NUCLEAR POWER: PROSPECTS in the 21 st CENTURY WPUI - Advances in Nuclear Mike Corradini Nuclear...
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Transcript of NUCLEAR POWER: PROSPECTS in the 21 st CENTURY WPUI - Advances in Nuclear Mike Corradini Nuclear...
NUCLEAR POWER:
PROSPECTS in the
21st CENTURYWPUI - Advances in Nuclear
Mike Corradini
Nuclear Engr. & Engr. PhysicsWINS: Wisconsin Institute of Nuclear Systems
www.energy.wisc.edu
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Background Information Population continues to increase worldwide
(US/Europe: <1%/yr; Asia: > 2%/yr) Energy usage is growing more rapidly
(US/Europe: ~1%/yr; Asia: >8%/yr)
400 quads (2000) and 444 quads (2004) Electrical energy use also increases
(US/Europe: ~2%/yr; Asia: >5%/yr)
Energy is Energy is thethe vital physical force behind our system vital physical force behind our system
Population and Energy Consumption Growth (1970-2025)
Sources: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2000 US Bureau of the Census, International Database
Actual Projected
Energy Consumption
DevelopingCountries
DevelopedCountries
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Conditions for Energy Sustainability: Adequate supply of energy resource Acceptable land usage for energy & fuel cycle Minimal by-product streams Economically feasible technology Neither the power source nor the technology to
exploit it can be controlled by a few nations
““Business as usual” cannot continue for energy Business as usual” cannot continue for energy without suffering from unintended consequenceswithout suffering from unintended consequences
Coal and Uranium Resources (EIA-2004)
Reserve: ~ 5 million mtons @ $80/kg
Global Consumption: ~0.06 mill-mtons/yr
Global Consumption: >6 bill-tons/yr
Reserve: <103 billion tons @ $50/ton
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Wind0.79
PV
0.12
Solar
Thermal
0.08
Hydro0.07-0.37
Environmental Impacts: Area Requirements
(km2 / MW; Source - J. Davidson, 2006) Nuclear0.001/0.01
Biomass5.2
Geothermal0.003
Coal0.01/0.04
1000 MW POWER PLANT RUNNING @ 100 % CAPACITY
(8766 GWh/YEAR)
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
1000 Mwe-yr Power Plant Emissions COAL GAS NUCLEAR
Sulfur-oxide ~ 1000 mt
Nitrous-oxide ~ 5000 mt 400 mt
Particulates ~ 1400 mt
Ash (solids) ~ 1million mt
CO2 > 7million mt 3.5mill. mt
Trace elements ~ 1mt** ~ 1 kg** Volatilized heavy metals: e.g., Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic
Spent Fuel 20-30 mt
Fission Products ~1 mtEIA - 2004
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Environmental Impact:US Sources of Emission-Free Generation (2004)
Wind <0.4 %
Photovoltaic <0.1%
Geothermal 1.3%
Hydro 29.1%
Nuclear 69.1%
Source: EIA
UW CEO Conference
Cost of Electricity (2004 U.S. Average) (¢/kWhr)
* 2006: J. Davidson, Univ. Minn.
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear
Future Energy Choices What can be done in the short-term (~1yr) ?
Improved energy efficiency (driven by law/cost) What can be done in the mid-term (~ 10yr)?
Seek proven alternatives that do not exacerbate the situation (nuclear, hybrid cars, ‘cleaner’ coal, wind?)
