been, are, or will be stabled or
confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period, and
– Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility.
AFO Rules• Number of Animals–CAFO• >1,000 Cattle
–Medium AFO• 300-999
– Small AFO• <300
Compliance Concerns
• Permits– CAFO—Yes, NDPDES permit – Medium AFO—Permit if• The facility is within ¼ mile of surface water• Or impacting waters of the state.
– Small AFO—if state determines impacting waters of the state
Compliance Concerns
• Nutrient Management Plan–CAFO—Yes. Submit to NDDoH–Medium or Small AFO• Yes, if permit required and manure is
applied daily or to frozen ground; soil test levels reveal high P levels or NDDoH requests a copy
Compliance Concerns
• Recordkeeping Requirements– CAFO—Retained for 5 years • Weekly inspection of water pollution control
structures and liquid level of liquid manure storage structures• Daily inspection of water lines• Mortality management• Copy of manure storage structure designs• Date, time and volume of any overflows
Compliance Concerns
• Permits are good for 5 years• 180 days before expiration, renewal shall be
submitted• A permit may be transferred with proper
notification to the NDDoH.
NMPs Need• Manure transfer in last year• Acres available for land application• Summary of discharges in previous years• Type of livestock• # of days/year on site• Estimate of manure production• Duration of manure storage• Map of application and mark sensitive areas• Crop rotation• Soil/manure test results• Recommended fertilizer rates
• North Dakota Livestock Program Design Manual
Acreage Requirements
• The more cattle, the more the acres needed but not a magic cows/acre number
• Crop rotation and soil test levels have huge impact on acres needed and future use of those fields for manure
• Corn performs well on manure fertilized fields
Manure Nutrient Balancing• Type of livestock– 700 Finishing Beef
• # of days/year on site– 365
• Estimate of manure production – Beef Feeding Operation Siting and Design Basics (NM-1155)
– 64 lbs/day = 8,176 tons/year– 16 lbs N/ton = 130,816 lbs N/year – 7.1 lbs P/ton = 58,050 lbs P/year – 14.5 lbs K/ton = 118,882 lbs K/year
• 145lbs N/14 ton Corn Silage =452 acres– 18 tons/acre, 128lbs P/acre
Prioritizing Fields• Soil fertility– Apply N for crop needs– Monitor PI– Do not apply manure on fields 125 ≥ ppm P
• Crop sequence• Proximity to neighbors– Be courteous about timing– Incorporate w/in 24 hours of application
• Proximity to surface waters– At least 100ft away from surface waters unless 35ft
buffer strip or if buffer is deemed not necessary
Map of Application and Sensitive Areas
Livestock Unit
Map
of A
pplic
ation
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Field 4
Field 21
Field 22
Field 23
Field 24
Field 11
Field 12
Field 13
Field 14a
Field 14b
15
19
18
17
16 20
Butts
Field 7
Field 6
Field 5
8
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
P9 P10
Q1 Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7A Q7B Q7C
Q8
Q9Y
Q9A
Q9B
Q9C
Q9D
Q9E
Q9F
Q9H
Q9G
NCREC
Livestock Unit
Livestock Unit
CREC
Field 1
Field 17 & 16
Field 14a
Fie
ld 14b
N
Map
of A
pplic
ation
N
1,176ft
1,000ft
750ft
1,140ft Flag 1= 3 field lengths/load
Flag 3= 4 field lengths/load
2 field lengths/load for longest field length
CREC Livestock Unit
Record Keeping -24 Hours
Before Application-
-During Application-
-After Application-
Date Applied
Acres Applied
Field ID
Rate (t/ac)
Manure
Type
Total Manur
e N
(lbs/t)
Total
Manure
P (lbs/
t)
Total N
Applied
(lbs/ac)
Total P
Applied (lbs/ac)
Wind Directi
on and
Speed
Mean Temp
Wind Direction
and Speed
Mean
Temp
Wind Directi
on and
Speed
Mean
Temp
10/26/2009
35.0
Southern
2/3rds of
Field 1
39.7Bedded
Beef Feedlot
11.8 8.4 468.9 33.8
310O 5.1 41 202O 9.1 41 169O 8.3 43
10/27/2009 169O 8.3 43 279O
5.5 40
10/28/2009 279O 5.5 40 352O 8.9 36
11/2/2009
22.0
14b/East Half of
14a
15.0Composted Beef Feedlot
8.0 14.0 120.0 210.0
302O 10.7 38 299O 9.9 33 172O
7.7 32
11/3/2009 172O 7.7 32 278O
7.7 32
Soil Test TrendsLong-term issue of N and P
management– Crops need 3 units of N for every
unit of P– Manure has near 1:1 ratio of N:P
--------------------lbs/ton--------------------Solid Manure Type Total N P2O5 K2O NH4 NO3
Beef (142 Samples) 16.0 7.1 14.5 0.8 0.6Beef Range 6.7 - 64.8 1 - 21.6 0.9 - 63.2
Data collected from NDSU Soil Testing Lab.
