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NucleotidesStructureand

unct onsAtifH.Khirelsied

B.Sc.,M.Sc.,Ph.D.Biochemistry

FacultyofMedicine

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Thenitrogenousbases

purine andpyrimidine

Thepurines areadenine(A)andguanine(G)

Thepyrimidines arethymine(T),cytosine(C)and

uracil (U)

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Thenucleosides

Thenucleosidesconsistofapurine orpyrimidine base

.

nnuc e cac s,nuc eos esarecoup e to r oseor

2'deoxyDribosethrougha19,Nglycosidic bond

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Thenucleosides

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Thenucleotides

Thenucleotidesconsistofapurine orpyrimidine base

.

NucleotideNucleoside

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Thenucleotides

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Thenomenclatureofnucleosidesandnucleotides

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Thenucleosides

Consistofapurineorpyrimidinebaselinkedtoa

Innucleicacids,nucleosidesarecoupledtoDriboseor

2'deoxyDribosethrougha19,Nglycosidic bond.

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Thebiologicalroleofthenucleotides

1. Buildingblocksofnucleicacids.

2. Energytransduction

3. Buildingblocksofcoenzymes.

nd. , .

5. Neurotransmitters

6. Regulatoryallosteric modulators

7. Activatedprecursorsinbiosynthesis

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Theroeofnucleotidesinenergytransfer

Thedi andtriphosphatesofnucleotidesarelinked

an y r e w g .

ATPistheuniversalenergymoleculeinmostreactionsin

livingcell

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ThecyclicAMP

The3'5'cyclicadenosinemonophosphate,cAMP isa

2nd messengerinhormonalsignaltransduction.

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Theadenosine derivatives

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ThecyclicGMP

C clic GMP cGMP is also involved as a second messen er

molecule

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Thesyntheticnucleotideanalogues

Synt eticnuc eoti eana oguesareuse ort erapeuticpurposes.

InterferewithDNAsynthesis,(antitumoragents).

Immunesuppressors.

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Thesyntheticnucleotideanalogues

Theanaloguescommonlyusedinantitumor

o 6mercaptopurine,

o 5fluorouracilo 5iodo2'deoxyuridine

o 6thioguanine.

6mercaptopurine

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Thesyntheticnucleotideanalogues

Azidothymidine (AZT) anddideoxyinosine (ddI) are

Azidothymidine (AZT) dideoxyinosine (ddI)

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Goutiscausedbyhyperuricemia

andsofttissuescausinginflammation

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Thesyntheticnucleotideanalogues

Allopurinol,apurine analogsresembleshypoxanthine,,

hyperuricemia(gout)

Allopurinol,

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Thesyntheticnucleotideanalogues

Azathioprine is nucleotideanaloguesusedtosuppresse mmunesys eman re uce ransp an re ec on.

Azathioprine

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Nucleotidesarebuildingblocksofcoenzymes

Nicotinamide Adenine

Dinucleotide NAD isa

coenzymethatcontains

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Nucleotidesarebuildingblocksofcoenzymes

Nicotinamide AdenineDinucleotide Phosphate(NADP)

isacoenzymethatcontainspurine nucleotide

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Nucleotidesarebuildingblocksofcoenzymes

Flavin AdenineDinucleotide

FAD isacoenzymethat

containspurine nucleotide

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Nucleotidesareactivatedmetabolicintermediates

Uridine diphosphate glucoseisanintermediateinthesyn es s o g ycogen

Uridine diphosphate glucose

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TheSadenosylmethionine

Sadenosylmethionine istheactivated

methioninewhichservesasamethyl

donorinmethylationreactions.

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Naturalpurines

Caffeineis1.3.7trimetylxanhine.

Theobromine