What can be done in the long-term (10-50yr)? Invest in R&D for major new technology gains
(advanced nuclear, electric cars, biofuels, solar-PV) We need to make conscious choices => We need to make conscious choices =>
NUCLEAR for baseload electricityNUCLEAR for baseload electricity
http://www.energy.wisc.edu WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Top 10 Nuclear Countries (2000)
Capacity Factors Improvement
‘80‘85
‘90‘95
‘00
55%
65%
75%
85%
95%86.8% in 1999
89.6% in 2000
90.7% in 2001
91.7% in 2002 NEI - 2004
Source: NEI
Lowest Electricity Production Costs
‘80 ‘85‘90 ‘95
‘00
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
(cen
ts/k
ilo
wat
t-h
ou
r)
2.09 ¢/kWh in 1998
1.90 ¢/kWh in 1999
1.81 ¢/kWh in 2000
1.68 ¢/kWh in 2001EIA - 2004
Source: NEI
License Renewal:Extends Value104 Plants: 48 NPP Extended 30 NPP Applied 22 NPP In-process 1 Under construction1 Under construction
44 NPP Extended 34 NPP Applied 22 NPP Being Considered
New Nuclear Plants Under Consideration
CompanyLocation
(Existing Plant)ESP
Design
(Units)
COL
Submittal
Alternate Energy
Holdings /
Unistar
Owyhee County, ID Straight to COL EPR (1) FY 2009
Amarillo Power /
UnistarVicinity of Amarillo, TX Straight to COL EPR (1) FY 2009
AmerenUE / UnistarCallaway County, MO
(Callaway)Straight to COL EPR (1) FY 2008
Constellation /
UniStar
Calvert County, MD (Calvert
Cliffs)Straight to COL EPR (1)
Partial – Under
Review - FY 2008
Constellation /
UniStar
Oswego County, NY (Nine Mile
Point)Straight to COL EPR (1) FY 2009
DominionLouisa County, VA (North
Anna)
Approved November
2007ESBWR (1) Under Review
DTE Energy Fermi, MI (Fermi) TBD TBD FY 2008
Duke Oconee County, SC (Oconee) Considering TBD TBD
Duke Davie County, NC Considering TBD TBD
Duke Cherokee County, SC (Lee) Straight to COL AP1000 (2) Under Review
EntergyWest Felciana Parish, LA (River
Bend)Straight to COL ESBWR (1) FY 2008
Exelon Victoria County, TX Straight to COL ESBWR (2) FY 2008
CompanyLocation
(Existing Plant)ESP
Design
(Units)
COL
Submittal
Exelon Clinton, IL (Clinton)Approved March
2007TBD TBD
Florida Power &
Light
Miami-Dade County, FL (Turkey
Point)TBD TBD FY 2009
Luminant Glen Rose, TX (Comanche Peak) Straight to COL APWR (2) FY 2008
NRG/STPNOCMatagorda County, TX (South Texas
Project)Straight to COL ABWR (2)
Under
Review
NuStart Energy
(Entergy)Claiborne County, MS (Grand Gulf) Approved April 2007 ESBWR (1)
Under
Review
NuStart Energy
(TVA)Jackson County, AL (Bellefonte) Straight to COL AP1000 (2)
Under
Review
PPL Corp. / Unistar Luzerne County, PA (Susquehanna) Straight to COL EPR (1) FY 2009
Progress Energy Wake County, NC (Harris) Straight to COL AP1000 (2)Under
Review
Progress Energy Levy County, FL Straight to COL AP1000 (2) FY 2008
South Carolina
Electric & GasFairfield County, SC (V.C. Summer) Straight to COL AP1000 (2) FY 2008
Southern Co. Burke County, GA (Vogtle)Approval expected
2009AP1000 (2) FY 2008
New Nuclear Plants Under Consideration
Potential Locations for New Nuclear Plants
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Nuclear Fission produces Energy
Energy from the fission products takes the form oflocal heating of the solid fuel rod
nA neutron is absorbed by a uranium atom, breaking into fission products & hi-speed neutrons
Energy released is over million times larger than any carbon fuel
To continue the fission reaction, the hi-speed neutrons are moderated by water as a coolant
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Fission controlled in a Nuclear Reactor
SteamGenerator
(HeatExchanger)
Pump
STEAM
Water
Fuel Rods
Control Rods
Coolant and Moderator
Pressure Vessel and Shield
Connectto
RankineCycle
http://www.energy.wisc.edu
PWR Containment
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Gen IV
Generation IVGeneration IV
o Highly economical
o Enhanced Safety
o Minimized Wastes
o Proliferation Resistance
o Highly economical
o Enhanced Safety
o Minimized Wastes
o Proliferation Resistance
Gen I
Generation IGeneration I
Early PrototypeReactors
•Shippingport•Dresden,Fermi-I•Magnox
Gen II
Generation IIGeneration II
Commercial PowerReactors
•LWR: PWR/BWR•CANDU•VVER/RBMK
Gen III
Generation IIIGeneration III
AdvancedLWRs
•System 80+•ABWR, EPR
•AP1000•ESBWR
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Nuclear Power Safety Current nuclear power plants have high levels of safety: i.e.,
reliable operation, low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects
As the number of nuclear plants increase worldwide, the level of safety must improve
Future nuclear reactors (Gen III) will exceed the safety of current plants (prevention/mitigation) by more than 10x
Key physical traits would allow ample time for operator actions to insure improved safety performance; e.g., passive heat removal, improved instrumentation, minimize transients.
