NUITRIENT REQUIREMENTS NUITRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTENANCE AND FOR MAINTENANCE AND

PRODUCTION IN BROILERSPRODUCTION IN BROILERS&&

VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS

AND PRODUCTION IN AND PRODUCTION IN BROILERSBROILERS

SUBMITTED BYSUBMITTED BY

HAROON RASHID (557)HAROON RASHID (557) ZEESHAN HAIDER (558)ZEESHAN HAIDER (558) MUHAMMAD USMAN (559)MUHAMMAD USMAN (559) RAMEEZ SARWAR (560)RAMEEZ SARWAR (560) MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN (562)MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN (562) MUHAMMAD SALEEM (563)MUHAMMAD SALEEM (563)

BROILER BROILER

Poultry birds kept for meat purposes.Poultry birds kept for meat purposes.

They attain 1.5 kg body weight by They attain 1.5 kg body weight by consuming 3-4 kg feed within 6 weeks.consuming 3-4 kg feed within 6 weeks.

. . NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTSNUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS BroilersBroilers diets must be formulated to diets must be formulated to

provide all of the bird’s nutrient provide all of the bird’s nutrient requirements if optimum growth and requirements if optimum growth and production is to be achieved. production is to be achieved.

Classes of NutrientsClasses of Nutrients

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – the major source of energy – the major source of energy for broiler. Most of the carbohydrate in Broilers for broiler. Most of the carbohydrate in Broilers diets is provided by cereal grains. diets is provided by cereal grains.

FatsFats – provide energy and essential fatty acids – provide energy and essential fatty acids that are required for some body processes. that are required for some body processes.

Proteins Proteins – required for the synthesis of body – required for the synthesis of body tissue (particularly muscle), physiological tissue (particularly muscle), physiological molecules (such as enzymes and hormones), molecules (such as enzymes and hormones), feathers and for egg production. Proteins also feathers and for egg production. Proteins also provide a small amount of energy. provide a small amount of energy.

Classes of NutrientsClasses of Nutrients

VitaminsVitamins – organic chemicals (chemicals – organic chemicals (chemicals containing carbon) which help control body containing carbon) which help control body processes and are required in small amounts for processes and are required in small amounts for normal health and growth. normal health and growth.

MineralsMinerals - inorganic chemicals (chemicals not - inorganic chemicals (chemicals not containing carbon) which help control body containing carbon) which help control body processes and are required for normal health and processes and are required for normal health and growth. growth.

WaterWater: Required for the survival of life.: Required for the survival of life.

WaterWater

Water is of vital importance and is Water is of vital importance and is considered an essential nutrient. Water considered an essential nutrient. Water deprivation for ≥deprivation for ≥12 hr12 hr has an adverse has an adverse effect on growth of young poultry; water effect on growth of young poultry; water deprivation for deprivation for ≥36 hr≥36 hr results in a marked results in a marked increase in mortality of both young and increase in mortality of both young and mature poultry. mature poultry. Cool, clean water must be Cool, clean water must be available at all times.available at all times.

Protein and Amino acidsProtein and Amino acids

Poultry can synthesize glycine but often not in Poultry can synthesize glycine but often not in sufficient amounts.sufficient amounts. Cystine and tyrosine are Cystine and tyrosine are considered essential even though they can be considered essential even though they can be synthesized from methionine and synthesized from methionine and phenylalanine, respectively.phenylalanine, respectively.

In practical feed formulation, In practical feed formulation, Methionine can Methionine can spare choline as a methyl donor, and spare choline as a methyl donor, and tryptophan can be used to synthesize niacin.tryptophan can be used to synthesize niacin. These relationships are important because the These relationships are important because the 2 vitamins can be supplied in diets more 2 vitamins can be supplied in diets more economically than the 2 amino acids.economically than the 2 amino acids.

VitaminsVitamins One IU of One IU of VVitamin Aitamin A activity is equivalent to activity is equivalent to

1.3 µg of pure retinol. However, young chicks 1.3 µg of pure retinol. However, young chicks are not efficient in using β-carotene. are not efficient in using β-carotene.

