Nuclear Power Physics 1303 4/7/03. Outline The Nucleus Radioactivity Fission Fusion Nuclear...
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Transcript of Nuclear Power Physics 1303 4/7/03. Outline The Nucleus Radioactivity Fission Fusion Nuclear...
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Nuclear PowerNuclear Power
Physics 13034/7/03
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Outline Outline
The NucleusRadioactivityFissionFusionNuclear WeaponsNuclear Power
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NucleusNucleus
Composed of protons and neutrons
239Pu94 or Pu – 23994 protons145 neutronsIsotope of Plutonium
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RadioactivityRadioactivity
Some isotopes are unstable
Spontaneously DecayDecaying isotopes emit
particles
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Radon is a health hazardRadon is a health hazard
Product of the decay of naturally occurring uranium
Affects indoor air quality2nd leading cause of lung
cancerRegional issue
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Half-lifeHalf-life
Pu-239 decays to U-235 with the emission of an alpha particle:
The time for half of the Pu-239 nuclei to decay is called the half-life.
24,000 years is half-life for Pu-239 decay
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Aside: Pathetic JokeAside: Pathetic Joke
Did you hear about the socially sophisticated physicist?.
He was the half-life of the party.
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FissionFission
By bombarding a nucleus with neutrons, a stable isotope can be induced to fission or split.
U-235 is an example of a fissionable material.
The release of neutrons in this reaction means that we can set up a chain reaction
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Fission Releases EnergyFission Releases Energy
When the fission is controlled, as in a nuclear reactor, it can be a practical source of power.
When the fission is uncontrolled it can be the basis for weapons of mass destruction.
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FusionFusion
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus.
The fusion of deuterium (a hydrogen isotope) with tritium (another hydrogen isotope) to form a helium nucleus can release a great deal of energy.
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Fusion PowerFusion Power
Using a fission bomb as a trigger, a hydrogen bomb, or a H-bomb uses fusion to create a WMD.
Solar energy originates as fusion energy in the sun’s interior.
Fusion power is an active area of research.
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Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons
First nuclear weapon tested at Trinity site in 1945 used Pu-239.
The fuel for the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs were U-235 and Pu-239, respectively.
First H-bomb test in 1952
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Nuclear WeaponsNuclear WeaponsCountry Strategic Tactical Total
United States 7,300 3,200-4,700 10,500-12,000
Russia 6,000 7,000-15,000 13,000-20,000
China 290 120 400-410
France 400 80 400-482
United Kingdom 100 100 200
India - 85-90 85-90
Israel - 100-300 100-300
Pakistan - 15-25 15-25
Global Total - - 24,700-33,507
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Nuclear Reactors:Boiling Water Reactor
(BWR)
Nuclear Reactors:Boiling Water Reactor
(BWR)Similar to coal
plant: boils water, makes steam, steam drives turbine, turbine turns electrical generator
Fissioning of U-235 is the fuel.
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BWR ComponentsBWR Components
Containment building prevents release of radiation
Water is needed as coolant and to prevent meltdown.
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Nuclear Reactor is a Heat Engine
Nuclear Reactor is a Heat Engine
Efficiency is similar to a coal burning plant, about 33%
So, 2/3 of the released energy is waste heat.
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Uranium FuelUranium Fuel
Only 0.7% of natural U is U-235.
U-238 is not fissionable.
U must be enriched to 2.8% U-235.
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Uranium Fuel SupplyUranium Fuel SupplyWorldwide U-235
resource does not offer a long-term energy solution.
Breeder reactor consuming U-235 can convert U-238 into Pu-239.
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Plutonium EconomyPlutonium Economy
Breeder reactors would greatly increase the availability of weapons-grade Plutonium.
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Nuclear Power in the USNuclear Power in the US104 nuclear
plants Produce 20% US
ElectricityNo new plants
since 1973Why?
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Nuclear AccidentsNuclear Accidents1979 Three Mile
Island partially core melt
1986 Chernobyl explosion and fire, release of radiation
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Waste DisposalWaste DisposalWIPP near
Carlsbad, NM. Stores hi-level waste associated with nuclear weapons
Yucca Mountain, Nevada. High-level waste from commercial reactors.
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Will there be a nuclear renewal?
Will there be a nuclear renewal?
Economics do not look good. Very capital intensive.
Fear of terrorismAnti-nuclear groups Waste disposal