Nuclear bombs and coral: Guam coral core reveals operation ...
Transcript of Nuclear bombs and coral: Guam coral core reveals operation ...
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Allen Hia Andrews, Ph.D.
Nuclear bombs and coral: Guam coral core reveals operation-specific radiocarbon signals from the Pacific Proving Grounds
Allen H. Andrews & Donald Kobayashi NOAA Fisheries – PIFSC Ryuji Asami & Yasufumi Iryu University of the Ryukyus Frank Camacho University of Guam
… Including numerous other colleagues involved in the fish age and growth work presented here.
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Age estimation of fishes Scales Vertebrae Fin rays
NIWA
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Fish age from Otoliths
Shortraker rockfish (Sebastes borealis)
Estimated to be >100 years old…
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Andrews et al. 2002
Yelloweye rockfish
Are these growth rings annual?
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Bomb Radiocarbon Dating
Theory and Application
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Opakapaka (Pristipomoides filamentosus)
Age validation of this fish using Bomb Radiocarbon Dating
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Von Bertalanffy Growth Function
How fish grow over time Important to stock assessments
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
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Von Bertalanffy Growth Functions – Age estimation and extrapolation
Age of large fish? Maximum predicted age 18 years
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Thermonuclear detonations reached megatons of TNT in energy equivalence from the mid-1950s to early-1960s
Testing created a global radiocarbon signal and doubled the naturally occurring levels in the atmosphere
Bomb Radiocarbon Dating - Atmospheric Testing -
Castle – Romeo Shot 11 Mt (26 March 1954)
Carbon-14
Carbon-14 Carbon-14
Carbon-14
Carbon-14 Carbon-14
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1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year (AD)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
∆14
C (o / o
o)
0
50
100
150
200
Effe
ctiv
e yi
eld
of a
tmos
pher
ic n
ucle
ar d
eton
atio
n (M
t)
Vermunt, Austria 47oN, 10oESchauinsland, Germany 48oN, 8oEDebre Zeit, Ethiopia 9oN, 39oEWellington, New Zealand 41oS, 175oECape Grim, Australia 41oS, 145oEAtmospheric nuclear tests in the SHAtmospheric nuclear tests in the NH
∆14C
(‰)
Effective yield TNT (M
t)
Hua and Barbetti (2004)
Atmospheric bomb radiocarbon records
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Marine Bomb Radiocarbon Records Hawaii Coral
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Opakapaka otolith
Pink Hawaiian snapper – Ear stone
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Radiocarbon Analysis - ∆14C ‰ at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
Series of extractions Dimensions within 1 yr otolith Yield ~3 mg of material
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Opakapaka Bomb Radiocarbon dating
Direct comparison with coral - DIC
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Von Bertalanffy Growth Functions & New age data
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Published - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Contact me for PDF – [email protected]
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Regional Age Validation
Hawaiian archipelago – Reliable Δ14C reference Reference established
Guam & CNMI – Δ14C reference
Reference unknown
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Guam - Bomb Radiocarbon Record?
Guam – Δ14C reference
unknown Kure/FFS Okinawa
Nauru/Pohnpei Palau
Asami et al. (2005)
Saltonstall-Kennedy funding with
University of Guam and University of the
Ryukyus
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Guam & Regional Bomb Radiocarbon Records
Guam – Δ14C reference
documented As expected,
but with a surprise
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Guam - Early Bomb Radiocarbon
Guam – Δ14C reference
vs. Atmospheric
Δ14C
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Indo-Pacific Early Bomb Radiocarbon Possible close-in fallout 14C documented from Operation Castle (1954) thermonuclear tests - Palau, Langkai, Lombok, Okinawa, Palmyra
Guam
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Guam Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam close-in fallout 14C propagation from
Castle, Redwing, and Hardtack I Operations
Ivy 11 Mt
Redwing 21 Mt
Castle 48 Mt
Hardtack I 27 Mt
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Guam Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam close-in fallout 14C propagation from
Castle, Redwing, and Hardtack I Operations
Ivy 11 Mt
Redwing 21 Mt
Castle 48 Mt
Hardtack I 27 Mt
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Guam Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam close-in fallout 14C propagation from
Castle, Redwing, and Hardtack I Operations
Ivy 11 Mt
Redwing 21 Mt
Castle 48 Mt
Hardtack I 27 Mt
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Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation
Fallout propagation modeling using 10 depth stratified layers Each modeled event was >1 Mt and begins at the test date
SHOW MOVIE
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Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation
Guam coral 14C record nearly coincident with modeling
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Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation
Palau coral 14C record nearly coincident with minor offset and similar split peak (Castle Bravo and Union signals)
Glynn et al (2013)
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Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation
Indo-Pacific Throughflow complicated but confirms Castle Fallon and Guilderson (2008)
Guilderson et al (2009)
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Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation
Bonus run – Confirmed hypothesis that Sr-90 signal at Cocos-Keeling Islands as fallout propagation from Pacific Proving Grounds
Toggweiler and Tumbore (1985)
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Mechanism – Incorporation of bomb 14C to close-in fallout
Thermonuclear explosions produce an enormous burst of neutrons within the first few microseconds
Most neutrons are absorbed by atmospheric nitrogen = 14C = 14CO2
Source of 14C created in atmosphere immediately surrounding fireball
Most 14C entrained by superheated, toroidal cloud and advected into
stratosphere
Some 14CO2 incorporated by cooling substrates (vaporized/pulverized coral) (Only bombs that made fireball contact with island and sea surfaces)
Subsequent dissolution at sea surface = Close-in fallout
Some 14CO2 directly absorbed into cooling water vapor cloud (Most surface blasts vaporized a massive volume of sea water)
Subsequent infusion to sea surface