Typical Manure Analysis --------------------lbs/ton--------------------Solid Manure Type Total N P2O5 K2O NH4 NO3
Beef (142 Samples) 16.0 7.1 14.5 0.8 0.6Beef Range 6.7 - 64.8 1 - 21.6 0.9 - 63.2Composted Beef (10 Samples) 16.6 13.0 14.3Composted Beef Range 8- 36 5 - 20.2 9 - 19.8Sheep (3 Samples) 22.0 14.2 40.8Turkey (92 Samples) 44.3 41.6 27.4Equine (5 Samples) 9.4 9.9 24.9 ----------------lbs/1000gallons----------------Liquid Manure Type Total N P2O5 K2O NH4 NO3
Swine (17 Samples) 21.9 12.5 13.2 12.8 1.5Swine Range 10.6 - 41.1 1.2 - 85.5 5 - 23.5Dairy (19 Samples) 19.5 6.7 12.5 9.6 0.1
Dairy Range 8 - 40 0.2 - 14.2 1.7 - 24.2
Beef Containment Pond (7 Samples) 2.3 1.7 11.2 0.3 0.1Swine Containment Pond (3 Samples) 4.7 1.1 8.0Dairy Containment Pond (2 Samples) 3.3 0.5 3.3 Data collected from NDSU Soil Testing Lab.
• 50% Total N Mineralized1st Year• 80% Total P Mineralized 1st Year• 90% Total K Mineralized 1st Year
• 20% Total N Mineralized1st Year• 30% Total P Mineralized 1st Year• 30% Total K Mineralized 1st Year
Manure Compost
Sampling Manure
•Collect 10-15 subsamples•Mix •Package•Account for differences•Animals, Storage Facilities, Age
•Keep samples cool/freeze
Manure/Soil TestersNDSU Soil Science Department
http://www.soilsci.ndsu.nodak.edu/services/Testing/soiltesting/soiltesting.html701-231-9589
Agvisehttp://www.agviselabs.com/701-587-6010
DHIAhttp://www.stearnsdhialab.com/800.369.2697
Manure Test Cost $22-50Soil Test Cost $10-40
lbs of Manure on Sheet x 21.8Plastic Sheet ft2
Sheet Method
Tons/acre=
•8’ x 2’ 8.75”•7’ x 3’ 1.25”•6’ x 3’ 7.5”•5’ x 4’ 4.25”
Materials•Bucket, Scale, Sheet
•Weigh empty bucket and sheet•Lay out the sheet
•Anchor sheet
•Measure square feet of sheet
•Record tractor gear, engine RPM, and spreader settings•Apply the manure
•Weigh the manure covered sheet in the bucket
Pen Surface Management• Pen Surface Management often overlooked– Muddy pens can decrease gains by 10%
• From an odor and manure mgt. standpoint the most important
• Scrape the pens and stockpile manure in convenient location
• If maximizing pen space—scrape pen surface at least every 10 days
Pen Surface ManagementIf it is not practical to scrape every 10 days, the operator should consider a higher frequency of scraping under these conditions:•when wet lot conditions are anticipated (i.e. in spring) reduces odor •when dry lot conditions are anticipated (i.e. mid- to late summer) reduces dust•Scrape manure accumulation areas (i.e. waters and feed bunks)•Scraping pens periodically can save 50% of the N
Spring Thaw Maintenance
• Monitor system.• Review Operations and
Maintenance.• Notify NDDoH if there is a
spill.
Spring Thaw Maintenance
• Pump containment pond in the fall.
• Pile snow outside containment area.
• Clear snow and ice frozen pipes, culverts, and solid separator.
Containment Pond Management• Monitor pond levels• Pull water from the middle.• Direct discharge in areas
where environmental impact is minimal.
• Spread water over large grass/hay land area.
Containment Pond Management• Pull water from the middle.• Direct discharge in areas
where environmental impact is minimal.
• Spread water over large grass/hay land area.
Mortality Management
• NDCC 36-14-19• Animals are considered to die of a
contagious disease until another cause of death is apparent.
