NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VENTILATIONIN THE STORAGE HALLS OF TRIPITAKAKOREANA AT HAEINSA TEMPLE IN CASE

OF BUILDING REARRANGEMENT

NAHMKEON HUR*, MYUNGSUNG LEE† and SUNGJIN YANG†

*Department of Mechanical EngineeringSogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea

†Graduate School, Sogang UniversitySeoul 121-742, Korea

Received 17 October 2010

Revised 7 December 2010

Haeinsa temple is famous for over 80 000 wooden printing blocks of Buddhist scriptures calledTripitaka Koreana and its storage halls, both of which have been registered as the world culturalheritages by UNESCO. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the ventilation °ow inthe storage halls of Tripitaka Koreana in the case of building rearrangement in Haeinsa temple.Three-dimensional °ow simulations were performed with the detailed geometry of all buildings inthe temple. The slatted windows on walls of the storage halls and Tripitaka Koreana stored in theshelves inside the storage halls were modeled in detail to predict reliable ventilation performance.A tree canopy model was also adopted to take into account of the e®ect of the forest surroundingthe temple. Wind velocities as inlet boundary condition were imposed from meteorological stat-istical data. The numerical results were obtained for the e®ects of the wind direction, wind speedand tree canopy model on the ventilation performance of the storage halls. It was shown from thenumerical results that the ventilation °ow distribution at the storage halls in the case of buildingrearrangement would not be signi¯cantly altered compared to that before rearrangement.

Keywords: Haeinsa temple; Tripitaka Koreana; storage halls; natural ventilation; °ow analysis;Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

1. Introduction

Haeinsa is a typical mountain temple in Korea

located at the altitude of 600m in Gaya Mountain.

Haeinsa temple is world famous for two historical

cultural properties.1 One is the oldest existing

wooden printing blocks of Buddhist scripture pro-

duced in 1251, consisting of 81 258 blocks called as

\Tripitaka Koreana". Other is the storage halls of

Tripitaka Koreana consisting of four buildings con-

structed in 1398, which have preserved Tripitaka

Koreana for over 600 years. Figure 1 shows all thebuildings in Haeinsa temple, and four buildings inthe bottom side of the ¯gure are the storage hallsthat have preserved Tripitaka Koreana to date.Though the Tripitaka blocks are made of wood thatis easy to be rotten, they have been well preserved asoriginal form in the storage halls for a long time.These invaluable cultural heritages, both TripitakaKoreana (National treasure No. 32) and the storagehalls (National treasure No. 52), have been regis-tered as the world cultural heritage by UNESCO.2

International Journal of Air-Conditioning and RefrigerationVol. 19, No. 4 (2011) 239�251© World Scienti¯c Publishing CompanyDOI: 10.1142/S2010132511000594

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Most previous studies on Tripitaka Koreana andthe storage halls have focused on the material typesand production methods of Tripitaka Koreana, orinside structures of the storage halls.3 Few exper-imental studies were conducted on the temperature,humidity and wind speed distribution inside thestorage halls to examine the environment of the sto-rage halls. Kim and his group evaluated the naturalventilation performance of the storage halls andcompared the results with new storage halls equip-ped with a mechanical ventilation system built in1975 for the purpose of relocating Tripitaka.4�6 Theresults showed that the old storage halls built 600years ago gave better overall ventilation perform-ance by the steady natural ventilation throughslatted windows than the new storage halls by themechanical ventilation. The new storage halls ven-tilated mechanically showed some stagnant regionswhich might cause problems in preserving TripitakaKoreana due to moisture. Soon after the study, itwas decided that Tripitaka Koreana would not berelocated to the new storage halls.

Some attempts have made to predict the naturalventilation °ow in the storage halls by using com-putational °uid dynamics (CFD). The authors'research group conducted three-dimensional (3D)°ow simulations to investigate the e®ect of theheight of the wall around the storage halls on thenatural ventilation performance.7 The resultsshowed that the present wall height was an optimalheight for the natural ventilation through the sto-rage halls. However, the computational domain inthis study included only a few buildings including

the storage halls in Haeinsa temple due to thelimitation of computational resources so that theventilation simulation could not be performed overthe entire temple and surrounding terrain.

