nSTRIDE Autologous Protein Solution Kit - dcknee · 2019. 9. 11. · 4 | nSTRIDE® Scientific...

nSTRIDE® Autologous Protein Solution Kit

Scientific Narrative

70% Improvement in Osteoarthritic

Knee Pain at 2 years following a

Single Injection 70, #

3 | nSTRIDE® Scientific Narrative

Chapter Page

Introduction 4

The Burden of OA of the Knee 6

The Underlying Pathophysiology of OA of the Knee 6

Currently Available Treatment Options for OA of the Knee 8

Risk factor modification 8

Topical and oral pain relievers 9

Intra-articular injections 9

Autologous cellular therapies 10

Surgical intervention 11

Targeting OA of the Knee With the nSTRIDE APS Kit 13

nSTRIDE APS Scientific Development 15

Preclinical studies 15

Animal studies 15

Human studies 19

The nSTRIDE APS Kit in Everyday Use 23

Summary 24

References 26

Table of Contents


Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of cartilage and underlying bony

changes.1 Osteoarthritis of the knee affects the entire joint, including cartilage, ligaments, bone, and joint lining.2 Driven

by underlying inflammation, pain is the most common reason patients seek treatment for OA, which negatively impacts quality of

life.3-5 Osteoarthritis of the knee is 1 of 5 leading causes of disability among non-institutionalized adults in the

United States.1 The worldwide prevalence of radiographically confirmed symptomatic knee OA is 3.8% (with similar rates across

Europe), with lifetime risk of symptomatic OA of the knee as high as 45% in the United States.6,7

Standard of care has focused on palliative efforts designed to reduce pain, as well as address inflammation, increase

mobility, and slow disease progression. Patients who have failed non-pharmacologic or simple analgesic treatments may receive

intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA). A more recent investigational option is platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an injectable

concentration of platelets and associated growth factors used to promote healing. However, currently

available conservative and minimally invasive therapies fail to significantly delay or prevent disease progression, and

surgical intervention to restore joint integrity and function may be required.8-11 Rates of total knee replacement are

increasing worldwide, with more than 700,000 procedures performed in 2010 in the United States alone.12 However, although pa-

tients with OA of the knee account for more than 90% of total knee replacement surgeries, only a minority of patients with disabling

OA are willing to consider total knee replacement.13

There are currently no disease-modifying treatments approved for the management of OA, and there is a growing treatment gap for

patients with moderate to severe OA who refuse or are not candidates for surgical intervention.10,11 This underscores the need for

newer therapies that address the underlying disease process and delay or preclude the need for arthroplasty. As understanding of

the underlying pathophysiology of OA at the molecular level grows, more targeted treatment options may meet this need. Notably,

OA is associated with an increase in catabolic pro-inflammatory cytokines, which ultimately contribute to cartilage matrix break-

down.14-17 Targeting this pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory imbalance may offer hope for patients with OA.

The nSTRIDE APS Kit produces an autologous protein solution (APS), which is designed for the treatment of knee OA and uses the

patient’s own blood to concentrate anti-inflammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors.16,17 The point-of-care preparation is

administered as an intra-articular injection, addressing the imbalance of cytokines in the joint by offering anti-inflammatory effects

and healing at the site of injury, and potentially delaying or avoiding the need for surgery. The nSTRIDE APS Kit represents an oppor-

tunity for Zimmer Biomet to apply its established technology and unique expertise in autologous therapies to meet a pressing unmet

medical need in OA of the knee and offer patients and their caregivers an effective option for the management of this degenerative

disorder.


This narrative will review:

• The burden of OA of the knee

• How overall pathophysiology is founded on changes occurring at the molecular level

• Medical and surgical treatments currently used in OA of the knee, and their respective efficacy and limitations

• The scientific basis for targeted therapy in OA

• The role of the nSTRIDE APS Kit in providing an output that can be delivered point-of-care to decrease inflammation and pro-

mote cartilage health


The Burden of OA of the Knee

Osteoarthritis of the knee is a degenerative joint condition characterized by wearing down of the articular cartilage that provides

cushioning at the ends of the femur and tibia. This tissue breakdown commonly leads to pain, swelling, and

stiffness.1 Diagnosis may be based on clinical, radiographic, and/or pathologic criteria.3

The global prevalence of radiographically confirmed symptomatic knee OA is estimated at 3.8%, ranging from 1.8% in males in

Southeast Asia to 9.8% in females in Oceania.6 Prevalence of knee OA peaks around 50 years of age, with the United States and Eu-

rope reporting a prevalence of 14.1% and 22.8% in men and women ≥45 years of age, respectively.18,19 The

lifetime risk of developing symptomatic knee OA has been reported to be as high as 45%. Patients who are overweight or obese and

those with a history of joint injury are more likely to suffer from OA of the knee, with two-thirds of obese patients likely to develop

symptomatic knee OA in their lifetime.7

Osteoarthritis of the knee is 1 of 5 leading causes of disability among non-institutionalized adults in the United States.

Adults with knee OA miss more than 13 days of work per year due to health problems. The annual direct and indirect cost of OA per

patient is $5700 per year in the United States, with an estimated job-related cost of $3.4 to $13.2 billion per year.1 In Europe, the

direct and indirect cost of OA per patient ranges from €1330 to €10 452, depending on the country and the treatment approach

taken.20

The Underlying Pathophysiology of OA of the Knee

The knee, the largest and strongest joint in the body, 21 is the site of convergence of the femur, tibia, and patella. A healthy knee joint is cush-

ioned by articular cartilage and the meniscus (Figure 1). In OA, articular cartilage wears away, becoming frayed and rough and decreasing

the protective space between the bones. This bone-on-bone articulation results in pain and the formation of

osteophytes. Common signs and symptoms of OA of the knee include inflammation, swelling, deformity, tenderness, crepitus (joint crack-

ing or popping), and pain. Patients with OA of the knee may experience acute symptom flares and/or a chronic

worsening of signs and symptoms over time.3,21

Normal Knee OA Knee

Bone Loss

Cartilage DegenerationNormal Joint Space

Joint Space Narrowing

Healthy Articular Cartilage

Healthy Meniscus

Bone Spurs

Femur

Tibia

Figure 1. Anatomy of the Healthy and Osteoarthritic Knee


Pain is the most common reason patients with OA seek treatment. The pain impacts quality of life, producing negative physiologic,

immunologic, and psychological sequelae.4 Patients with musculoskeletal disorders report among the lowest health-related quality

of life (HRQoL), with patients with OA of the knee reporting lower scores on every HRQoL parameter compared with age-matched

norms, including physical, psychological, social, and cognitive functioning, as well as overall well-being.22

