Nuclear energy and public acceptanceparrise.elte.hu/tpi-15/slides/Aszodi_Attila.pdf · • Daily...

Nuclear energy and public acceptance

Prof. Dr. Attila Aszódi

Government Commissioner, Paks-2 projectPrime Minister’s Office, Hungary

Professor, Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Teaching Physics Innovatively

New Learning Environments and Methods in Physics Education

17-19 August 2015, Budapest

Tianwan, China

Source: A.Aszódi

What are the biggest threats of the 21th century?

• Climate change

• Increased frequency of extreme weather conditions

• UNsustainable development

• Security of energy supply

• Overpopulation

• Terrorism

• War

• Migration

12/10/2015 Dr. Attila ASZÓDI 2

• Misunderstanding and misinterpretation of

natural and technical sciences

Budapest, 2015.08.17.Source: index.hu

Normal habit: goods, products are stored…


…in factories during transportation by wholesalers

during transportation to retailers by retailers during shopping

at home …right before consumption.during transportation to homeSource: web, various

Electricity is a different product!


• Only very limited storage possible!

Source: acust.kcpl.com Source: MAVIR

Grid frequency [Hz]50

49 51

The electricity is a special product

Consumption Production

Balance of consumption and production for every

second necessary to ensure grid stability and supply

quality, 24/7/365/...

Electricity cannot be stored (in really large quantities).

Any deviation in frequency shall be restored ASAP.


•Different levels of electricity system control

– Primary (immediate intervention),

– Secondary (frequency restoration in ~5 minutes),

– Tertiary (10-15 minutes) reserves.

•Necessary reserves are determined in advance.

Daily electricity load curves• Demand depends on many variables (workdays/holiday,

summer/winter, special weather conditions, etc.)

• Load peaks occur usually in cold winter (energy demand for heating) and recently also in hot summer (air conditioning)

• Different typical load curves

12/10/2015

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hungarian daily load curve on a summer workday

Hungarian daily load curve on a winter holiday0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Dr. Attila ASZÓDI 6

Data provided by ENTSO-E

Hourl

ylo

ad(M

W)

Hourl

ylo

ad(M

W)

hours

hours

7

Electricity production in Germany: January 2014

Wind PVConventional >100 MW

Source: Stromerzeugung aus Solar- und Windenergie

im Jahr 2014, Fraunhofer ISE

Electricity production in Germany: January 2014

8

Hydro Biomass Nuclear Lignite Hardcoal Gas Pumped Stor. Wind PV



9

Electricity production in Germany: June 2014

Wind PVConventional >100 MW



Electricity production in Germany: June 2014

10

Hydro Biomass Nuclear Lignite Hardcoal Gas Pumped Stor. Wind PV

A német villamosenergia-termelés 2014 júniusában

Jól látható a jelentős naperőművi termelés (csekély széllel kombinálva)

A gázerőművek teljesítménye szinte nulla!



How to meet the demands?

• Example: Germany in the middle of August 2014

• Stable demand peak during weekdays (~60 000 MW), but changing weather conditions

• Large differences in renewable production

• Daily peak production of conventional power plants varies from 30 000 to 50 000 MW, export-import balance varies from -10 000 MW to +5000 MW

12/10/2015

Large wind power generation with

low solar power, exporting

electricity almost all day

Wind power generation stopped,

but the sun is shining again ->

about 20 000 MW less generation

at peak load (importing electricity

+ larger role of conventinal plants)


Source: Fraunhofer

Institute

Germany, 17 August 2014

Source: Frauenhofer Institut


Germany, 17 August 2014

Source: EEX

12/10/2015

German spot electricity prices on 17 August 2014 (euro/MWh)


Daily electricity load curves• Demand depends on many variables (workdays/holiday,

summer/winter, special weather conditions, etc.)

• Load peaks occur usually in cold winter (energy demand for heating) and recently also in hot summer (air conditioning)

• Different typical load curves

12/10/2015

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hungarian daily load curve on a summer workday

Hungarian daily load curve on a winter holiday0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23


Data provided by ENTSO-E

Hourl

ylo

ad(M

W)

Hourl

ylo

ad(M

W)

hours

hours

Sun (PV)

Sun (PV)

The German situation• Germany uses the European

transmission system as a regulating capacity– Exporting electricity in case of high

renewable generation (mainly in summer), importing in case of low renewable generation

– This method is working only if a few countries are following this way…

• Negative electricity prices as a consequence of renewable overproduction + and renewable subsidies– Competitive disadvantage for conventional

power plants (however, they are necessary for electricity system regulation!)

• Is the German example that one we need to follow? Is it sustainable?


How to meet the demands?• The task is to balance the quickly changing renewable production, with

regard to the continuously changing demand

• Additional difficulty: weather-dependence of renewable production hard to forecast, big discrepancies between forecastand real production!

12/10/2015

Practically zero

production for 2 days

100 MW overproduction

during the thunderstorms

Example: last week of the

Hungarian wind generation

(with an installed capacity

of 330 MW)


Source: MAVIR

How to meet the demands?• What happens, if there are serious weak points in the

electricity systems?

• Recent example of Poland: heat wave with 38 °C maximal temperatures– Polish electricity generation relies on inefficient old coal

fire plants

– Bottlenecks in cross-border transmission lines

• Restriction for electricity supply of industrial companies until the end of August – negative economical consequences!