Recently, a Buddhist statue enshrined in Haeinsatemple drew a public attention since the statue wasidenti¯ed as the oldest wooden statue produced inKorea, which was carved in 883.2 For the preser-vation of the statue, a new shrine called as \BiroJeon" was built near the storage halls in 2007. Forthis reason, the current building arrangement inHaeinsa temple is di®erent from Fig. 1 which rep-resents the old layout of Haeinsa temple (note thatthe Biro Jeon is not shown in the ¯gure). Due to theconstruction of Biro Jeon, four buildings near thestorage halls had to be relocated. The buildingrearrangement may a®ect the °ow ¯eld around thestorage halls and consequently the performance ofnatural ventilation in the storage halls, which is oneimportant function of the storage halls to preserveTripitaka Koreana.

Since the preservation of Tripitaka Koreanastrongly depends on the natural ventilation ofthe storage halls,4�6 the e®ect of the buildingrearrangement on the ventilation performanceshould be investigated. In the present study, 3D°ow simulations were conducted in order to inves-tigate the e®ect of the building rearrangement onthe ventilation performance of the storage halls dueto the construction of Biro Jeon. All the buildings inHaeinsa temple and the detailed terrain of GayaMountain were modeled in the computationaldomain. Wind direction and speed used as an inletboundary condition were taken from local meteor-ological reports. To consider the e®ect of the foreston the momentum decrease and turbulence increaseof air °ow, a tree canopy model was adopted. Withthese various parameters for reliable prediction, thee®ect of the building rearrangement on the venti-lation performance was ¯nally investigated to advisethe decision on the building rearrangement.

2. Numerical Methods

Figure 2 shows all the buildings in Haeinsa temple.The storage halls called as \Janggyeongpan Jeon"consist of four buildings such as \Sudara Jang",\Beopbo Jeon", \West Sagan Jeon" and \EastSagan Jeon". Most of Tripitaka Koreana has beenstored in two buildings of Sudara Jang and Beopbo

Fig. 1. Bird's-eye view of Haeinsa temple located in GayaMountain.1 Note that this picture was taken before buildingrearrangement.

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Jeon. Figure 2 also shows the buildings in thevicinity of the storage halls such as \Dokseong Gak",\Eungjin Jeon", \Myeongbu Jeon", \DaejeokgwangJeon", \Seonyeol Dang" and information center fortourist. These buildings are important for the ven-tilation performance of the storage halls since theycan a®ect the °ow stream coming to the storagehalls in the case of the south�southwest (SSW)

wind direction which is dominant in Gaya Mountainfrom the meteorological data.8

To simulate the natural ventilation of the storagehalls, the su±cient area of Gaya Mountain aroundHaeinsa temple was considered in the computationaldomain, and all the buildings in Haeinsa templewere also modeled in detail. The complex terrain ofGaya Mountain was discretized by a mesh gener-ation program.9 This program read the digitizedmap with contour lines of isoheights (see Fig. 3(a))and mapped the two-dimensional (2D) °at surfacemesh onto the digitized map to generate the ruggedsurface mesh (see Fig. 3(b)), which was then used toconstruct the 3D volume mesh (see Fig. 3(c)) abovethe rugged surface. An area of 970m� 970m wasconsidered for CFD simulations, and the upperboundary was set at 810m above the sea level asshown in the ¯gure. The symmetric condition wasimposed on the upper boundary with the assump-tion that this boundary was located far away fromHaeinsa temple, i.e., the °ow structure at the upperboundary might have minimal e®ect on the °ow¯eld in Haeinsa temple. At the inlet boundary of thecomputational domain, an average wind speed wasimposed from the available meteorological data in aperiod of 2002�2005.8

Figure 4 shows the hexahedral meshes of allbuildings considered in the computational domain.In order to resolve the °ow passing complex-shapedbuildings, ¯ner meshes were used near the surface ofbuildings and ground. The meshes of each buildingwere generated separately from the meshes of the°uid domain above the complex terrain for easiermesh generation. An arbitrary mesh coupling

Fig. 2. Plane view of Haeinsa temple showing an oldarrangement of buildings whose names are shown in table. Notethat the storage halls called as \Janggyeongpan Jeon" areconsisting of four buildings such as \Sudara Jang", \BeopboJeon", \West Sagan Jeon" and \East Sagan Jeon".

(a) (b)

Fig. 3. Preprocessing of CFD simulation to generate meshes of °uid domain wrapping Haeinsa temple on complex terrain: (a) CADmap of isoheight contours for an area of Gaya Mountain including Haeinsa temple and (b) 2D rugged surface mesh generated fromCAD data. Note that the 2D surface was extruded from sea level and (c) 3D volume mesh generated from the 2D rugged surface.