Pain and inflammation are driven by a complex signaling cascade of cytokines and resulting cartilage matrix breakdown. Cells that

promote inflammation are recruited to the site of insult, cytokine genes are up-regulated, and innervation is

stimulated by nerve growth factor, thus compounding pain sensations.3

Within cartilage remodeling, chondrocytes, the cellular component of cartilage, participate in catabolic (inducing cartilage matrix

degradation) and anabolic (driving chondrocytes to increase cartilage matrix synthesis) activities. In healthy

individuals, there is a steady-state equilibrium between pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors.

This maintains the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix. When a degenerative imbalance develops,

chondrocyte activity is disturbed and a net loss of cartilage matrix components results.15

While both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are present in osteoarthritic joint tissue, it is the balance that ultimate-

ly determines the extent of cartilage damage (Figure 2).14 The pro-inflammatory cytokines over-represented in OA include interleu-

kin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).3 IL-1 and TNF-α are also catabolic and stimulate chondrocytes to produce

metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade matrix collagen. A positive-feedback loop is created as collagen degradation increases

IL-1 and TNF-α production, which stimulates additional MMP production (Figure 3).3,15

Cartilage Synthesis Cartilage Degeneration

Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

Anabolic Growth Factors

Catabolic Pro-inflammatory Cytokines*

*Including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.Figure 2. Cytokine Imbalance in OA14


Currently Available Treatment Options for OA of the Knee

Risk factor modification

Risk factor modification is an approach to management of patients with OA of the knee that represents the most conservative

of options, which range from noninvasive to invasive (Figure 4). Risk factor modification measures include maintaining a healthy body

weight by participating in low-impact physical activity and consuming a healthy diet, avoiding joint injury (eg, sports, work trauma),

and addressing structural misalignment or muscle weakness. Some risk factors that contribute to OA development are not modifiable,

however, including gender (females are at higher risk), age (OA is more prevalent in older populations), and race

(OA is less prevalent among some Asian populations). In addition, some individuals have a higher genetic predisposition to developing

OA.1,23

Figure 3. OA Pain and Inflammation-Signaling Cascade

Cartilage Degeneration

TNF-α

IL-1MMP

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

Chondrocytes

TNF-α and IL-1 stimulate chondrocytes to produce MMPs that induce col-lagen degradation. This creates a positive-feedback loop, which increases IL-1 and TNF-α production.

Risk Factor Modification

Weight management

Exercise

Inflammation and Pain Reduction

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Topical agents

Hyaluronic acid

Experimental autologous therapies

Surgical InterventionCartilage repair techniques

Osteotomy

Joint replacement

NONINVASIVE MINIMALLY INVASIVE INVASIVE

Figure 4. Overview of Treatment Options for OA of the Knee


Topical and oral pain relievers

Palliative care that addresses pain and inflammation is a mainstay of OA treatment. These interventions are designed to reduce pain

and inflammation and increase mobility. Pain relievers such as acetaminophen may address mild pain but likely do not have an im-

pact on inflammation or swelling.4 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) have also been shown to be effective in OA pain relief;

however, they are associated with risk of stomach bleeding. In addition, some COX-2 inhibitors, a form of NSAID, were taken off the

market due to risk of heart attack. For most patients, pharmacologic intervention alone is not sufficient, and a multimodal approach,

including physical therapy, should be considered.4,9,24-26

Intra-articular injections

Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids ease pain and stiffness by decreasing inflammation. However, the duration of the effect

is variable, generally 3 months, and over time and with repeated injections, soft tissue damage may occur, potentially accelerating

the course of the disease. In addition, a small subset of patients may experience a cortisone flare reaction or may develop Cushing

syndrome.9,10,24-26

For patients whose pain is not controlled with standard palliative agents, intra-articular injection with hyaluronic acid (HA) is avail-

able. In healthy subjects, hyaluronan is produced by chondrocytes and synovial cells within the joint and acts as a lubricant and

shock absorber. HA may be injected directly into the fluid of the knee joint and is thought to improve the lubricating properties of the

synovial fluid, reduce pain, and improve mobility.9,25

Hyaluronic acid is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pain associated with OA of

the knee.27 The global market for HA is expected to reach nearly $2.5 billion by 2017, with the majority of use focused on knee

joints.28 Clinical trial outcomes have been contradictory. A recent study of 588 subjects reported only a modest difference in pain

reduction from baseline using HA injections compared with intra-articular injections of saline

(53% vs 38%).9 Given these modest outcomes, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) does not

recommend the use of HA for patients with symptomatic OA of the knee.29 In addition, the Osteoarthritis Research

Society International (OARSI) guidelines, citing inconsistent conclusions and conflicting results, categorize HA as

“uncertain” for knee-only OA.30

As described above, modifying risk factors, over-the-counter and prescription pain relievers, and intra-articular injections have not

proven effective for a large percentage of patients, with many achieving only short-term relief from pain. In an effort to address the

need for more successful therapies, specific molecules in the pain and inflammation cascade have been explored as therapeutic

targets.


Autologous cellular therapies

Autologous cellular therapies are at the forefront of regenerative medicine. Such treatment options include blood and bone marrow

aspirate and concentration, dehydrated human amnion/chorion, PRP, and nSTRIDE APS.8,31-33 Although none of these products has

been approved for the treatment of OA of the knee in the US, many are currently under development.

