Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge...
-
Upload
rosalind-sharp -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge...
![Page 1: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nuclear Weapons
![Page 2: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Units of Radiation Dose• Roentgen – Ability to create a specified
electric charge per volume of air• Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological
effect of one roentgen of X-rays• Rad (Radiation absorbed dose) – Energy
absorption: 400,000 rads heat H2O 1 deg
• For general human exposure, these units are roughly equivalent
![Page 3: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Background Radiation
• Cosmic Rays• Solar Wind• Decay of Natural Radioactivity• Typical Doses– Global Average 0.1 rem/year (80% natural)– Some areas up to 1 rem/year– Ramsar, Iran: up to 26 rem/year
![Page 4: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Human Radiation Sources
• Nuclear Fallout from Atmospheric Testing (US and Russia, 1963; France, 1974; China, 1980)
• Chernobyl 1986• Uranium Mining• Radon release from construction and earth-
moving• Conventional power plants
![Page 5: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Human Survival Limits
• 200 rem (whole body): few immediate fatalities
• 500 rem (whole body): 50% fatalities• 1000 rem (whole body): No survivors
![Page 6: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chain Reaction
![Page 7: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nuclear Fission• Chain reaction requires a critical mass to
proceed• 10 kg U-235 = 2.5 x 1025 atoms• 1,2,4,8 … 2.5 x 1025 = 85 steps• @ 1/1,000,000 sec per step = 1/10,000 sec• After 64 steps, T = 10,000 K (twice as hot as
sun)• Have only completed 1/1,000,000 of fission
![Page 8: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nuclear WeaponsTo get a nuclear explosion, you have to• Assemble a critical mass in millionths of a
second• Retain a high percentage of the neutrons• Hold the material together against
temperatures hotter than the Sun• Imposes limits on yield of weapon• Unless something is specifically designed to
be a nuclear weapon, it will not explode
![Page 9: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Yields of Nuclear Weapons• Kiloton = 1000 tons of explosives = 4.2 x
1012 joules = 1012 calories– Texas City, Texas, April 16-17, 1947– Collapse of World Trade Center– Impact of 10-m asteroid
• Megaton = 1,000,000 tons of explosives = 4.2 x 1015 joules = 1015 calories– Magnitude 7 earthquake– Impact of 100-m asteroid
![Page 10: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“Das war keine gute Idee”
![Page 11: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Effects of Nuclear Weapons• Direct ionizing radiation• Heat (Fireball)– Rising fireball sucks dust upward, creates
“mushroom cloud”– Any large explosion will create a “mushroom
cloud”
• Blast (Expansion of Fireball)• Fallout• Volume α Yield: Radius α 3√Yield
![Page 12: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
All Large Explosions Make Mushroom Clouds
![Page 14: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Weapons Terminology• Warhead: The Actual Explosive Component of
a Nuclear Weapon• Warhead Section: The Delivery Casing for a
Nuclear Weapon. Includes casing, radars, timers, detonators, etc
• When most people say “Warhead,” they actually mean “Warhead Section.”
• Tactical = Range < 500 km• Strategic = Range > 500 km
![Page 15: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Some Nuclear Factoids• Nuclear weapons are always under armed
guard• Nobody Ever Goes Near a Nuke Alone. U.S.
Protocols Call for a “Two Man” Rule• There are persistent rumors we allowed
designs of our locking mechanisms to be leaked to the Russians
• Information on locations of nuclear weapons is classified “Secret” or above
• Do not confirm/deny
![Page 16: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nuclear Weapons Systems• All military explosive weapons have had
nuclear versions– Artillery Shells– Bombs– Depth Charges– Rockets– Missiles– Anti-Aircraft– Stationary charges
![Page 17: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DASA and SASCOM
![Page 18: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
“Little Boy” Gun Type, Uranium
![Page 19: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
“Fat Man” Implosion, Plutonium
![Page 20: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Early Strategic Nuke
![Page 21: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Early Strategic Nuke
![Page 22: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Trinitite
![Page 23: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Atomic Bomb
![Page 24: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Delivery Systems
![Page 25: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Titan Warhead
![Page 26: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Minuteman Warheads
![Page 27: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
MinutemanWarheads
![Page 28: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Minuteman Missile Silo, SD
![Page 29: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
MIRV
![Page 30: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tactical Nukes
![Page 31: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Nuclear Artillery Shell
![Page 32: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Atomic Cannon
![Page 33: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“Birdcage” for Artillery
Shell Fissionable
Material
![Page 34: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Davy Crockett
![Page 35: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SADM
![Page 37: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cradle For Nuclear Artillery Shell
![Page 38: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Palomares, Spain: My Bad
![Page 39: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Russian Nukes
![Page 40: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Nuclear Winter• Publicized by Carl Sagan and others in
1980’s• Global nuclear exchange would raise large
amounts of dust and soot into upper atmosphere
• Would absorb or reflect sunlight, cooling the surface
• Would be above most precipitation processes
• Did not happen in Gulf War 1991
![Page 41: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fusion• Natural: how stars (and the sun) generate
energy• Artificial and uncontrolled: Thermonuclear
Weapon (hydrogen bomb)• Fusion Reactor: controlled• “Energy source of the future. Always has
been, always will be.”
![Page 42: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Core of the Sun• Energy output: 90 billion megatons/second• Energy output = 6 microwatts/kg – less than a
candle• Human body outputs 1.2 W/kg – 200,000
times greater• Trying to duplicate sun’s energy output not
practical on Earth• Energy takes 10,000 – 100,000 years to reach
surface
![Page 43: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Uncontrolled Fusion• We cannot achieve T and P necessary to
use ordinary hydrogen• Have to use H-2 (deuterium) or H-3
(tritium)• Still need T = 1,000,000 K+• Initiated by a nuclear (fission) weapon• Fission weapons yield up to 20 kilotons• Fusion (hydrogen or thermonuclear)
weapons yield up to 20 megatons
![Page 44: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Controlled Fusion
• Temperatures too high for any material• Need to contain by magnetic fields, achieve
small-scale reactions for short periods• Have not achieved break-even• Apparatus will be incredibly complex and
expensive• Reactions give off neutrons: there will still
be radioactive waste• No spent fuel or fissionable residue
![Page 45: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Detecting Nuclear Explosions• Vela System (US)• Space: X-ray and Gamma Ray pulses• Atmospheric:– Double-humped light pulse– Initial Fireball– Obscured by ionized gas in shock wave– Revealed again as shock wave cools– Vela Incident, September 22, 1979
• Subsurface: Seismic First Motion Analysis
![Page 46: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Nuclear Weapons. Units of Radiation Dose Roentgen – Ability to create a specified electric charge per volume of air Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) –Biological.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649cc65503460f9498fbf6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Nuclear Powers and Wannabes