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technique10 was used to assemble these separatemesh domains. For reliable numerical prediction onthe natural ventilation of the storage halls, accuratedimension and shape of buildings were modeledbased on the architectural plan of Haeinsa temple.3

Inside of the storage halls was also modeled in detailincluding pillars, crossbeams and Tripitaka Koreanaas shown in Fig. 4(b). Since the slatted bars of thewindows were the most important factor of the°ow resistance which a®ects the natural ventilation,the exact location and shape of the slatted barswere adopted to the present numerical model (seeFig. 4(b)).

The °ow ¯eld in Haeinsa temple was numericallypredicted in the present study by solving the fol-lowing conservation equations of the momentum,turbulence kinetic energy ðkÞ and eddy dissipa-tion rate ð"Þ with a commercial CFD softwareSTAR-CD10:

@

@tð�uiÞ þ

@

@xjð�ujui � �ijÞ ¼

@p

@xi� Fi ; ð1Þ

@

@tð�kÞ þ @

@xj�ujk� �þ �t

�k

� �@k

@xj

� �

¼ 2�tEij � Eij � �"þ Fk ; ð2Þ

(c)

Fig. 3. (Continued)

(a) (b)

Fig. 4. Detailed view of the meshes for buildings in Haeinsa temple including the storage halls showing interior structures topreserve Tripitaka Koreana: (a) meshes of all buildings in Haeinsa temple. Note that ¯ner meshes are imposed to the buildings and(b) detailed meshes of the storage hall showing slatted windows for natural ventilation to preserve Tripitaka Koreana.

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@

@tð�"Þ þ @

@xj

�uj"� �þ �t

�"

� �@"

@xj

� �

¼ C1"

"

k2�tEij � Eij � C2"�

"2

kþ F" : ð3Þ

To take into account of the e®ect of the forest sur-rounding Haeinsa temple, a tree canopy model11 wasadopted by using the extra terms in the governingequations as follows:

Fi ¼ �Cfauiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiujuj

p; ð4Þ

Fk ¼ uiFi ; ð5Þ

F" ¼"

kCp"1Fk ; ð6Þ

where the extra term �Fi was added in themomentum equation, and the extra terms þFk andþF" were included in the k and " transportequations, respectively. The �; a and Cf are thefraction of area covered with trees, the leaf areadensity and the drag coe±cient for canopy,respectively. In the present study, the values pro-posed by Mochida et al.11 were used ðCp"1 ¼ 1:5;�Cfa ¼ 0:7Þ. A preliminary computation was con-ducted using the domain suggested by Mochidaet al.11 to verify the model as shown in Fig. 5(a).Figure 5(b) shows streamwise velocity pro¯les withdi®erent distances behind trees predicted by thepreliminary computation. In this ¯gure, the dotsymbols represent experimental measurement11 andthe solid lines denote results of the preliminarycomputation. As shown in the ¯gure, the results ofthe velocity pro¯le predicted by the tree canopy

model agree quite well with the experiment. Thisveri¯ed tree canopy model was applied in the pre-sent study where the height of trees was set as13�15m.

Figure 6 shows the building rearrangement due tothe construction of Biro Jeon. As shown in the¯gure, the information center was removed, andSeonyeol Dang was moved to the right-hand sidefrom its original location. Dokseong Gak, EungjinJeon and Myeongbu Jeon were also moved, and BiroJeon was built in the vacant area where the threebuildings originally occupied. Since the rearrangedbuildings were in the vicinity of the storage halls,they might alter the °ow distribution and venti-lation performance of the storage halls. The e®ect ofthe building rearrangement with various parameterssuch as wind direction, wind speed, tree canopymodel will be discussed in next section. Table 1shows the simulation cases with various parameterswhich can a®ect the ventilation performance of thestorage halls.

Total 7 500 000 computational cells were used inthe domain of Gaya Mountain including all thebuildings in Haeinsa temple. STAR-CD V3.2410 wasemployed to simulate the °ow ¯eld in Haeinsatemple. A steady incompressible full 3D Navier�Stokes equation was solved with standard k�"model for turbulence and the tree canopy model. Forthe simulation, parallel computations were per-formed by using a six CPUs Linux cluster withAMD Opteron 64 bit processor. Two days of com-putational time were spent to achieve a convergedsolution for a typical computation.