Requirements for Requirements for VVitamin Ditamin D are expressed in are expressed in IU. Birds use vitamin D3 from fish oils and IU. Birds use vitamin D3 from fish oils and irradiated animal sterols quite effectively but irradiated animal sterols quite effectively but cannot use vitamin D2 . Metabolic forms of cannot use vitamin D2 . Metabolic forms of vitamin D have been isolated and synthesized; vitamin D have been isolated and synthesized; these are 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, which is these are 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, which is synthesized in the liver, and 1,25-dihydroxy synthesized in the liver, and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, which is synthesized in the vitamin D3, which is synthesized in the kidneys. kidneys.

Vitamin Vitamin CholineCholine is required as an integral part of the body is required as an integral part of the body

phospholipid, as a part of acetylcholine, and as a phospholipid, as a part of acetylcholine, and as a source of methyl groups. Growing chickens can source of methyl groups. Growing chickens can use betaine as a methylating agent, but betaine use betaine as a methylating agent, but betaine cannot replace choline in preventing perosis. cannot replace choline in preventing perosis. Betaine is widely distributed in practical feedstuffs Betaine is widely distributed in practical feedstuffs and may be important in sparing choline. Adequate and may be important in sparing choline. Adequate dietary vitamin B12 helps pullets develop the dietary vitamin B12 helps pullets develop the ability to biosynthesize choline. The choline ability to biosynthesize choline. The choline requirement values apply to diets containing the requirement values apply to diets containing the specified levels of vitamin B12.specified levels of vitamin B12.

Minerals Minerals The calcium requirement of laying hens The calcium requirement of laying hens

is difficult to define. Too much dietary is difficult to define. Too much dietary calcium interferes with the use of several calcium interferes with the use of several other minerals, as well as fat, and tends to other minerals, as well as fat, and tends to reduce palatability.reduce palatability.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF

BROILERSBROILERS Genetics Genetics Age Age SexSex Productive stateProductive state Ambient temperatureAmbient temperature Housing systemsHousing systems Health statusHealth status Production aims.Production aims.

Factors Affecting Nutrient Factors Affecting Nutrient RequirementsRequirements

GeneticsGenetics Different species, breeds or strains of bird have different Different species, breeds or strains of bird have different

average body sizes, growth rates and production levels and average body sizes, growth rates and production levels and will also absorb and utilise nutrients from feed with different will also absorb and utilise nutrients from feed with different levels of efficiency, leading to different nutrient requirements. levels of efficiency, leading to different nutrient requirements. As the genetics of commercial poultry is constantly changing As the genetics of commercial poultry is constantly changing so are their nutrient requirements. Consequently, breeders of so are their nutrient requirements. Consequently, breeders of commercial poultry provide information on the specific commercial poultry provide information on the specific nutrient requirements for the birds they sell. nutrient requirements for the birds they sell.

Age Age Nutrient requirements are related to both body weight and the Nutrient requirements are related to both body weight and the

stage of maturity. stage of maturity.

Factors Affecting Nutrient Factors Affecting Nutrient RequirementsRequirements

SexSex Prior to sexual maturity the sexes have only small Prior to sexual maturity the sexes have only small

differences in their nutrient requirements and males differences in their nutrient requirements and males and females can usually be fed the same and females can usually be fed the same “compromise” diet to achieve acceptable growth “compromise” diet to achieve acceptable growth rates. Differences in nutrient requirements are larger rates. Differences in nutrient requirements are larger following the onset of sexual maturity and following the onset of sexual maturity and significantly different diet formulations are then significantly different diet formulations are then required for each sex. required for each sex.

Reproductive stateReproductive state The level of reproductivity in broiler breeders and The level of reproductivity in broiler breeders and

sexual activity in males will affect nutrient sexual activity in males will affect nutrient requirements.requirements.