• Plus: no meatball at IKEA shopsin Poland… (because of electricity shortages)


Source: Foreign Policy, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/11/record-breaking-european-heatwave-forces-ikea-to-take-

meatballs-off-menu-in-poland/

Role of base load power plants

• Base load power plant: continuously operating,

economically advantageous power plant with large

installed capacity

• Typically nuclear,

coal-fired and

combined-cycle

natural gas plants

12/10/2015

Nuclear Nuclear

Typical role of

nuclear plants

as baseload

power plants


Source: WNA

Nuclear energy• 438 nuclear power plant

units in operation worldwide– 379 GWe installed capacity

• 67 units under construction (24 in China, 9 in Russia)– New construction in Europe: Finland, France,

Slovakia

• After Fukushima:– Germany: closure of 8 units, remaining units

planned to be shutdown until 2022 (-> „Energiewende”)

– Japan: progressive shutdown of all 54 units, strict safety re-evaluation, safety improvements

• Sendai Unit 1 restarted on 11 August 2015


Source: IAEA

Nuclear electricity generation (according to

WEO „new policy” scenario)

12/10/2015

Source: IEA: WEO 2014, p. 390.

EU: maintaining the nuclear

capacityDr. Attila ASZÓDI 20

Economical competitiveness

Source: IEA: WEO 2014, p. 371.

12/10/2015

New Paks

units


Nuclear energy in the European Union• Nuclear energy has an important role in EU electricity generation!

• Largest nuclear electricity producers: France (58 units in operation), UK (16 units), Sweden (10 units), Germany (8 units)

• EU member states have the right to choose their way to produce electricity – different solutions for different resources

• No common EU energy policy, but common European energy targets:– Increasing the supply safety

– Limitation of climate change

– Improving of economical competitiveness

• Hungary decided to apply nuclear energy on a long term in order to meet the EU energy targets

• Hungarian energy policy: issued in 2011

– „Nuclear-green-coal” scenario for climateprotection, competitivenessand sustainability targets

– In favor of nuclear energy (maintaining the present capacity of the Paks NPP)


The Hungarian electricity consumption• 2013: Total gross electricity consumption: 42 189,2 GWh

– Domestic production: 30 311,5 GWh

– Imported electricity: 11 877,7 GWh

• Expected rate of growth: 1,3%/year (later 1%/year)

• Until 2030 roughly 7300 MW new capacity has to be built– Within this, 3100-6500 MW can be large PPs (eg.: nuclear),

1600 MW small PPs on renewable sources

Sources of gross electritiy consumption (MAVIR) Peak load


Share of net import in total electricity consumption in 2013

Source: ENTSO-E data

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

NET IMPORTERS

NET EXPORTERS


28 March 2014

12 February 2014

New units at Paks NPP14 January

2014

Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA)

About the cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear energy a

Act II/2014

About the announcement of the IGA, in force on 12 February

30 June 2014

1358/2014. (VI.30) Govt. decree

About the nomination of a government commissioner on the Paks-2 project

23 June 2014Act XXIV/2014

About the announcement of the FIGA

Intergovernmental Agreement (Financial IGA)

About the interstate loan for the extension of Paks NOO

• Paks NPP: extension on the agenda since the 80’s

• 30th March, 2009: decision-in-principle of the Hungarian Parliament about new units

• 2012: establishment of MVM Paks II. Nuclear Power Plant Development Ltd

• January 2014: Intergovernmental agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy by Russia and Hungary

– Two VVER-1200 type reactors at the Paks site

– Russian loan for the 80% of construction costs

– Key point of the IGA: 40% localization level (share of domestic suppliers)

– Nuclear fuel supply is available from theRussian party

– Spent fuel management (interim storage or reprocessing in Russia), while the spent fuel or the residual waste (in case of reprocessing) will be transferred back to Hungary

12/10/2015

9 December 2014

Implementation agreements signed with JSC NIAEP on EPC, operation and

maintenance support and nuclear fuel supply


Hungarian requirements

Nuclear safety

is the main

priority!

The reactor has to

comply with the

Hungarian

requirements

(NBSZ) and the

international

standards

The probability of

accidents shall be

minimized

Feedback of the

Fukushima lessons

Main safety functions

shall be met in all

operational condition:

- Control of chain

reaction

- Cooling of the fuel

- Retaining

radioactivity

11 600 requirements! – App.1.1.

Based on Hungarian requirements,

EUR, IAEA recommendations


Planned milestones of the Paks-2 project

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Approval

for site

investigation

program

Environ-

mental

licence

MEKH

principal

permit

Site licence

Construction

licence

MEKH

Construction

licence

Licences

for systems

and

components

Commissioning

licence

5 & 6

Operation

licence

5 & 6

Working design from 2017

Detailed designfrom 2015

Construction, manufacturing and mounting from 2018

Commissioningfrom 2024

5. 6.

Commercialoperation


Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) • The preliminary environmental

consultation document was submitted to the authority in 2012

• EIA submitted to the competent authorityon 19th December 2014

• No environmental effects areforeseeable beyond the legal limits

• EIA is available at the website of thePaks2 project: mvmpaks2.hu

• Public hearing held in Paks in May 2015– Further public hearings expected in autumn

2015 in concerned countries

• Main environmental effects of the new units:

– During the construction: noise load, air pollution, vibration

– During operation: heat load, radioactive release from normal operation (accidental release is evaluated as well)


Human resource needs for the construction

OVERALL

Architecture overall

Engineering overall

Electronics overall

OVERALL

Architecture overall

Engineering overall

Electronics overall


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