http://www.energy.wisc.edu Emerging Energy Technology Summit 2007
Advanced LWR: ABWR
http://www.energy.wisc.edu
Advanced LWR: EPR
Advanced LWR: AP-1000
Advanced LWR: ESBWR
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Nuclear Power Fuel Cycle[1000 MWe-yr – (A) Once Thru (B) U-Pu recycle]
Mining/Milling
Convert/Enrichment
Fuel Fabrication
Reactor (1000MWe)
Reprocessing Plant
Milling waste stream
Conv/Enrich Waste Tails
Fuel Fabrication Waste
Spent Fuel as Waste
Reprocessing Waste (FP)
U3O8 &daughters(A)10 mt (B) 6mt
UF6 &daughters(A) 167mt(B) 0.5mt
(A) 205mt (B)120mt
(A) 37mt (B)11.5mt
(A) 36.8mt (B) 36.4mt (U-Pu)
(A) 35.7 mt U, 0.32mt Pu(B) 35mt U, 0.5mt Pu
(B) 1.1 mt U, 5kg Pu
UO2 & daughters(A) 0.2mt (B) 0.16mt
Spent Nuclear Fuel
Recycling of Spent Nuclear Fuel has technical advantages:
• Most is U and Pu, which can be recycled and ‘burned’
• Most radiotoxicity is in long-lived fission products and the minor actinides, which can be transmuted and/or disposed in much smaller packages
1 metric tonne of SNF* contains:
955.4 kg U 8.5 kg Pu (5.1 kg 239Pu)
Minor actinides (MAs):
0.5 kg 237Np 0.6 kg Am 0.02 kg Cm
Long-lived fission products (LLFPs):
0.2 kg 129I0.8 kg 99Tc0.7 kg 93Zr0.3 kg 135Cs
Short-lived fission products (SLFPs):
1.0 kg 137Cs0.7 kg 90Sr*33,000 MWD/MT, 10 yr cooling
OtherPlutonium 0.9 %
Minor Actinides 0.1%
Other Long-Lived Fission Products 0.1 %
Long-lived I and Tc 0.1%Short-lived
Cs and Sr 0.2%
Stable Fission Products 3.1%
Uranium 95.5%
http://www.energy.wisc.edu Emerging Energy Technology Summit 2007
HLW Composition*
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Nuclear Power High Level Waste (HLW) All nuclear fuel cycle waste (except HLW) has been safely and
reliably disposed through DoE and NRC regulations; milling, enrichment, fabrication as LLW
Since 1982, US law ‘defines’ spent nuclear fuel as HLW, since reprocessing has not occurred since 1976 (Japan & Europe is where reprocessing does occur)
Spent fuel is currently stored at ~104 nuclear power plant sites (~ 2000 mt/yr; total ~50,000 mt) and planned to be stored and buried at one site in the US (currently Yucca Mtn)
All nuclear electricity is taxed at 1mill/kwhre for a HLW fund (~ $0.8 billion/yr; total ~ $20 billion)
HLW radiation exposure at disposal site less than natural background radiation levels in that region
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Generation IV Reactor Systems Safety: meet and exceed current nuclear power plant
reliability, occupational radiation exposure and risk of accident consequences
Economics: reduce the total cost of electricity ($/Mwhr-e) to remain competitive with other leading baseload technologies (e.g., coal and natural gas)
Sustainability: minimize waste streams with spent fuel disposal and/or reprocess and recycle
Provide for proliferation resistance and facility physical protection
Process Heat for Synfuel Production
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO 2+H2O+
O221
H2SO 4
SO 2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2
+ 2HI
H2SO 4
SO 2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1 O22121
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO 2+H2O+
O221
H2SO 4
SO 2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2
+ 2HI
H2SO 4
SO 2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
L
Liquid Metal
Hydrogen
CxHy
Carbon Recycle
200 C 1000 C
Thermochemical Processes
LM Condensed Phase Reforming (pyrolysis)
Aqueous-phase Carbohydrate
Reforming (ACR)
H2, CO2
CATALYST
AQUEOUS CARBOHYDRATE
Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)
oCharacteristicso Helium coolanto 1000°C outlet temp.o 600 MWtho Water-cracking cycle
oKey Benefito High thermal efficiencyo Hydrogen production by
water-cracking
GAS-COOLED REACTOR
Advanced fuel cyclesLWRs/ALWRs
Thermal Recycle
Full Recycle
Generation IV Reactors
Fresh U
AdvancedFuel Reprocessingw/o Pu Separation
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
GENIV: Liq.Metal-cooled Fast Reactor
Basic viability of sodium-cooled fast reactor technology has been demonstrated
Low pressure primary coolant- Outlet temperature of 500-550oC
Pool configuration- Pumps and heat exchangers contained- Loop configurations favored by Japan
Heat exchanged to secondary coolant for energy conversion system
- Rankine steam generator or supercritical CO2 Brayton
High power density core- 250 kW/l (vs. 75 kW/l for LWR)- High fuel enrichment (>20% fissile)
Passive decay heat removal- Either from pool heat exchangers or air cooling of reactor vessel
Favorable inherent safety behavior
Thanks! Questions?www.energy.wisc.eduwww.energy.wisc.edu