NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
-
Upload
lionelchow1 -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
1/35
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
2/35
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the student shall be able to:
1. Define environmental hygiene.
2. State briefly evolution of Public Health in
healthcare system.
3. Discuss environmental conditions that affect the wellbeing of people.
4. Describe the role of environmental healthcare
providers in promoting good hygiene in the
community.
5. State the environmental health indicators used to
establish measures for key environmental issues.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
3/35
Introduction
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
4/35
21 st Century Health Challenges:
Can we all become healthy, wealthy, and wise ?
Dr. J. Koplan Director CDC 2000 A person born in 1900 could expect to live, on the average,
to the age of 45.
Today, life expectancy is nearly 80 years.
Of the 35 years of lifespan we have gained, about 5 havebeen attributed to advances in clinical medicine, and the
other 30 years to improvements in sanitation, health
education, the development of effective vaccines, and other
Public Health advances.
The retreat of the great lethal diseases was due, more tourban improvements, superior nutrition and Public Health
than to curative medicine.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
5/35
Historical Aspects ( Pioneers of Hygiene and
Public Health )
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
6/35
Johann Peter Frank
17451821
German physician:
- stress the importance of proper hygiene when plague and excrement
dumped on streets was a common sight in Europe's cities
- promotion of the smallpox inoculation, was able to vaccinate with
Edward Jenner's cowpox derived immunization during the 1800
smallpox epidemic
- A pioneer to the public health reformation - with topics such as
premarital sex education, suitable clothing for women, and protection
and care of illegitimate children
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
7/35
Systematic analysis of the health situation of labouring and
poor people
By his advocacy creation of Legal Framework: "The Public
Health Act"
"The Sanitary Revolution"
Sir Edwin Chadwick
(18001890)
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
8/35
John Snow ( 1815-1858)
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
9/35
Systematic Analysis of the epidemiology of
Cholera in London Demonstrating water transmission of the
cholera only by epidemiological methods
John Snow ( 1815-1858)
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
10/35
Max von
Pettenkofer(18811901)
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
11/35
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
12/35
Florence Nightingale
18201910
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
13/35
Florence Nightingale
Value of basic training in nursing care
In Crimean war evidence by surveillance methods
of the importance of nosocomial infections and the
tremendous efficacy of hygiene in reducing
hospital infections
Implementation of hygiene in nursing care and
domestic hygiene
Hygiene aspects in hospital planning and buildingand in organisation of the hospital
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
14/35
Louis Pasteur
(18221895)
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
15/35
Louis Pasteur
(18221895)
Scientific evidence of the role of microorganisms
for perishable food
Food preservation by heat ( pasteurisation)
Influencing the introduction of antisepsis in
surgery ( by Joseph Lister)
Introduction of methods to produce vaccines Scientific schools and network of Pasteur
Institutes
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
16/35
Robert Koch1843-1910
After Kochs proposal to install water filtration there was a sharp
and immediate decrease of child under 5 mortality rate to 2 % in
1893.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
17/35
Robert Koch 1843-1910
Scientific evidence of the causative role of a
range of pathogens for deadly infections (e.g.
anthrax, TB, cholera )
Basic methods for isolating microorganisms inclinical material and in the environment (water,
air, soil, food)
Evidence of water as vehicle of cholera and
typhoid fever by bacteriological methods
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
18/35
Robert Koch 1843-1910
Microbiological indicators for water quality and
the effectiveness of filtration in reducing not only
cholera but also child mortality
Network of Hygiene and BacteriologicalInstitutes for Health protection
Evidence based criteria for infection prevention,
control and legislation combined with a
tremendous influence on policy of Public Health
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
19/35
Environmental Hygiene
The environment is an epidemiological term that
refers to the surroundings, which may be
described as physical, biological and socio-
economic Physical or inanimate environment includes
geologic, geographic or climatic features;
Animate or biological includes trees, grasses,
flowers, animals as well as pathogenic parasites
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
20/35
Environmental Hygiene
Socio-economic environment is comprised of a
variety of elements, including the relationship of
people to other people
Hygiene is the science of health, its preservation
and the prevention of disease, the practice of
measures designed to attain and preserve
health.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
21/35
Environmental Hygiene
Environmental hygiene refers to activities aimed
at improving or maintaining the standard of basicenvironmental conditions affecting the well being
of people.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
22/35
Environmental Hygiene
These conditions include:
(1) clean and safe water supply
(2) clean and safe ambient air
(3) efficient and safe animal, human, and industrial waste
disposal
(4) protection of food from biological and chemical
contaminants, and
(5) adequate housing in clean and safe surroundings.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
23/35
Environmental Hygiene
Difference between occupational hygiene,
industrial hygiene and environmental hygiene:
- Occupational hygiene is practiced hygiene
within workplaces,
- Industrial hygiene is practiced hygiene within
industries,
- While environmental hygiene is practiced
hygiene in the community, or general population.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
24/35
Factors that influence health
Many factors influence health and some may have
both good and bad influences.
For example, surface water bodies can bebeneficial as they can supply water for domesticand agricultural work, may be used for fishingand recreation, and can create a pleasantenvironment.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
25/35
Factors that influence health
However, they can also be breeding areas forinsects and snails that transmit diseases such asmalaria, and dengue fever.
Pollution of water bodies by humans alsoincreases the risks to health.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
26/35
Factors that influence health
Factors that influence health can be grouped
as follows:
the environment
the awareness of individuals and communities
about health
personal hygiene
health care
disease
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
27/35
Environment
The environment includes both the physicalenvironment we live in and the social fabric of the
community, and both significantly influence health.
The physical environment plays an important role
in many ways. A clean environment helps preventthe spread of disease and may reduce depression.
Example??
-
-
Equally important are the home and social
environments. Example???
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
28/35
Awareness of health issues
The awareness of individuals about health is
fundamental to promoting a healthier village.
If people do not understand the causes of ill-
health and how they can improve their health
they cannot make decisions about investing
resources and time to improve their community,
or about lobbying for outside assistance.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
29/35
Awareness of health issues
Such awareness should be developed in all
areas that influence health because the different
influences are often interrelated.
Unless people accept that they need animproved environment, better personal hygiene
and better access to adequate health care,
investments aimed at improving health may
have only limited impact.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
30/35
It is also essential that community members are
aware that improvements in their environment or
hygiene need to be sustained to achieve long-
term improvements in their health.
Both community leaders and governments play
important roles in developing this awareness.
Awareness of health issues
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
31/35
Personal hygiene
Personal hygiene is essential both for improving
health
For example, if injuries and minor cuts are not kept
clean, they may become infected and lead tofurther health problems.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
32/35
Personal hygiene
And even though water supplies and sanitation
facilities may be constructed in a community,
unless people use these facilities properly and
wash their hands after defecation, store watersafely, bathe, and clean clothes and utensils
properly, diseases caused by poor water and
sanitation may still exist.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
33/35
Health care
All people suffer from disease at some point in their lives
and may need to seek medical advice and treatment.
Small children in particular may be prone to illnessesthat require treatment and there are several infectious
diseases for which immunisation is recommended (which
should be carried out or supervised by trained medical
staff).
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
34/35
Health care
In all cases, the health outcomes are profoundly affected
by whether health care facilities are available to the
people. Community leaders should therefore lobby national and
regional service providers to locate health care facilities
as close to communities as possible and preferably
within the community itself.
-
8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1
35/35
References Nies, M.A. (2007). Community / Public Health Nursing.
(4th ed). Saunders Elsevier
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2005). Foundations ofNursing in the Community: Community-OrientedPractice. (2nd ed). Mosby Elsevier