Nuclear Physics at Jefferson Lab Part III
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Nuclear Physics at Jefferson LabPart III
R. D. McKeownJefferson LabCollege of William and Mary
Taiwan Summer SchoolJune 30, 2011
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• Meson spectroscopyand confinement
• Nucleon tomography
• Electron Ion Collider
Outline
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Quantum Numbers of Hybrid MesonsQuarks Excited
Flux Tube Hybrid Meson
S 0L 0
J PC 0
J PC 1
1
J PC
1
1
, Klike
J PC 0 1 2
0 1 2
S 1L 0
J PC 1
J PC 1
1
like ,
Exotic
Flux tube excitation (and parallel quark spins) lead to exotic JPC
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Decay of Exotic Mesons
Possible daughters:
L=1: a,b,h,f,…L=0:,,,,…
simple decay modes such as ,, … are suppressed.
The angular momentum in the flux tube stays in one ofthe daughter mesons (L=1) and (L=0) meson, e.g:
Example: 1→b1
flux tube L=1 quark L=1
→ (3) or → ()
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Previous “Evidence” for 1-+ Exotic
BNL 852 (18 GeV -)
Results are sensitive to assumption about backgroundpartial waves not robust not supported by COMPASS
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• Crays/BlueGene for Gauge Generation - capability• GPUs for physics measurements - capacity
Graphical Processor Units for LQCD
(ARRA)
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States with Exotic Quantum Numbers
Isovector Meson Spectrum
1-+
0+-2+-
Hall D@JLab
Dudek et al.
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Lattice vs. Models
Lattice
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Hall D
9R. McKeown - MENU10
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Proton Spin Puzzle
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DIS → DS 0.25[X. Ji, 1997]
HERMES
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Spinning Gluons?
D. de Florian et al., PRL 101 (2008) 072001
Global FitRHIC p + p data gluon polarization
Well maybe not….
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Proton Spin Puzzle
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[X. Ji, 1997]
X X
Consider transverse momenta
Consider orbital angularmomentum
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Wpu(x,kT,r ) Wigner distributions
d2kT
PDFs f1
u(x), .. h1u(x)
GPDs/IPDs
d2kT drzd3r
TMD PDFs f1
u(x,kT), .. h1u(x,kT)
3D imaging
6D Dist.
Form FactorsGE(Q2), GM(Q2)
d2rT
dx &Fourier Transformation
1D
Unified View of Nucleon Structure
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Beyond form factors and quark distributions – Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs)
Proton form factors, transverse charge & current densities
Structure functions,quark longitudinalmomentum & helicity distributions
X. Ji, D. Mueller, A. Radyushkin (1994-1997)
Correlated quark momentum and helicity distributions in transverse space - GPDs
4 GPDs: H(x,x,t), E(x,x,t), H(x,x,t), E(x,x,t) ~ ~
14R. D. McKeown June 15, 2010
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Link to DIS and Elastic Form Factors
),,(~ ,~ , , txEHEH qqqq x
DIS at x =t=0
)()0,0,(~)()0,0,(xqxH
xqxHq
q
D
Form factors (sum rules)
[
)(),,(~ , )(),,(~
) Dirac f.f.(),,(
,
1
1,
1
1
1
tGtxEdxtGtxHdx
tF1txHdx
qPq
qAq
q
q
xx
]x
òò
ò å
[ ) Pauli f.f.(),,(1
tF2txEdxq
q ]xò å
[ ]ò
xxJ G = 1
1)0,,q()0,,q(
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21 xE xHxdxJ q
X. Ji, Phy.Rev.Lett.78,610(1997)
Angular Momentum Sum Rule
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3 dimensional imaging of the nucleon
GPDs depend on 3 variables, e.g. H(x, x, t). They describethe internal nucleon dynamics.
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS)
t
x+x x-x
hard vertices
2x – longitudinal momentum transfer
x – longitudinal quark momentum fraction
–t – Fourier conjugateto transverse impact parameter
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Extraction of GPD’s
t
hard vertices
A = Ds2s
ss
ss =
Unpolarized beam, transverse target:
DsUT~ sinf{k(F2H – F1E)}df E(x,t)
DsLU~ sinf{F1H+ ξ(F1+F2)H+kF2E}df~
Polarized beam, unpolarized target:
H(x,t)
ξ=xB/(2-xB)
Unpolarized beam, longitudinal target:
DsUL~ sinf{F1H+ξ(F1+F2)(H+ξ/(1+ξ)E)}df~ H(x,t)~
Cleanest process: Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
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Universality of GPDs
Parton momentumdistributions
Elastic formfactors
Real Comptonscattering at high t
Single SpinAsymmetries
Deeply Virtual Meson production
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
GPDs
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Quark Angular Momentum
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→ Access to quark orbital angularmomentum
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Imaging the Nucleon
gives transverse spatial distribution of quark (parton) with momentum fraction x
Fourier transform of H in momentum transfer t
x < 0.1 x ~ 0.3 x ~ 0.8
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DVCS beam asymmetry at 12 GeV CLAS12
ep ep
High luminosity and large acceptance allows wide coverage in Q2 < 8 GeV2, xB< 0.65, andt< 1.5GeV2
Experimental DVCS program E12-06-119 was approved for the 12 GeV upgrade using polarized beam and polarized targets.
