Nükte Durhan METU, Northern Cyprus Campus, School of Foreign Languages (Ankara, 30 May 2012)
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Transcript of Nükte Durhan METU, Northern Cyprus Campus, School of Foreign Languages (Ankara, 30 May 2012)
Nükte DurhanMETU, Northern Cyprus Campus, School of Foreign Languages(Ankara, 30 May 2012)
General look at socio-cognitive framework Cognitive validity (theory-based) and
routine skills Needs analysis results of the Academic
Speaking Skills (211) Course Description of the speaking tasks in the
course and evaluation from cognitive validity aspects
Context validity: considering its relevant aspects and the speaking tasks
Areas that need work: scoring validity
Performance tests are characterised by the relationship of the test task to the world beyond the test. Ideally tasks are…
direct and authentic
- situationally authentic
- interactionally authentic
But a test can never fully represent reality.
We want candidates to… perform relevant language tasks adapt their speech to circumstances make decisions under time pressure implement them fluently make any necessary adjustments as
unexpected problems arise
Test Taker
Context Cognitive
Response
Scoring Validity
Score/Grade
ConsequentialValidity
Criterion-Related Validity
Test-taker characteristics Context focused Cognitive focused (theory-based) Scoring focused Criterion focused (external) Consequentially focused
The abilities to be tested are demonstrated by the mental processing of the candidate (the cognitive dimension)
The use of language in performing tasks is viewed as a social rather than a purely linguistic phenomenon (the socio- dimension)
Test construct resides in interactions of underlying cognitive ability and context of use, i.e. socio-cognitive model
Executive processes◦ Conceptualizer◦ Pre verbal message◦ Linguistic formulator◦ Phonetic plan◦ Articulator◦ Overt speech◦ Audition◦ Speech comprehension
(Weir,2005)
Executive resources◦ Language knowledge
Grammatical Textual Functional Social
◦ Content knowledge Internal External
Routine Skills (Bygate, 1987)
Informational Routines expository routines:
involve factual information evaluative routines:
involve drawing of conclusions, expression of reasoning; explanation, predictions, justifications, preferences and decisions
Routine Skills (Bygate, 1987)
Interactional Routines : telephone conversations interviews meetings discussions decision making tasks
Routine Skills (Bygate, 1987)
Interactional Routines : They are assisted by… interaction management skills involving
content-focused agenda management and interaction-focused turn-taking
Improvisational Skills brought into play when an interaction
falters
Informative Speech (individual) (10%) Persuasive Speech (group) (20%) Final Presentation (individual) (30 %)
No assessment of discourse and strategic competences
Participants want more of the following: More focus on spontaneous speech A variety of speaking activities More presentations with smaller
percentages Different types of presentations Focus on fluency Interactive activities Creativity and individuality Speech critiques
Debate Role plays Discussions Impromptu speech Pronunciation activities Critical thinking activities Asking & answering questions
Reporting the team’s observation of a store’s merchandising strategies and store design
Organizing and sharing points in the group Presenting findings Giving evidence from the observations Evaluating the effectiveness of the
strategies
To inform and enlighten the audience about a given topic on the general theme of technology
Choosing a news item related to art, analyzing it and presenting the analysis to class
Includes: justification of the selection of the item reaction to points and style evaluation of the ideas
Giving a balanced view of the selected topic (related to the five themes in the book)
Includes: extensive literature research reaction to the presented
material/discussion or evaluation of the topic
Debates Discussions Panel discussion Role plays Conflict resolution tasks
Three different activities should be carried out
in class throughout the semester.
Setting: task◦ Purpose◦ Response format◦ Known criteria◦ Weighting◦ Order of items◦ Time constraints
Setting: administration◦ Physical conditions◦ Uniformity of administration◦ Security
(Weir,2005)
Demands: task◦ Linguistic
Channel Discourse mode Text length Nature of information Topic familiarity Lexical range Structural range Functional range
1. Rubric
Is the rubric accurate and accessible?
2. Purpose
Is the purpose of the test made unequivocally clear for the candidate?
3. Weighting
Are any weightings for different test components adequately justified?
4. Known criteria
Are the criteria to be used in the marking of the test explicit for the candidates and the markers?
5. Time constraints: particularly important for speech as normal speech takes place under time pressure
Is the timing for each task (e.g. preparation and completion) appropriate?
6. Discourse mode:Reciprocity conditions are concerned with the
dimension of interpersonal interaction, the relation between speaker and listener.
Are there reciprocal exchanges where speakers have to adjust vocabulary and message and take each other’s contributions into account?
7. Type of information Is the type of information appropriate for
the target situation requirements of the students being tested?
8. Content knowledge Is the content sufficiently familiar to
candidates so that they have sufficient existing schemata to enable them to deploy appropriate skills and strategies? (Urquhart & Weir, 1998)
8. Content knowledge“every attempt should be made to allow
background knowledge to facilitate performance rather than allowing its absence to inhibit performance” (Alderson, 2000)
30
9. Linguistic knowledge Lexical range
Are the lexical items in the test both in input text and required as output appropriate for the level of the candidates?
Syntax Are the grammatical items in the test
both in input text and required as output appropriate for the level of the candidates?
9. Linguistic knowledge Function: is a term used to describe the
illocutionary force of what is said. Are the functions in the test both in
input text and required as output appropriate for the level of the candidates?
The variety of tasks with different functional purposes and increasing number of tasks improve the validity.
Rating◦Criteria / rating scale
◦Rating procedures Rater selection Rater training Standardisation Moderation Rating conditions Statistical analysis