• Must be managed w/in 36 hours
• Rendering• Incineration• Burial• Composting• Consult NDDoH
Mortality Management
Mortality Management Burial
• Deeper than 4ft• At least 4ft above water table• 200ft from water• In fine textured soils• Mound soil to shed precipitation
Mortality Management Composting
• Area that drains, but into water of the state• Area not prone to leaching• Natural decomposition• Does not attract rodents• End result is a pathogen free, soil like
product with bones that shatter
Mortality Management Composting
•Surround dead animal with >12 inches of bulking agent (straw or sawdust)•Maintain moisture content of bulking agent•Aerobic microbes work on carcass•Odorous gases diffuse into bulking agent where aerobic composting takes over
Managing Microorganisms•Indigenous populations of fungi and bacteria will start to decompose the carcass.
•Its YOUR job to take care of microorganisms.• Maintain ~50% water• Aerobic Conditions• Hot Temperatures
Selecting Bulking Material•Rich in Carbon•Airy material•Won’t blow away
C:N Ratios of Composting Materials
Rynk et al., 1992
Material C:N Ratio Material C:N Ratio
Cattle Manure 19:1 Poultry Carcass 4:1
Cattle Carcass 10:1 Sawdust 442:1
Corn Silage 40:1 Sheep Manure 16:1
Corn Stalk 68:1 Swine Carcass 14:1
Dairy Manure 20:1 Swine Manure 12:1
Grass Clippings 17:1 Turkey Litter 16:1
Horse Manure 30:1 Wheat Straw 127:1
Leaves 54:1 Wood Chips 600:1
Dept. of Agricultural & Biosytems Engineering, Iowa State University
Laying Carcasses
•Lay bulking material on pad floor
•Lay carcass on bulking material
•Cover carcass with more bulking material
•Monitor pile temperatures and moisture
6/10/2
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00940
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150
160Temps of Calf Composting
Tem
pera
ture
OF
•Turn piles once temps 120OF•Continue monitoring piles•Turn again
Cost Analysis of Manure Fertilizer
•46-0-0 = $415/ton•82-0-0 = $470/ton•11-52-0 = $500/ton•0-0-60 = $465/ton•$64/25 tons Manure•Manure Analysis •7-7-10/ton
46-0-0 (N)82-0-0 (N)
11-52-0 (P)0-0-60 (K)
Manure (N)Manure (P)
Manure (K)0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Cost of Various Fertilizers
Nutrient Source
Dol
lars
per
Pou
nd o
f Nut
rient
Spring Wheat Response of Fall vs. Spring Applied Manure
•2008 and 2009•Applied 150lbs of N from manure (50%
mineralization) and urea•Conventional Till•Spring and Fall application
Check UreaFall Manure
Spring Manure0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30 c
48 a45 ab
40 b
Wheat Yield Over 2 YearsBu
shel
s
Check UreaFall Manure
Spring Manure13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
13.9 b
15.3 a
14.5 b
14.1 b
Wheat Kernel Protein Over 2 Years%
Pro
tein
•Yield = Urea (a) > Fall Manure (ab) > Spring Manure (b) > Check (c)
•Protein = Urea (a) > Fall Manure (b) > Spring Manure (b) > Check (b)
•Both growing season were not ideal for microbial action
•50% N mineralization should be adjusted for high N demands during early growth
Spring Wheat Response of Fall vs. Spring Applied Manure
Did the Manure Make Me Money?
•$4.20 Base Price•15.3% Protein = $5.70/bu •14.5% Protein = $5.40/bu•14.1% Protein = $4.95/bu•13.9% Protein =$4.80/bu
Check Urea Fall ManureSpring
ManureYield (Bu/ac) 30 48 45 40Fertilizer Cost ($N/lb) 0.00 67.50 16.50 16.50
$/bu 4.80 5.70 5.40 4.85
Gross ($) 141.00 273.60 243.00 198.00
Net ($) 141.00 206.1 226.50 181.50$ Gained ($ Treatment – $ Check)
0.00 62.10 82.50 37.50
More Info
• Nutrient Management News• www.ndsu.edu/nm • www.ag.ndsu.edu/extension• www.manure.umn.edu• www.health.state.nd.us/WQ/
AnimalFeedingOperations/AFOProgram.htm • http://ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu/
Conclusion• Follow NMP and ground truth soil and manure.• Calibrate spreader.• Maintain records.• Plan ahead.• Maintain your facility.• Manure is good for the soil, cost effective, and can
make you money.
Questions?