Platelet-rich plasma

Whole blood comprises several cell types suspended in a liquid component. Access to these cells may represent a critical step in

targeting the drivers of inflammation and cartilage breakdown in OA. When centrifuged, whole blood can be separated into 3 layers:

plasma (growth factors, sugars, clotting factors, immunoglobulins), buffy coat (leukocytes [white blood cells] and platelets), and

erythrocytes (red blood cells) (Figure 5).26

Platelets, found in the buffy coat, play a significant role in tissue

repair. In healthy patients, tissue injury prompts activation of the

wound-healing cascade, which triggers inflammation, leading to

aggregation of platelets at the site of injury. These platelets release

growth factors that promote healing, including8,26,34:

• Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß)

• Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

• Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

• Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

It has been hypothesized that concentrating and activating platelets

and returning them to the patient at the site of insult

may promote healing, reduce pain, improve function, limit in-

flammation, and stimulate cartilage regeneration.8,26 Platelet-rich

plasma is blood plasma that has been enriched with platelets. To

prepare PRP, whole blood is removed from the patient and centri-

fuged until the plasma layer is approximately 10% the volume of

the original sample. Depending on the centrifugation process, PRP

Figure 5. Whole Blood Following Centrifugation

Plasma (55%)

Erythrocytes (45%)

Buffy Coat (<1%) (leukocytes and platelets)

products may concentrate platelets to 3 to 9 times baseline concentration. The preparation is immediately

injected into the joint under aseptic conditions, often using ultrasound guidance. PRP is contraindicated in patients with thrombocy-

topenia or other platelet dysfunction.8,26,31,35

Although PRP has been used successfully in other disease states (eg, autologous bone grafting, lateral epicondylitis,

tendinopathy), varying clinical outcomes have been reported in OA. Some studies report significantly better pain reduction, higher

Knee Society Scores (KSS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, higher response

rates, and improved efficacy compared with HA. However, other studies report no difference between PRP and HA.36-42 The AAOS

does not recommend for or against the use of PRP for patients with symptomatic OA of the knee,

and the OARSI guidelines do not include mention of PRP.29,30 No PRP is approved or cleared by the US Food and Drug

Administration to treat OA.


Surgical intervention

While the aforementioned conservative and minimally invasive therapies offer hope to some patients, these treatments often fail to significantly

delay or prevent disease progression, and costly surgical intervention is required. Surgical interventions may range from cartilage repair tech-

niques to partial or complete joint replacement. Each method has a distinct risk-benefit profile that must be considered in light of each patient’s

needs.

Cartilage repair techniques aim to restore the articular surface. Cartilage repair represents a unique challenge, however, as

articular cartilage has a poor healing capacity, and the moving joint presents a hostile healing environment. A number of

reconstructive techniques have been examined, including abrasion chondroplasty, microfracture, osteochondral autograft

transplant surgery (OATS) or osteochondral allograft transplant (OALT), and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) (Table 1).43

Abrasion

chondroplasty

• Utilizes arthroscopic debridement

• Typically reserved for very small lesions

Microfracture • Stimulates the underlying bone marrow

• Lesion is scraped and a tapered awl is used to produce microfractures,

which result in formation of blood clots that contain mesenchymal stem cells, which induce repair

• Associated with short-term functional improvement; however, long-term

functional deterioration has been observed

OATS • Multiple plugs of hyaline cartilage and underlying subchondral bone are removed from an unaffected, non–weight bearing area of the knee and used as implants at the site of defect

• OATS is an autograft and therefore live cells are preserved

• Topography of the donor site does not match that of the recipient site, which may affect

biomechanics

• Clinical studies report conflicting results, with some demonstrating positive long-term follow-up and others indicating that OATS is inferior to other surgical procedures

OALT • Similar to OATS, but utilizes tissue from a cadaver rather than tissue from the patient

• OALT is an allograft with donor tissue and therefore lacks living bone cells

• Improves topography and biomechanics, as donor and recipient sites can be matched

• Use of cadaver tissue associated with risk of rejection and viral transmission, as well as the potential for limited tissue availability

ACI • A 2-step procedure involving 1) arthroscopy of healthy articular cartilage and culture of the resulting chondrocytes; 2) debridement of the lesion, coverage by a periosteal flap, and implantation of the new cells into the defect

• While some clinical studies have demonstrated superiority to abrasion and microfracture techniques, others have shown no longer-term difference

Table 1. Cartilage Repair Techniques for OA of the Knee43


The OARSI guidelines recommend that patients with knee OA who do not achieve adequate pain relief and functional improvement

from nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment should be considered for joint replacement

surgery.44 Several surgical options are available to patients, including high tibial osteotomy (HTO), unicompartmental knee arthro-

plasty (UKA), and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) (Figure 6). The goal of surgical treatment is to reduce pain, restore function, and

improve quality of life.45

High tibial osteotomy is an invasive procedure for patients with moderate unicompartmental knee OA that requires

significant bone reshaping to transfer the load away from the diseased medial compartment and toward the unaffected

lateral compartment. Osteotomy means “cutting of the bone.” During HTO, the tibia (shin bone) is cut and reshaped to

relieve pressure on the knee joint. The aim is to slow medial disease progression and delay the need for UKA or TKA. HTO is

associated with the potential for significant complications and prolonged rehabilitation, with patient outcomes deteriorating over

time due to disease progression. HTO is typically reserved for young (18-44 years), active patients with a life expectancy exceeding

the expected survival of a knee prosthesis. Older age (≥60 years) is considered a contraindication to HTO and a strong predictor of

poor prognosis. 46,47 Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is indicated for patients with OA restricted to 1 knee compartment. Ideally,

the patient presents with a low body mass index (BMI), a correctable deformity, and no fixed flexion contractures and is willing to

avoid strenuous physical activity. During UKA, only the damaged compartment is replaced with synthetic material. UKA is

associated with fewer complications than HTO and is less invasive than TKA. Compared with TKA, however, pain relief tends to be

less predictable and there is the potential for additional surgery if OA progresses to the other compartment.45,47

In addition, the anabolic growth factors insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and TGF-ß1 are also concentrated to levels in

excess of those found in native whole blood. These anti-inflammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors work to correct the

imbalance in OA. They simultaneously inhibit IL-1 and TNF-α, catabolic pro-inflammatory targets, and stimulate cartilage matrix

synthesis.15 Lastly, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to protect tissue from inflammatory damage. HGF inhibits transcription

and translation of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins, resulting in reduced pain and inflammation.56 ,57

The unique composition of APS, produced using the nSTRIDE APS Kit, addresses the cytokine and growth factor imbalance observed

in OA and offers patients the potential to modify the course of their disease, reduce pain and inflammation and promote cartilage

health.

Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

(UKA)

High Tibial Osteotomy

(HTO)

Total Knee Arthroplasty

(TKA)

Figure 6. Surgical Techniques for Patients With OA of the Knee


The standard of care in the surgical management of end-stage multicompartment knee OA, and some unicompartmental cases, is total

knee replacement (TKA). During TKA, diseased bone and cartilage are removed and replaced with an artificial joint made of synthetic

materials. TKA has been shown to restore joint function and improve HRQoL. TKA is not typically recommended for patients under 65

years, since younger, more active patients are at higher risk for needing future revision surgery. Unfortunately, patient expectations do not

always align with outcomes. Whereas 85% of patients state that they expect to be pain free after TKA, only 43% report complete absence

of pain after surgery.47

Rates of total knee replacement are increasing worldwide, with more than 700,000 procedures performed in 2010 in the United States

alone.12 The Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Registry reported that total knee replacement rates doubled between 2000 and 2010. While

direct comparisons of total knee replacement rates between countries are limited owing to lack of data, the 2007-2009 estimated rates of

primary knee replacement for all diagnoses per 100,000 people varied between 9 in Romania, 98 in France, 188 in Germany, and 213 in

the United States. Interestingly, although patients with OA of the knee

account for more than 90% of total knee replacement surgeries in the United States, only a minority of patients with

disabling OA are willing to consider total knee replacement.13

In the United States, it is estimated that each total knee replacement procedure costs $20,000. This results in an annual cost of $13 bil-

lion.13 In view of the limited life span of prosthetic implants, the progressive nature of OA, the aging population,

and the increasing rates of obesity, the rate of revision surgery is expected to rise, in conjunction with an increase in

associated expense and morbidity.47

Given the limitations of currently available treatment modalities, there is a need for new therapies that provide long-term pain relief,

address the underlying disease process, and delay or preclude the need for arthroplasty.

Targeting OA of the Knee With the nSTRIDE APS Kit

As described above, there are no disease-modifying treatments available for the management of OA, and currently available agents and

modalities may lack long-term efficacy, can be costly and invasive, and often fail to meet patient expectations. Targeted therapy that ad-

dresses the catabolic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine and anabolic growth factor imbalance in OA offers hope to patients

as it may provide pain relief and may promote cartilage health.

The nSTRIDE APS Kit is a cell-concentration system designed to isolate anti-inflammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors from

whole blood so that they can be reintroduced to the body at the site of insult. Compared with PRP, APS provides a higher concentration of

white blood cells and plasma proteins (Figure 7).


Whereas PRP formulations contain high concentrations of all platelet growth factors, APS is enriched for specific growth

factors and cytokines that inhibit multiple inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby addressing the pro-inflammatory/

anti-inflammatory imbalance observed in OA and promoting cartilage health (Figures 8 and 9).16

Figure 8. How the nSTRIDE APS Kit Produces Autologous Protein Solution

Figure 7. Relative Quantities of Cellular and Protein Components in Whole Blood, L-PRP, and nSTRIDE APS16,17,48


The inclusion of a white blood cell fraction in PRP products has been the topic of some debate. White blood cells are known to produce

pro-inflammatory cytokines, and some researchers have hypothesized that the presence of leukocytes in a PRP preparation would

therefore increase the inflammatory response.8 However, white blood cells are also responsible for the production of anti-inflammatory

antagonists.49 The presence of a higher white blood cell concentration in APS allows for enrichment of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)

and soluble forms of TNF-α cell receptors (sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII), 2 cytokines critical to the anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effect of

APS.50,51

Of particular interest are the anti-inflammatory cytokines, each present in APS in a concentration well above that found

in native whole blood (Table 2). Each of these cytokines inhibits a different inflammatory signaling pathway, ultimately

correcting the imbalance and contributing to the restoration of collagen matrix stability.15

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

(IL-1ra)

• Binds IL-1 receptors, blocking the signaling activity of IL-1• IL-1ra has no known agonist function itself

Soluble forms of the IL-1 cell receptor (sIL-1R)

• Binds IL-1, preventing it from binding a surface receptor that would lead to cell signaling

Soluble forms of TNF-α cell receptors

(sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII)

• Binds TNF-α, preventing it from binding a surface receptor that would lead to cell signaling

Cartilage Synthesis Cartilage Degeneration

nSTRIDE APS

Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

Anabolic Growth Factors

Catabolic Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

Figure 9. nSTRIDE APS Addresses Cytokine Imbalance in OA14

Table 2. Role of IL-1ra, sIL-1R, and sTNF-Rs in Preventing Tissue Destruction15,49,52-55


In addition, the anabolic growth factors insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and TGF-ß1 are also concentrated to levels in

excess of those found in native whole blood. These anti-inflammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors work to correct the imbal-

ance in OA. They simultaneously inhibit IL-1 and TNF-α, catabolic pro-inflammatory targets, and stimulate cartilage matrix synthesis.15

Lastly, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to protect tissue from inflammatory damage. HGF inhibits transcription and translation

of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins, resulting in reduced pain and inflammation.56 ,57

The unique composition of APS, produced using the nSTRIDE APS Kit, addresses the cytokine and growth factor imbalance observed

in OA and offers patients the potential to modify the course of their disease, reduce pain and inflammation and promote cartilage health.


nSTRIDE APS Scientific Development

Preclinical studies

The nSTRIDE APS Kit has been widely studied in preclinical trials, animal models, and human studies. In preclinical studies, APS

reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines up-regulated in OA. When incubated with macrophages stimulated with IL-1ß, APS decreased

the effect of IL-1ß and limited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α.58 In a

second study, APS reduced production of enzymes involved in cartilage degradation. APS was observed to inhibit IL-1ß– and TNF-α–

induced chondrocyte production of MMP-13, a known cartilage degradation enzyme.59 And finally, APS

demonstrated a chondroprotective effect by reducing glycosaminoglycan release in bovine cartilage explant cultures

stimulated with IL-1 and stimulating chondrocyte proliferation in the explant culture model. Notably, APS significantly

outperformed PRP in a chondrocyte cell assay.54,60

Animal studies

The nSTRIDE APS Kit has been studied in rats, horses, and dogs. In an athymic rat model, intra-articular injection of