(a) (b)

Fig. 5. Veri¯cation of tree canopy model11 to take into account of the e®ect of the forest on the °ow ¯eld around Haeinsa temple:(a) schematic of the preliminary computation originally conducted by Mochida et al.11 and (b) streamwise velocity pro¯les withdi®erent distances behind trees. Note that circles denote experimental data11 and solid lines denote the numerical results predicted inthe present study.

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3. Results and Discussion

To evaluate the ventilation performance of the sto-rage halls, a volumetric °ow rate passing throughthe slatted windows was computed from the con-verged solutions. Figure 7(a) shows the outside ofthe storage halls with the slatted windows wherevolumetric °ow rate is predicted. Figure 7(b)shows the stored Tripitaka Koreana on the shelvesinside the storage halls. Tripitaka Koreana is placedin the storage halls in two ways; ¯rst, a main part ofTripitaka Koreana is placed in the middle of thestorage hall, and the rest of Tripitaka Koreana isseparately placed near the wall between adjacentslatted windows to make the air °ow through

Tripitaka Koreana as much as possible. The air°ows through the windows mainly on the front andrear walls of the storage halls. It is noted that thelocations of the slatted windows are denoted bynumbers from 1 to 15 on each front and rear wall asshown in Fig. 7(b).

From the meteorological reports,8 the dominantwind direction in Gaya Mountain is SSW followedby north�northeast (NNE). Figure 8 shows thee®ect of the wind direction on the ventilation °owdistribution through the windows of the storagehalls. In the ¯gure, negative volume °ow ratesindicate the ventilation °ow out of windows. Sincethe main gate of Sudara Jang is always open with noslatted windows or doors, the in°ow through themain gate on the front wall of Sudara Jang exhibitsthe highest ventilation °ow rate among thosethrough other windows. Since the window on thecentral part of the rear wall of Sudara Jang is of verysmall size compared to other slatted windows, theventilation °ow rate through this window isappeared to be nearly zero as shown in Fig. 8.

The air °ow in Sudara Jang showed oppositepatterns for SSW and NNE cases as expected;whereas, the air °ow in Beopbo Jeon showed similarpatterns for both cases. In the case of SSW winddirection, the air °ow passing through Sudara Jangwas predicted to enter through the windows on thefront wall and exit through the windows on the rear

(a) (b)

Fig. 6. Change of building arrangements due to the construction of Biro Jeon. Note that one building is removed, four buildings arerelocated and Biro Jeon is newly built: (a) old building arrangement before the construction of Biro Jeon and (b) new buildingarrangement after the construction of Biro Jeon.

Table 1. Simulation cases with various parameters that a®ectthe ventilation performance of the storage halls.

Caseno Wind direction

Windspeed(m/s)

Treecanopymodel

Buildingrearrangement

1 North�northeast 1 � �2 �3 South�southwest 1 � �4 �5 South�southwest 0.6 � �6 �7 South�southwest 1 � �8 �

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wall (see Fig. 8(a)). However, it was noted that apart of air °ow in Sudara Jang was appeared toenter through the windows of positions 2 and 3 onthe rear wall, which was the opposite direction of themain stream in SSW wind. In the case of NNE winddirection, the air °ow passing through Sudara Jangwas predicted to show opposite pattern compared to

SSW case as shown in Fig. 8(b). The air °ow inSudara Jang in NNE wind was predicted to enterthrough the windows on the rear wall and exitthrough the windows on the front wall. Beopbo Jeonshowed the similar °ow patterns for SSW and NNEwind directions; the air °ow was predicted to enterthrough the windows on the rear wall and exit

(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. Storage halls showing the locations of slatted windows. Note that arrows denote the location of slatted windows: (a) frontview of the storage hall and (b) plane view of the storage halls showing stored Tripitaka Koreana and locations of slatted windows.

(a)

Fig. 8. The e®ect of the wind direction on the ventilation °ow distribution of the storage halls: Sudara Jang (left) and Beopbo Jeon(right): (a) SSW and (b) NNE.

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through the windows on the front wall in both SSWand NNE cases. It was noted that the ventilation°ow rates in the window positions 1�5 of BeopboJeon in NNE case showed higher in°ow and out°owdue to the fact that the Beopbo Jeon was located inthe windward side of NNE wind.

