COMPUTERS AND NURSINGChapter 1Overview of Computers and Nursing

Nursing Informatics• represents the transition of data and data information and knowledge into action• represents the practice, administration, community health, nursing education, and nursing research

applications• addresses other new applications such as international aspects or peripheral to the field such as legal,

consumer issues, or theoretical issues• A specialty that integrates

• nursing science, • computer science, • and information science

• to manage and communicate • data, • information, • and knowledge in nursing practice.

• facilitates the integration of data, information, and knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers in their decision-making in all roles and settings

• support is accomplished through the use of information structures, information processes, and information technology

The organizing framework for clinical information systems: critical knowledge as the critical factor

Chapter 2Historical Perspectives of Nursing and the ComputerMajor Historical Perspectives of Nursing and Computers

• Six Time Period• Prior to the 1960s• 1960s• 1970s• 1980s• 1990s• Post-2000

• Four Major Nursing Areas• Nursing Practice• Nursing Administration• Nursing Education• Nursing Research

• Standard Initiatives

• Nursing Practice Standards• Nursing Data Standards• Health Care Data Standards Organizations

Six Time Period

Prior to the 1960s

• image of nursing was improving• nursing practices and services

were expanding its scope and complexity

• the number of nurses was increasing

computers were initially used in health care facilities for basic business office functions

1960s

• nurse’s station in the hospital was viewed as the hub of information exchange

• the appropriate center for the development of the computer applications

• CRT terminals was introduced, online data communications, and real-time processing

• HIS was primarily developed to process financial transactions and serve as billing and accounting systems

1970s

• nurses recognized the computer’s potential for improving the documentation of nursing practice, the quality of patient care, and the repetitive aspects of managing patient care.

• several mainframe HISs were designed and developed, a few of which eventually became forerunners of a number of today’s systems

1980s

• the field of informatics emerged in the health care industry and nursing

• NI became an accepted specialty and many nursing experts entered the field

• PC emerged which made computers more accessible, affordable, and usable by nurses and other health care providers

• user-friendly and allowed nurses to create their own applications

1990s

• computer technology became an integral part of health care settings, nursing practice, and the nursing profession

• policies and legislation were adopted promoting computer technology in health care including nursing

• workstations are connected to networks(LAN)

• 1995 Internet was made more public with the introduction of emails.

Post-2000

CIS became more individualized in the EPR(electronic Patient Record) and EHR(electronic health record)

wireless point-of-care, serious considerations for open source solutions, regional database projects, and increased IT solutions targeted at all healthcare environments