APS was not associated with any toxic effects.61 In addition, an athymic rat meniscal tear study was performed to examine the dis-

ease-modifying potential of APS. Transection of the meniscus at the narrowest point followed by 1 week of load-bearing creates a

well-characterized degenerative model that can be categorized histologically into zones of mild, moderate, and severe OA. Com-

pared to a single intra-articular injection of saline, a single injection of APS statistically

improved cartilage degradation histological scores in the medium OA zone as well as in the overall total joint score. This study

demonstrated that treatment with APS is significantly beneficial in rat meniscal tear-induced OA as determined by

evaluation of knee histopathology.62

In a randomized, observer-blinded study of 40 client-owned horses with naturally occurring OA, subjects were randomized 1:1 to

receive injection with either nSTRIDE APS or saline control. The primary endpoint of the study was blinded lameness

evaluation at 2 weeks post-treatment. Secondary efficacy endpoints included force plate analysis at 2 weeks and 3 month and 12

month owner surveys. Safety was evaluated by blood hematology and chemistry, joint inflammation evaluations, and 3 month and

12 month owner surveys.48


nSTRIDE APS significantly improved lameness at 1 and 2 weeks

(Figure 10). The nSTRIDE APS group had a significantly greater

number of horses with sound gait or improved gait at weeks 1

and 2 compared with the control group. The range of joint mo-

tion without signs of pain and the signs-of-pain score on flexion

in the nSTRIDE APS-treated group were significantly improved

at days 4 to 14, both compared with baseline and compared

with the control group. Conversely, the range of joint motion

and the signs-of-pain score on flexion in the control group were

significantly worse on days 4 to 14 compared with baseline.48

Client-evaluated subjective grades of lameness, comfort at rest in the stall, and comfort at turnout were all significantly improved

at 12 week and 52 week follow-up with nSTRIDE APS treatment (Figure 11). No adverse events associated with APS injection were

reported.48

A prospective, multipractice, evaluator-blinded study randomized 19 dogs with stifle or elbow OA to receive a single

injection of nSTRIDE APS or saline. Baseline demographics were similar between the treatment and control groups. Dogs

treated with nSTRIDE APS experienced a significant decrease in pain by week 12 (compared with baseline), as measured by the

Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and the Hudson visual analogue scale (HVAS; both completed by dog owners). Overall, nSTRIDE

APS-treated dogs improved in more subcategories of the CBPI and HVAS at week 12 compared with control dogs. While no signifi-

cant differences in gait velocity were reported between groups or across time, a significant improvement in lameness was noted in

nSTRIDE APS-treated dogs at week 12.63

5

4

3

2

0Day Day Day

Lam

enes

s G

rad

e

7 14

1

0

nSTRIDE APS

Saline

*†

*†

10

8

6

4

Poor

Excellent

Scor

es b

y O

wn

ers

2

0Degree

oflameness

Comfortat restin stall

Comfortat

turnout

Generalattitude

Appetite Bodycondition

Haircoat

Before injection

3 months after injection

1 year after injection

*p<.05 vs baseline; †p<.05, 3 months vs 1 year.

*†

*

***†

*†

Figure 11. Evaluation of Subjects by Owners48

Figure 10. Lameness Grade at Days 1, 7, and 1448

*p<.05, within time point between groups; †p<.05 vs day 0 within group.


Human studies

APS-Affected Patient Study

The APS-Affected Patient Study included 105 human subjects with radiographic OA. It was designed to determine if nSTRIDE APS

could be successfully prepared across a broad population of OA patients. nSTRIDE APS was prepared from each patient and ana-

lyzed. Patient metrics were collected, including demographic information, medical history, medication records, and Knee Injury and

Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) surveys.16 The KOOS knee survey is a patient-

administered questionnaire that assesses symptoms (eg, swelling, grinding), stiffness, pain, function, and quality of life over the past

week.64

Cytokine and growth factor concentrations in whole blood and APS were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Anti-inflammatory cytokines were preferentially increased compared with pro-inflammatory cytokines in APS from 98% of patients.

APS contained high concentrations of IL-1ra, sIL-1RII, sTNF-RI, and sTNF-RII. Analysis of 82 patient metrics indicated that no single

patient metric was strongly correlated with cytokine concentration in APS. Therefore, the authors concluded that APS can be pre-

pared from a broad population of OA patients.16

APSS-11-00

APSS-11-00 was the first in-human trial with nSTRIDE APS. This open-label, feasibility study enrolled 11 patients with moderate

to marked OA of the knee, who were followed for 6 months. Endpoints included scores on the WOMAC, clinical global impression

(CGI), and patient global impression (PGI) scales, as well as safety, knee examination, and cytokine

analysis. Among enrolled patients, the mean age was 57.5 years and the mean BMI was 26.6 kg/m2.65

In all, 26 adverse events were reported, with no adverse events related to the treatment. Of these events, 23 were classified as mild,

and 2 required treatment (oral pain medication). There were 2 adverse events related to and 8 possibly related to the procedure. No

serious adverse events were observed.65

Efficacy outcomes reported a 72% reduction in WOMAC pain at 6 months (n=10) and 89% reduction in 73% (8/11) who were Out-

comes Measures in Rheumatology-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) high

responders. Significant improvement in WOMAC pain, stiffness, and function subscales was demonstrated with nSTRIDE APS treat-

ment at every time point studied (Figure 12).65


The OMERACT-OARSI responder criteria for OA clinical trials is based on a combination of absolute and relative change of pain,

function, and global patient assessment.66 The OMERACT-OARSI high responder criteria were applied, and 8 of 11 subjects were

responders at 12 and 26 weeks post-treatment.65

Clinicians and subjects were asked to grade improvement on a 7-point scale ranging from very much worse to very much improved.

