Nursuhaila Bt. Osman 173274

Sections 222-224

Old Words with New MeaningsThe Influence of JournalismChanges of Meaning

222:Old Words with New Meanings

Past Now

Skyline Horizon New York Skyline

Broadcast Seed Application to radio

Radiator Radiated heat or light

Steam heat

Cabaret Booth or shed; small drinking place

Type of nightclub

New phrase Take off, stand by, call up, kick off, sign off

Shift of transitivity of verb:

Transitive Intransitive

Transitive (need object):

“I kick the football”

Intransitive (does not need object):

“He transformed into a robot” or “I sing”

223:The Influences of Journalism

Newspapers and magazines spread the new words/phrases besides producing the new ones.

Their aim is to make their work more interesting by inserting the colloquial styles and slangs.

The magazines spread puns, rhymes, coinages, and hyphenated words.

224:Changes of Meaning

There are four categories in changes of meaning:

# Extension of meaning

# Restriction of sense

# Degeneration of meaning

# Regeneration of meaning

The receivers' prediction might be wider than the original idea.

Example: Lovely and great.

Extension of meaning

Restriction of sense

Usually, the meaning of the word we use depends on the situation. Though it has more than one meaning.

Example:Doctor

Forms of degeneration:

a) Original meaning is completely lost.

b) The original meaning is still there, but less favourable.

c) The words has changed; same meaning, but more delicate.

Degeneration of Meaning

Regeneration of Meaning

Slang Standard

Dr Johnson has recorded the words budge, coax, nonplus, shabby, stingy, squabble, tiff, touchy, and wobbly.

Thackery influenced the standardization of snob and sham.

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