From the meteorological reports,8 the averagewind speed was 1m/s in Gaya Mountain. To see thee®ect of the wind speed on the ventilation perform-ance, two di®erent wind speeds of 1m/s and 0.6m/swere considered with the ¯xed wind direction of

SSW. Figure 9 shows the ventilation distributions ofSudara Jang and Beopbo Jeon with di®erent windspeeds. The ventilation patterns were similarbetween the cases adopting di®erent wind speeds.However, the amount of ventilation °ow rate in thecase of 0.6m/s was decreased considerably com-pared to that in the case of 1.0m/s. Indeed, the air°ows through some windows on the front wall ofSudara Jang and most windows on the front wallof Beopbo Jeon were predicted to be nearly zero asshown in Fig. 9(b). This could lead to insu±cient

(b)

Fig. 8. (Continued)

(a)

Fig. 9. The e®ect of the wind speed on the ventilation °ow distribution of the storage halls: Sudara Jang (left) and Beopbo Jeon(right): (a) 1.0m/s and (b) 0.6m/s.

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ventilation in both buildings in the case of lowerwind speed.

Since Haeinsa temple is surrounded by the forest,the ambient air °ow loses its momentum and gainsturbulence intensity as °owing through trees. In thepresent study, the e®ect of the forest was consideredby using the tree canopy model.11 Figure 10 showsthe e®ect of the forest on the ventilation perform-ance of Sudara Jang and Beopbo Jeon. The windspeed and direction were set to 1m/s and SSW,respectively. In the case with the tree canopy model,

the ventilation °ow rates of both buildings werereduced due to momentum loss as °owing throughtrees, as shown in Fig. 10(b). Figure 11 shows thevelocity vector distribution of two cases with andwithout the tree canopymodel. The air °ow in the casewith the tree canopy model shows the gradual vari-ation of wind speed in space than the case withoutthe tree canopy model. This is due to the increasedturbulent mixing induced by the tree canopy model.

The objective of the present study was to inves-tigate the e®ect of the building rearrangement on

(b)

Fig. 9. (Continued)

(a)

Fig. 10. The e®ect of the forest on the ventilation °ow distribution of the storage halls: Sudara Jang (left) and Beopbo Jeon (right):(a) no e®ect of the forest was considered and (b) tree canopy model is adopted.

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the ventilation performance of the storage halls.Figure 12 shows the ventilation °ow distributions ofSudara Jang and Beopbo Jeon in the cases ofbuilding arrangements; before and after the con-struction of Biro Jeon. In both cases, the tree canopymodel was adopted, and the wind speed and direc-tion were set to 1m/s and SSW, respectively. Asshown in Fig. 12, the ventilation °ow distributions

predicted at the windows of Sudara Jang andBeopbo Jeon were very similar between the twocases. Figure 13 shows the integrated values ofventilation °ow rates on each side of the storagehalls, and the comparison of total ventilation °owrates between the two cases. As shown in the ¯gure,the ventilation °ow rate in the case of buildingrearrangement was increased slightly compared to

(a) (b)

Fig. 11. Variation of the °ow distribution near the storage halls due to the e®ect of the trees: (a) no e®ect of the forest wasconsidered and (b) tree canopy model is adopted.

(b)

Fig. 10. (Continued)

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that before rearrangement. However, the overallpattern of ventilation distribution of Sudara Jangand Beopbo Jeon was not changed signi¯cantly, asshown in Fig. 12.

Figure 14 shows the numerically predicted overallventilation performance for all simulation casesperformed in the present study. The overall venti-lation performance was predicted to be similarbetween the cases before and after the buildingrearrangement in the various simulation conditionssuch as the wind direction, wind speed and tree

canopy model. In the ¯gure, the ventilationperformance in the cases 1 and 2 with NNE winddirection shows the higher ventilation °ow rate thanthe cases 3 and 4 with SSW wind direction since theair °ow in NNE wind direction was going throughthe storage halls directly without passing otherbuildings. The cases 5 and 6 with the wind speed of0.6m/s shows the lowest ventilation performanceamong all cases. Indeed, at several windows ofSudara Jang and Beopbo Jeon, the ventilation °owrate was predicted to be nearly zero in the case of

(a)

(b)

Fig. 12. The e®ect of the building rearrangement on the ventilation °ow distribution of the storage halls: Sudara Jang (left) andBeopbo Jeon (right): (a) old building arrangement before the construction of Biro Jeon and (b) new building arrangement after theconstruction of Biro Jeon.

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lower ambient wind speed, which might lead toinsu±cient ventilation of the storage halls. To con-sider the e®ect of the forest on the °ow ¯eld aroundHaeinsa temple, the tree canopy model was adoptedin the cases of 7 and 8. The overall ventilation per-formance in these cases showed the lower ventilation°ow rates than those for the cases 3 and 4 which did

not adopt the tree canopy model due to momentumloss and turbulence generation as °owing throughtrees. For all the parameters considered in the pre-sent study, the ventilation °ow distributionsthrough the storage halls were similar to bothbuilding arrangements, before and after the con-struction of Biro Jeon.