Factors Affecting Nutrient Factors Affecting Nutrient RequirementsRequirements

Ambient temperature Ambient temperature Poultry have increased energy requirements to maintain Poultry have increased energy requirements to maintain

normal body temperature in cold ambient temperatures and the normal body temperature in cold ambient temperatures and the opposite in hot ambient temperatures. The process of digestion opposite in hot ambient temperatures. The process of digestion of food produces body heat and the amount of heat produced of food produces body heat and the amount of heat produced will vary according to the nutrient composition of the diet. will vary according to the nutrient composition of the diet. This is called the heat increment of the diet. In cold This is called the heat increment of the diet. In cold temperatures it may be desirable to formulate a diet with a temperatures it may be desirable to formulate a diet with a higher heat increment and the opposite in hot temperatures. higher heat increment and the opposite in hot temperatures.

Housing system Housing system The type of housing system will influence the level of activity The type of housing system will influence the level of activity

of the birds and therefore their energy requirements. of the birds and therefore their energy requirements.

Factors Affecting Nutrient Factors Affecting Nutrient RequirementsRequirements

Health status Health status Birds experiencing a disease challenge may benefit Birds experiencing a disease challenge may benefit

from an increase in the intake of some nutrients, most from an increase in the intake of some nutrients, most commonly vitamins. commonly vitamins.

Production aims Production aims Optimal nutrient composition of the diet will vary Optimal nutrient composition of the diet will vary

according to production aims, such as optimising according to production aims, such as optimising weight gain or carcass composition, egg numbers or weight gain or carcass composition, egg numbers or egg size. Poultry that are raised for breeding purposes egg size. Poultry that are raised for breeding purposes may need to have their energy intake restricted to may need to have their energy intake restricted to ensure that they do not become obese.ensure that they do not become obese.

BROILER HOUSINGBROILER HOUSING

Site selection Site selection Barn construction Barn construction Manure SystemManure System Heating SystemHeating System Ventilation SystemVentilation System Feeding and Watering SystemFeeding and Watering System

Site SelectionSite Selection Regardless of the type of commercial poultry production being Regardless of the type of commercial poultry production being

considered, a relatively large building site is a key considered, a relatively large building site is a key requirement. Future expansion should always be considered. requirement. Future expansion should always be considered.

The proposed building site should be reasonably level to The proposed building site should be reasonably level to accommodate manure handling, and load out. Good drainge accommodate manure handling, and load out. Good drainge away from the building is also required. Depending on the away from the building is also required. Depending on the number of barns and the desired layout, space must be number of barns and the desired layout, space must be provided in the poultry yard for manure storage and between provided in the poultry yard for manure storage and between the barns for proper ventilation, fire safety and snow and wind the barns for proper ventilation, fire safety and snow and wind control. A distance of 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) is usually control. A distance of 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) is usually adequate and still practicle. adequate and still practicle.

A good water source that has both asequate quantity and A good water source that has both asequate quantity and quality is another criticle factor to consider in selecting a quality is another criticle factor to consider in selecting a building site. A well should have a capacity of 1 to 1 ½ building site. A well should have a capacity of 1 to 1 ½ gallons per minute per 10,000 birds and have total dissolved gallons per minute per 10,000 birds and have total dissolved solids of less than 2500 ppm. Nitrate and nitrites should be solids of less than 2500 ppm. Nitrate and nitrites should be less than 100 ppm and alkalininty should be less than 1000 less than 100 ppm and alkalininty should be less than 1000 ppm. ppm.

BARN CONSTRUCTIONBARN CONSTRUCTION Broiler barns are single or multi-storey barns constructed by Broiler barns are single or multi-storey barns constructed by

either the pole-frame or stud wall method. Today the most either the pole-frame or stud wall method. Today the most common types being constructed are two storey frame and common types being constructed are two storey frame and single storey stud frame. Both balloon and platform framing single storey stud frame. Both balloon and platform framing methods are used for two storey construction.methods are used for two storey construction.