The CGI indicated more than 50% of patients were much improved or very much improved by week 2 and 80% of patients were

much improved or very much improved by week 26. The PGI was consistent with clinician reports, with more than 50% and 80% of

patients reporting much improved or very much improved by weeks 2 and 26, respectively.65

A secondary analysis was performed to identify characteristics of APS that may correlate with improved WOMAC pain scores or

OMERACT-OARSI responder status after treatment with an intra-articular injection of APS.51 White blood cell (WBC) and cytokine

concentrations were measured from the APS. Linear regression analyses were performed on the blood components of APS with sub-

ject outcomes. The WBC concentration in APS was significantly (p<0.05) and strongly (R2 > 0.7) correlated with IL-1ra in APS but not

significantly correlated with IL-1β. The ratio of IL-1ra to IL-1β in APS was

significantly correlated with improved WOMAC pain scores 1 week and 6 months post-injection. The correlations between the IL-

1ra:IL-1β ratio and WBC concentration in a subject’s APS and their WOMAC pain scores provides initial confirmation of the mecha-

nism of action of APS (Figure 13).51 The outcomes of APSS-11-00 suggest that nSTRIDE APS is effective in a substantial percentage

of the target population, yielding significant improvements in pain, stiffness, and function, and with subjects reporting substantial

improvements in their condition. Treatment with nSTRIDE APS

demonstrated a favorable safety profile and was well tolerated.65

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Weeks Post Treatment

Mea

n S

core

0.50

0.00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Indicates significant difference from pretreatment baseline T-Test, 1-tailed (with Bonferroni correction significance = p<.01). *p≤.025; †p<.005; ‡p<.001.

*

†

‡

‡

Figure 12. WOMAC Pain Subscale65


Long-term follow-up was conducted after the initial study period. The mean WOMAC pain score was 11.8 ± 1.5 at baseline and 4.2 ±

3.3 at the 18-month time point (n=6). This corresponded to a 64.4% improvement in knee pain. The mean

WOMAC stiffness and function scores also had significant improvements of 58.3% (p=0.03) and 61.0% (p<0.01),

respectively. Two subjects rated their knee OA condition as ‘‘Very Much Improved’’ and 4 subjects rated it as ‘‘Much

Improved’’ compared to baseline status. Finally, 5 of 6 subjects met the OMERACT-OARSI high pain responder status

18 months post-treatment.65

PROGRESS I: APSS-22-00

Ten patients with unilateral knee OA were enrolled in this prospective, single-site, open-label pilot study to evaluate safety and effec-

tiveness of the nSTRIDE APS Kit, used to prepare APS from a sample of the patient’s blood.67 The single site has obtained institutional

review board approval, enrollment is complete, and the 12-month follow-up is ongoing. Clinical outcome measures include the

KOOS, numeric rating scale pain assessment, patient global assessment (PGA), CGI, and WOMAC Index. There have been 23 adverse

events and 1 serious adverse event (not related to the procedure or the

device) reported in enrolled subjects, with 15 unanticipated adverse events and 1 unanticipated serious adverse event. There have

been no unanticipated adverse device effects. To date, the WOMAC pain score and WOMAC function score have both decreased

compared to baseline measurements.67

PROGRESS II: APSS-33-00

In this study,68 46 patients with unilateral OA (Kellgren-Lawrence 2 or 3) knee pain were randomized into 2 groups at

3 institutions. Group 1 (31 patients) received a single ultrasound-guided injection of nSTRIDE APS, and Group 2

(15 patients) received a single saline injection. Patient-reported outcomes and adverse events at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, and

WBC (k/μl)

IL-1

ra (p

g/m

l)

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

0.0

20 40 60 80 40

WBC (k/μl)

IL-1

(pg

/ml)

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.0

20 60 80

A B

Figure 13. Correlation Analyses of the WBC Concentration in APS With the Concentration of IL-1ra (A) and IL-1 (B)51

R2 = 0.83 p<0.01

R2 = 0.08 p = 0.49


12 months post-injection were collected. The patients and evaluators were blinded to the treatment allocation, and the

outcome was evaluated through visual analogue scale (VAS), WOMAC, and KOOS scores. Imaging evaluation was also

performed with X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging before and after the treatment (12 months and 3-12 months,

respectively). The demographics were similar between the groups. The average change from baseline to 12 months

in WOMAC pain score was 65% in Group 1 and 41% in Group 2 (p = 0.02) (Figure 14). Additionally, average VAS pain

improvement was 49% in Group 1 and 13% in Group 2 (p = 0.06). Average WOMAC function change from baseline to

12 months was 57% in Group 1 and 44% in Group 2 (p = 0.24). The safety profile was also positive, with no significant

differences in frequency, severity, or relatedness of adverse events between groups. No procedure- or device-related serious adverse

events were reported. This pilot study provides evidence to support the safety and clinical effectiveness of a single intra-articular in-

jection of APS. Long-term follow-up is ongoing, and these positive results obtained against saline have been used to plan a confirma-

tory trial that will be conducted to further substantiate these findings against those offered by other treatments for knee OA.68

2Weeks After Injection

Per

cen

t Im

pro

vem

ent

4 12 26 52

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0%

Figure 14. Percentage Change from Baseline in WOMAC Pain Score68

nSTRIDE APS

Saline


The nSTRIDE APS Kit processes the patient’s own blood.

It is autologous, not a synthetic therapy, and does not

require cell culture. Once prepared, the final APS output is

administered via intra-articular injection (Figure 16).

The nSTRIDE APS Kit in Everyday Use

Step-by-step instructions for processing the nSTRIDE APS Kit are presented in Figure 15. The nSTRIDE APS Kit with ACD-A is a

self-contained, single-use device, sterile packaged for use at point of care.69 The nSTRIDE APS Kit comprises 2 multicompartmental

plastic tubes. The first tube, the nSTRIDE Cell Separator, contains a tuned-density buoy, which sequesters white blood cells and

platelets in a small fraction of plasma. The second tube, the nSTRIDE Concentrator, contains polyacrylamide beads, which desiccate

the product via filtration.48,69

Figure 16. Intra-articular Injection of nSTRIDE APS

Figure 15. nSTRIDE APS Kit Preparation Process69

Prepare Cell Solution

Extract APS

Centrifuge

CentrifugeLoad nSTRIDE Concentrator

Load nSTRIDE Cell Separator


Summary

Osteoarthritis of the knee is a degenerative joint disease characterized by inflammation and loss of cartilage matrix.1,3

Numerous nonpharmacologic, pharmacologic, and surgical options are available for patient management, but they have been asso-

ciated with a lack of long-term efficacy, risk of complication, significant recovery time, high cost, and failure to

meet patient expectations.8-11,13,47 As described earlier, there are currently no disease-modifying treatments available for the man-

agement of OA, and there is a growing need for treatment that addresses pain and inflammationat at its source while also promoting

cartilage health.