sinφ moment of ALU
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SIDIS Electroproduction of Pions
• Separate Sivers and Collins effects
• Sivers angle, effect in distribution function:– (fh-fs) = angle of hadron relative to initial quark spin
• Collins angle, effect in fragmentation function: – (fh+fs) = +(fh-fs’) = angle of hadron relative to final quark spin
e-e’ planeq
Scattering Plane
target angle
hadron angle
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Access TMDs through Semi-Inclusive DIS
...]})cos(1[
...]1[
...])3sin(
...)()sin(
)sin([
...])2sin([
...)2cos(
...{)1(2
)cos(2
2
)3sin(
)sin(
)sin(
)2sin(
)2cos(
,
2
2
2
2
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
h
h
LTSheT
LLeL
UTSh
ULSh
UTShT
ULhL
UUh
TUU
hhS
FS
FS
F
F
FS
FS
F
F
yxyQdPdzddxdyd
d
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
f
ffs
Unpolarized
PolarizedTarget
PolarizedBeam andTarget
Boer-Mulder
Sivers
Transversity
Pretzelosity
f1 =
f 1T =
g1 =
g1T =
h1 =
h1L =
h1T =
h1T =
SL, ST: Target Polarization; e: Beam Polarization
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Access TMDs through Semi-Inclusive DIS
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Quark polarization
Un-Polarized Longitudinally Polarized Transversely Polarized
Nucleon Polarization
U
L
T
Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distributions (TMDs)
f 1T =
f1 =
g1 =
g1T =
h1L =
h1 =
h1T =
h1T =
Transversity
Boer-Mulder
PretzelositySivers
Helicity
Nucleon SpinQuark SpinLeading Twist
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A Solenoid Spectrometer for SIDIS
SIDIS SSAs depend on 4 variables (x, Q2, z and PT ) Large angular coverage and precision measurement of asymmetries in 4-D phase space are essential.
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SoLID Transversity Projected Data• Total 1400 bins in x, Q2, PT and z for 11/8.8 GeV beam.• z ranges from 0.3 ~ 0.7, only one z and Q2 bin of 11/8.8 GeV is shown
here. π+ projections are shown, similar to the π- .
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Topic Hall A Hall B Hall C Hall D TotalThe Hadron spectra as probes of QCD (rated) (GluEx and heavy baryon and meson spectroscopy) 1 1 2 The transverse structure of the hadrons (rated) (Elastic and transition Form Factors) 4 2 3 9
The longitudinal structure of the hadrons (rated) (Unpolarized and polarized parton distribution functions) 2 2 4 8
The 3D structure of the hadrons (unrated) (Generalized Parton Distributions and Transverse Momentum Distributions) 3 8 4 15
Hadrons and cold nuclear matter (rated) (Medium modification of the nucleons, quark hadronization, N-N correlations, hypernuclear spectroscopy, few-body experiments) 1 2 5 8Low-energy tests of the Standard Model and Fundamental Symmetries (rated at PAC 37) 2 1 3
TOTAL 12 15 16 2 45
12 GeV Approved Experiments by Physics Topics
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Topic Hall A Hall B Hall C Hall D Total
The Hadron spectra as probes of QCD (rated) (GluEx and heavy baryon and meson spectroscopy) 119 0 120 239
The transverse structure of the hadrons (rated) (Elastic and transition Form Factors) 144 70 168 382
The longitudinal structure of the hadrons (rated) (Unpolarized and polarized parton distribution functions) 65 120 118 303
The 3D structure of the hadrons (unrated) (Generalized Parton Distributions and Transverse Momentum Distributions) 225 891 134 1250
Hadrons and cold nuclear matter (rated) (Medium modification of the nucleons, quark hadronization, N-N correlations, hypernuclear spectroscopy, few-body experiments) 5 100 139 244
Low-energy tests of the Standard Model and Fundamental Symmetries (to be rated at PAC 37) 513 79 592 TOTAL 952 1300 559 199 3010
Days in red are the requested days to be reviewed at PAC38
12 GeV Approved Experiments by PAC Days
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Electron Ion Collider
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NSAC 2007 Long-Range Plan: “An Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) with
polarized beams has been embraced by the U.S. nuclear science community as embodying the vision for reaching the next QCD frontier. EIC would provide unique capabilities for the study of QCD well beyond those available at existing facilities worldwide and complementary to those planned for the next generation of accelerators in Europe and Asia.”