Two or three storey barns are popular because of lower Two or three storey barns are popular because of lower construction costs and heat savings. Barn construction costs construction costs and heat savings. Barn construction costs can be reduced by about 15% per floor if a multi-storey barn is can be reduced by about 15% per floor if a multi-storey barn is built, and energy costs can be reduced as much as 20% to 50% built, and energy costs can be reduced as much as 20% to 50% depending on the age of the broilers. Most barns are 10.9 to depending on the age of the broilers. Most barns are 10.9 to 12.2 m (36 to 40 ft.) in width but some are 17 to 18.3 m (56 to 12.2 m (36 to 40 ft.) in width but some are 17 to 18.3 m (56 to 60 ft.) wide. 60 ft.) wide.

HEATING SYSTEMSHEATING SYSTEMS Heat in the broiler house comes from three different sources: Heat in the broiler house comes from three different sources:

from the birds themselves; from the heating sytem; and from from the birds themselves; from the heating sytem; and from lights, motors and solar heat. Broilers produce a significant lights, motors and solar heat. Broilers produce a significant amount of their own heat in the form of sensible heat that is amount of their own heat in the form of sensible heat that is useful in helping to maintain barn temperature in cooler useful in helping to maintain barn temperature in cooler weather. weather.

The heating system used in most broiler barns is a hot water The heating system used in most broiler barns is a hot water broiler and 50 mm (2 in.) black iron pipes which serve as the broiler and 50 mm (2 in.) black iron pipes which serve as the heat radiators. Water temeperatures of 93 to 98 C (200 to 208 heat radiators. Water temeperatures of 93 to 98 C (200 to 208 F) produce approximately 200 watts/m of pipe. The pipes are F) produce approximately 200 watts/m of pipe. The pipes are usually hung on one wall, running the length of the barn at usually hung on one wall, running the length of the barn at about 200 to 300 mm oc. about 200 to 300 mm oc.

VENTILATION SYSTEMSVENTILATION SYSTEMS

Ventilation confinement rearing places the Ventilation confinement rearing places the responsibility on the operator of providing his responsibility on the operator of providing his birds with a satisfactory air environment, birds with a satisfactory air environment, ideally within their “comfort zone”. This zone ideally within their “comfort zone”. This zone is dependant on the age and weight of the birds is dependant on the age and weight of the birds and is achieved by the proper temperature, and is achieved by the proper temperature, relative humidity, better moisture and air relative humidity, better moisture and air speeds for that group of birds.speeds for that group of birds.

FEEDING AND WATERING FEEDING AND WATERING SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

The usual feeding system used for broilers is the suspended automatic The usual feeding system used for broilers is the suspended automatic chain and trough feeder or the suspended automatic chain and pan feeder chain and trough feeder or the suspended automatic chain and pan feeder system. These systems normally make a complete circuit within the broiler system. These systems normally make a complete circuit within the broiler barn, ensuring that enough feeder space is available if the birds are on ftAl barn, ensuring that enough feeder space is available if the birds are on ftAl feed. If a restricted feeding program is used, additional feeder space has to feed. If a restricted feeding program is used, additional feeder space has to be provided. be provided.

Waterers are usually the hanging automatic bell type or the newer nipple Waterers are usually the hanging automatic bell type or the newer nipple style drinkers. The automatic trough type and the hanging water cups are style drinkers. The automatic trough type and the hanging water cups are also available for floor or cage reared broilers. An ample, clean source of also available for floor or cage reared broilers. An ample, clean source of water is required. Birds have no stomach so their water retaining capacity water is required. Birds have no stomach so their water retaining capacity is very low. They must drink freely and often as they require 0.9 to 1.4 is very low. They must drink freely and often as they require 0.9 to 1.4 kilograms (2 to 3 Ibs) of water to efficiently utilize 0.45 kilograms (1 lb) of kilograms (2 to 3 Ibs) of water to efficiently utilize 0.45 kilograms (1 lb) of feed. The water source should be low in minerals and particularly low in feed. The water source should be low in minerals and particularly low in salt as excess salt leads to watery droppings and consequently wet litter. salt as excess salt leads to watery droppings and consequently wet litter.

THANKSTHANKS