Osteoarthritis is associated with an increase in catabolic pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contributes to cartilage

matrix breakdown.14-17 The nSTRIDE APS Kit aims to target this imbalance by using the patient’s own blood to concentrate anti-in-

flammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors, returning them to the site of insult.16,17 The point-of-care

preparation is administered as an intra-articular injection, offering anti-inflammatory effects, pain reduction, and

promoting cartilage health. The nSTRIDE APS Kit is an attractive therapeutic option for patients, surgeons, and the healthcare system

as it is effectively designed to deliver an APS output that targets the source of OA symptoms and promotes cartilage health, poten-

tially delaying costly and painful surgery. The nSTRIDE APS Kit, through ongoing and future clinical studies, may also demonstrate

disease-process modification, potentially leading to longer and improved pain relief for patients who have failed conventional con-

servative therapies.


References1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Osteoarthritis. http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm.

Accessed March 2015.

2. Alshami AM. Knee osteoarthritis related pain: a narrative review of diagnosis and treatment. Intl J Health Sci. 2014;8(1):86-104.

3. Bonnet CS, Walsh DA. Osteoarthritis, angiogenesis and inflammation. Rheumatology. 2005;44(1):7-16.

4. Lipman AG. Treatment of chronic pain in osteoarthritis: do opioids have a clinical role? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2001;3(6):513-519.

5. Manek NJ, Lane NE. Osteoarthritis: current concepts in diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(6):1795-1804.

6. Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, et al. The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheumatol Dis. 2014;73(7):1323-1330.

7. Murphy L, Schwartz TA, Helmick CG, et al. Lifetime risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(9):1207-1213.

8. Burnouf T, Goubran HA, Chen TM, Ou KL, El-Ekiaby M, Radosevic M. Blood-derived biomaterials and platelet growth factors in regenerative medicine. Blood Rev. 2013;27(2):77-89.

9. Cheng OT, Souzdalnitski D, Vrooman B, Cheng J. Evidence-based knee injections for the management of arthritis. Pain Med. 2012;13(6): 740-753.

10. Evans CH, Kraus VB, Setton LA. Progress in intra-articular therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(1):11-22.

11. London NJ, Miller LE, Block JE. Clinical and economic consequences of the treatment gap in knee osteoarthritis management. Med Hypotheses. 2011;76(6):887-892.

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inpatient surgery. 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/inpatient-surgery.htm. Accessed July 28, 2016.

13. Lohmander L. Knee replacement for osteoarthritis: facts, hopes, and fears. Medicographia. 2013;35(2):181-188.

14. Goldring MB. The role of the chondrocyte in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(9):1916-1926.

15. Goldring S, Goldring M. The role of cytokines in cartilage matrix degeneration in osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;427:S27-S36.

16. O’Shaughnessey K, Matuska A, Hoeppner J, et al. Autologous protein solution prepared from the blood of osteoarthritic patients contains an enhanced profile of anti-inflammatory cytokines and anabolic growth factors. J Orthop Res. 2014;32(10):1349-1355.

17. O’Shaughnessey KM, Hoeppner JC, Woodell-May JE, et al. Examining the cytokine profiles of whole blood and autologous protein solution of patients with osteoarthritis: preliminary results. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:S293.

18. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26-35.

19. Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Org. 2003;81(9):646-656.

20. Hiligsmann M, Reginster JY. The economic weight of osteoarthritis in Europe. Medicographia. 2013;35:197-202.

21. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Arthritis of the knee. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00212. Accessed February 2015.

22. Farr J II, Miller LE, Block JE. Quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a commentary on nonsurgical and surgical treatments. Open Orthop J. 2013;7:619-623.

23. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. A snapshot of arthritis in Australia. 2010. Arthritis series no 13. Cat no PHE 126. Canberra: AIWH.

24. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Medication use for arthritis and osteoporosis. 2010. Arthritis series no 11. Cat no PHE 121. Canberra: AIWH.

25. Neustadt DH. Intra-articular injections for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(10):897-898, 901-894, 906-811.

26. Health Policy Advisory Committee on Technology. Technology brief: platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. 2013; 1-22. http://www.health.qld.gov.au/healthpact. Accessed February 2015.

27. Supartz. (sodium hyaluronate) [package insert]. Seikagaku Corporation; 2012.

28. Global hyaluronic acid market to grow to $2.5 billion by 2017 [press release]. Millennium Research Group, 2013.

29. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeions. Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: evidence-based guideline. 2013. http://www.aaos.org/research/guidelines/TreatmentofOsteoarthritisoftheKneeGuideline.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2016.

30. McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(3):363-388.

31. Biomet Biologics. Bench Data Report OT000183. 2006:1-8.

32. Biomet Biologics. BioCUE Blood and Bone Marrow Aspirate (BBMA) Concentration System. BMET0755.0 ed: Biomet Orthopedics; 2014:1-4.

33. Koob TJ, Rennert R, Zabek N, et al. Biological properties of dehydrated human amnion/chorion composite graft: implications for chronic wound healing. Intl Wound J. 2013;10(5):493-500.

34. Lee KS. Platelet-rich plasma injection. Semin Musculoskel Radiol. 2013;17(1):91-98.

35. Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MB, Chowaniec DM, et al. Platelet-rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variability. J Bone Joint Surg. 2012;94(4):308-316.

36. Cerza F, Carni S, Carcangiu A, et al. Comparison between hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma, intra-articular infiltration in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(12):2822-2827.

37. Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, et al. Platelet-rich plasma vs hyaluronic acid to treat knee degenerative pathology: study design and preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskel Disord. 2012;13:229.

38. Guler O, Mutlu S, Isyar M, Seker A, Kayaalp ME, Mahirogullari M. Comparison of short-term results of intraarticular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid treatments in early-stage gonarthrosis patients. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24(3):503-513.


39. Kon E, Mandelbaum B, Buda R, et al. Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular injection versus hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation as treatments for cartilage pathology: from early degeneration to osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(11):1490-1501.

40. Kumar KA, Rao JB, Pavan Kumar B, Mohan AP, Patil K, Parimala K. A prospective study involving the use of platelet rich plasma in enhancing the uptake of bone grafts in the oral and maxillofacial region. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2013;12(4):387-394.