0.237

1.270

2.359

0.09

0.39

0.3 0.16

0.01

0.15

0.412

1.052 11.6566.0681.100

18.824

0.623

0.4804.968

0.263

5.348

0.712

3m /s

Sudara Jang

Beopbo Jeon

Sudara JangBeopbo Jeon

Sagan JeonTotal

(a)

0.160

1.446

2.514

0.40

0.82

0.42 0.20

0.07

0.13

0.487

1.079 12.2446.4282.040

20.712

0.579

0.6075.383

0.213

5.515

0.689

3m /s

Sudara Jang

Beopbo Jeon

Sudara JangBeopbo Jeon

Sagan JeonTotal

(b)

Fig. 13. The e®ect of the building rearrangement on the ventilation °ow distribution through each side of the storage halls: (a) oldbuilding arrangement before the construction of Biro Jeon and (b) new building arrangement after the construction of Biro Jeon.

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4. Concluding Remarks

A 3D °ow simulation was conducted to investigatethe change in ventilation performance of the storagehalls which have preserved Tripitaka Koreana inHaeinsa temple on Gaya Mountain for the case ofbuilding rearrangement. A digital map of GayaMountain was used to model the actual complexterrain, and all the buildings in Haeinsa temple wereincluded in the computational domain. For reliablenumerical predictions, the detaileds shape of allbuildings in temple was modeled. Especially thestorage halls were modeled in detail including pil-lars, crossbeams, stored Tripitaka Koreana on theshelves and the slatted windows on the walls. Thetree canopy model was adopted to take into accountof the e®ect of the forest surrounding Haeinsa templeon the ventilation performance as the ambient °owloses its momentum and gains turbulence as °owingthrough trees. The results showed that the venti-lation °ow distribution at the storage halls in the caseof building rearrangement was not signi¯cantlyaltered compared to that before rearrangement.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National ResearchFoundation of Korea (NRF) grant No. 20090083510funded by the Korean government (MEST) throughMultiphenomenaCFDEngineeringResearchCenter.

References

1. Tour Resource DB (in Korean), Tourism KnowledgeInformation System, http://www.tour.go.kr.

2. Haeinsa temple, http://80000.or.kr/eng/main/.3. S. H. Lee (in Korean), Haeinsa Temple Architectural

Plan, Hansaem (1994).4. Y.-H. Kim (in Korean), 1st environmental study on

the new storage halls for Tripitaka Koreana inHaeinsa temple, Internal Report of the Society ofAir-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers ofKorea (1979).

5. Y.-H. Kim (in Korean), 2nd environmental study onthe new and the former storage halls for TripitakaKoreana in Haeinsa temple, Internal Report ofthe Society of Air-Conditioning and RefrigeratingEngineers of Korea (1979).

6. Y.-H. Kim (in Korean), 3rd environmental study onthe new and the former storage halls for TripitakaKoreana in Haeinsa temple, Internal Report of theSociety of Air-Conditioning and RefrigeratingEngineers of Korea (1980).

7. N. Hur, S. Jeong and T. G. Kim (in Korean),Analysis of natural ventilation °ow in the storagehall of Tripitaka Koreana at Haein temple, Proc.SAREK 1998 Winter Annual Meeting (1998),pp. 509�514.

8. Climate information data of Gaya Mountain during2002�2005, Korea Meteorological Administration,http://www.weather.go.kr/.

9. S. M. Chin, C. S. Won and N. Hur (in Korean), Thedevelopment of a mesh generation program usingcontour line data, J. Comput. Fluids Eng. 9 (2004)7�12.

10. Computational Dynamics Ltd., STAR-CD V3.24Manuals (2004).

11. A. Mochida, Y. Tabata, T. Iwata and H. Yoshino,Examining tree canopy models for CFD prediction ofwind environment at pedestrian level, J. Wind Eng.Ind. Aerodyn. 96 (2008) 1667�1677.

Fig. 14. Predicted overall ventilation performance of the sto-rage halls considering various parameters such as the winddirection, wind speed, tree canopy model and buildingrearrangement. Note that the overall ventilation performance incase of the building rearrangement is not signi¯cantly alteredcompared to that before the rearrangement.

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