Nuclear Chemistry
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Transcript of Nuclear Chemistry
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
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THE NUCLEUS Inside the nucleus there are:
ProtonsNeutrons
The nucleus is held together by the strong nucleus force.
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THE NUCLEUS The nucleus is not always stable! The number of protons and
neutrons can influence the stability of the nucleus. Usually a 1:1 ratio is stable. More than this is unstable
Certain isotopes of elements are said to be unstable, and as a result they break down radioactive. All elements with an atomic number
above 82 have at least one radioactive isotope.
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RADIOACTIVITY There are three major types of
radioactivity:
Composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
A helium nucleus
Made of a single negative charge Basically an electron
High energy photon No mass
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Alpha particles lost: A nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 electrons This produces a loose alpha particle and an atom that
is “lighter” with an atomic number lower by two and an atomic mass lower by 4 amus.
TYPES OF RADIOACTIVITY
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TYPES OF RADIOACTIVITY Beta particles lost:
A neutron is made up smaller particles In radioactive isotopes sometimes a neutron
will spontaneously break apart, releasing a beta particle (electron).
What remains is a protonThe neutron breaks apart into a proton and an electron.
The electron is released from the nucleus and the proton stays.
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TYPES OF RADIOACTIVITY Gamma Rays:
The most penetrating and high energy type of radioactivity.
Large amounts of photon energy is released The nucleus is unchanged in numbers of protons and
neutrons, but becomes more stable.
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STRENGTH OF RADIOACTIVITY
Alpha particles are the most heavy but least penetrating.
Gamma rays are pure energy, have no mass, but are the most penetrating.
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1. Fission: This occurs when a radioactive nucleus splits to form two smaller, more stable nuclei
This can lead to dangerous chain reactions!
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
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1. FISSION: NUCLEAR REACTORS AND BOMBS
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1. FISSION: NUCLEAR REACTORS AND BOMBS
A common source of Uranium-235 is used as a fuel in nuclear reactions.
It undergoes a number of reactions to release a great deal of energy, which in a reactor is harvested and used for power.
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1. FISSION: NUCLEAR REACTORS AND BOMBS
Another common source of fuel is Uranium-238
The end result of all of the reactions is a stable isotope of lead!
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NUCLEAR REACTIONS 2. Fusion: This type of reaction involves
two small nuclei coming together to form a larger nuclei.
This is how the sun works
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2. FUSION Nuclear fusion produces an
enormous amount of energy, more than fission.
However the reaction is very unstable and dangerous.
Can only be contained in stars like the sun.