41. Sanchez M, Fiz N, Azofra J, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) versus hyaluronic acid in the short-term treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy. 2012;28(8):1070-1078.

42. Vaquerizo V, Plasencia MA, Arribas I, et al. Comparison of intra-articular injections of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) versus Durolane hyaluronic acid in the treatment of patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(10):1635-1643.

43. Perera JR, Gikas PD, Bentley G. The present state of treatments for articular cartilage defects in the knee. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2012;94(6): 381-387.

44. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(2):137-162.

45. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Unicompartmental knee replacement. 2010. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00585. Accessed July 28, 2016.

46. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Osteotomy of the knee. 2011. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00591. Accessed July 28, 2016.

47. Bhandari M, Smith J, Miller LE, Block JE. Clinical and economic burden of revision knee arthroplasty. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskel Dis-ord. 2012;5:89-94.

48. Bertone AL, Ishihara A, Zekas LJ, et al. Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2014;75:141-151.

49. Cominelli F, Pizarro TT. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a “novel” acute phase protein with antiinflammatory activities. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(12):2813.

50. King W, Van Der Weegen W, Van Drumpt R, Soons H, Toler K, Woodell-May J. Characterizing the relationship between white blood cell and IL-1ra concentration in whole blood and decreased osteoarthritis pain in an open-label study of autologous protein solution. 2014. Abstract 1621.

51. King W, Van Der Weegen W, Van Drumpt R, Soons H, Toler K, Woodell-May J. White blood cell concentration correlates with increased con-centrations of IL-1ra and chcanges in WOMAC pain scores in an open-label safety study of autologous protein solution. J Exper Orthopaed. 2016;3(9).

52. Arend WP. The mode of action of cytokine inhibitors. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(Suppl 65):16-21.

53. Dayer JM. Interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha: which is the real target in rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 2002;29(Suppl 65):10-15.

54. Matuska A, O’Shaughnessey K, King W, Woodell-May J. Autologous solution protects bovine cartilage explants from IL-1alpha- and TNFalpha- induced cartilage degradation. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(12):1929-1935.

55. Symons JA, Young PR, Duff GW. Soluble type II interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor binds and blocks processing of IL-1 beta precursor and loses affinity for IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(5):1714-1718.

56. Bendinelli P, Matteucci E, Dogliotti G, et al. Molecular basis of anti-inflammatory action of platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocytes: mechanisms of NF-kappaB inhibition via HGF. J Cell Physiol. 2010;225(3):757-766.

57. Zhang J, Middleton KK, Fu FH, Im HJ, Wang JH. HGF mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of PRP on injured tendons. PloS One. 2013;8(6):e67303.

58. O’Shaughnessey KM, Panitch A, Woodell-May JE. Blood-derived anti-inflammatory protein solution blocks the effect of IL-1beta on human macrophages in vitro. Inflamm Res. 2011;60(10):929-936.

59. Woodell-May J, Matuska A, Oyster M, Welch Z, O’Shaughnessey K, Hoeppner J. Autologous protein solution inhibits MMP-13 production by IL-1beta and TNFalpha-stimulated human articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(9):1320-1326.

60. Woodell-May J MA, O’Shaughnessey K. Protection of cartilage matrix in IL-1 alpha +/--treated carticlage explants by a novel anti- inflammatory solution prepared from blood. ORS Annual Meeting; 2013.

61. MDS Pharma Services. Biosafety of human plasma injected into the knee joint in immune compromised athymic rats. 2009. Study S08185/AA77911.

62. King WB, Bendele A Marohl T, Woodell-May J. Autologous protein solution inhibits osteoarthritis progression in a randomized and controlled meniscal-tear animal study. J Orthop Res. Submitted.

63. Wanstrath AW, Hettlich BF, Su L, et al. Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in a canine population. Vet Surg. 2016;45(6):764-774.

64. KOOS. Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcomes score (KOOS). http://www.koos.nu/koos-english.pdf. Accessed March 2015.

65. Van Drumpt RA, van der Weegen W, King W, Toler K, Macenski MM. Safety and treatment effectiveness of a single autologous protein solution injection in patients with knee osteoarthritis. BioResearch Open Access. 2016;5(1):261-268.

66. Pham T, Van Der Heijde D, Lassere M, et al. Outcome variables for osteoarthritis clinical trials: The OMERACT-OARSI set of responder criteria. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(7):1648-1654.

67. Zimmer Biomet. Annual report for a pilot study of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution in patients with knee osteoarthritis. 2016. Report No.: IDE-15978.

68. Zimmer Biomet. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo (saline)-controlled pilot study of a single, intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. 2016.

69. Zimmer Biomet, Inc. Wall chart 0537-en-REV0416.

70. Kon E, Engebretsen L , Peter Verdonk P, Nehrer S and Filardo G. “Two-year Clinical Outcomes of An Autologous Protein Solution Injection

For Knee Osteoarthritis.” ICRS 14th World Congress, presented, 2018.

#. As measured by WOMAC pain scores reported by patients continuing follow-up through 2 years (n = 22)

Results may vary. Not all patients are candidates for this product and/or procedure. Zimmer Biomet does not

practice medicine. The treating surgeon is responsible for determining the appropriate treatment, techniques(s),

and product(s) for each individual patient.

All content herein is protected by copyright, trademarks and other intellectual property rights owned by or licensed

to Zimmer Biomet or one of its affiliates unless otherwise indicated, and must not be redistributed, duplicated or

disclosed, in whole or in part, without the express written consent of Zimmer Biomet. This material is intended for

health care professionals, Zimmer Biomet employees, and the Zimmer Biomet sales force. Distribution to any other recipient is pro-

hibited. For product information, including indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions and potential adverse effects,see

the package insert and www.zimmerbiomet.com. Check for country product clearances and reference product specific instructions

for use. Not for distribution in France.

©2018 Zimmer Biomet, Inc. All rights reserved.

2061.1-EMEA-en-REV0518

nSTRIDE Autologous Protein Solution Kit - dcknee · 2019. 9. 11. · 4 | nSTRIDE® Scientific...

Documents

Transcript of nSTRIDE Autologous Protein Solution Kit - dcknee · 2019. 9. 11. · 4 | nSTRIDE® Scientific...