JLAB Concept Initial configuration (mEIC):
• 3-11 GeV on 12-60 GeV ep/eA collider• fully-polarized, longitudinal and transverse• luminosity: up to few x 1034 e-nucleons cm-2 s-1
Upgradable to higher energies (250 GeV protons)
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EIC Physics Overview
3112 GeV
• Hadrons in QCD are relativistic many-body systems, with a fluctuating number of elementary quark/gluon constituents and a very rich structure of the wave function.
• With 12 GeV we study mostly the valence quark component, which can be described with methods of nuclear physics (fixed number of particles).
• With an (M)EIC we enter the region where the many-body nature of hadrons, coupling to vacuum excitations, etc., become manifest and the theoretical methods are those of quantum field theory. An EIC aims to study the sea quarks, gluons, and scale (Q2) dependence.
mEICEIC
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Medium Energy EIC@JLab
Three compact rings:• 3 to 11 GeV electron• Up to 12 GeV/c proton (warm)• Up to 60 GeV/c proton (cold)
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MEIC : Detailed Layout
cold ring
warm ring
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EIC Site Plan
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JLAB EIC Workshops• Nucleon spin and quark-gluon correlations: Transverse spin, quark and gluon orbital motion,
semi-inclusive processes (Duke U., March 12-13, 2010 )
• 3D mapping of the glue and sea quarks in the nucleon (Rutgers U., March 14-15, 2010)
• 3D tomography of nuclei, quark/gluon propagation and the gluon/sea quark EMC effect (Argonne National Lab, April 7-9, 2010)
• Electroweak structure of the nucleon and tests of the Standard Model (College of W&M , May 17-18, 2010)
• EIC Detectors/Instrumentation (JLab, June 04-05, 2010)
4/5 will produce white paper for publication
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General Emergent Theme
Experimental study of multidimensional distribution functions that map out the quark/gluon properties of the nucleon, including:
(quark) flavor spin and orbital angular momentum longitudinal momentum transverse momentum and position
High Luminosity over a range of energies
(Challenge to accelerator physics!)
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SIDIS SSA at EIC11 + 60 GeV3+20 GeV
Huang, Qian, et alDuke workshop
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Imaging at Low x
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Gluon Saturation
•Gluon density should saturate (unitarity)
• Access at very high E• Use large nuclei
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Phase Diagram of Nuclear Matter
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MEIC & ELIC: Luminosity Vs. CM Energye + p facilities
e + A facilities
For 1 km MEIC ring
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solenoid
electron FFQs50 mrad
0 mrad
ion dipole w/ detectors
ions
electrons
IP
ion FFQs
2+3 m 2 m 2 m
Detect particles with angles below 0.5o beyond ion FFQs and in arcs.
detectors
Detect particles with angles down to 0.5o before ion FFQs.Need 1-2 Tm dipole.4-
5m
Central detector
EM
Cal
orim
eter
Had
ron
Cal
orim
eter
Muo
n D
etec
tor
EM
Cal
orim
eter
Solenoid yoke + Muon DetectorTOF
HTC
C
RIC
H
RICH or DIRC/LTCC
Tracking
2m 3m 2m
Solenoid yoke + Hadronic Calorimeter
Very-forward detectorLarge dipole bend @ 20 meter from IP (to correct the 50 mr ion horizontal crossing angle) allows for very-small angle detection (<0.3o)
Full Acceptance Detector
7 meters
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EIC Realization Imagined Activity Name 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
12 Gev Upgrade
FRIB
EIC Physics Case
NSAC LRP
EIC CD0
EIC Machine Design/R&D
EIC CD1/Downsel
EIC CD2/CD3
EIC Construction
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Outlook
• The Jefferson Lab electron accelerator is currently a unique world-leading facility for nuclear physics research
• 12 GeV upgrade ensures another decade of opportunities
• Growing program addressing physicsbeyond the standard model
• Nucleon Tomography is a major future theme
• Large future project on the horizon: EIC