NSN UMTS Fundamentals

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UMTS Fundamentals


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3 Nokia Siemens Network 2009

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Declaration

I confirm, that the software made available to me during the courses from the

Networks Academy for training and practice purposes, will not be further copiedoutside of the training.

Furthermore I assure that no software will be copied on to the traing PCs, without the

explicit consent of the trainer.

With my signature on the attendance list, I confirm that I will adhere to the both of the

above requests.

2007 Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its contents is not permitted

without express written authority. Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights created by patent grant or

registration of utility model or design, are reserved. Technical modifications possible. Technical specifications and features are

binding only insofar as they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.


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Atencin

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Course

overview

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This workbook consists

of 7 chapters and 498

pages total.

Overview of UMTS Technology and its

Evolution

57 pages

1

UMTS Network Architecture

58 pages

2

Principles of UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access (UTRA)

108 pages

3

UMTS Identity and Traffic Management

80 pages

4

Signaling Protocols Overview

84 pages

5

UMTS Services and Applications

33 pages

6

NSN Products

78 pages

7

UMTS

Fundamentals


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1-1

Overview of UMTS Technology and its Evolution

Nokia Siemens Network 2009

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Overview of UMTS

Technology and itsEvolution

Contents

1 Module Objectives.....................................................................................3

2 Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology............................ 4

2.1 First Steps & First Generation (1G)............................................................ 42.2 Second Generation (2G) Mobile Systems................................................ 102.3 Third Generation (3G)...............................................................................162.4 Basic UMTS.............................................................................................. 17

3 3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for

UMTS........................................................................................................21

3.1 UMTS Development..................................................................................213.2 Mobile Communication Market: Medium and Long Term

Forecasts...................................................................................................213.3 3G end-to-end IP Solutions.......................................................................23

3.4 Specification Process for UMTS............................................................... 254 Evolution of UMTS Technology.............................................................28

4.1 GSM & UMTS Evolution........................................................................... 284.2 Data Transmission Evolution.................................................................... 30

5 Existing GSM and UMTS Service Concept........................................... 32

5.1 User Services............................................................................................325.2 GSM Service Support in UMTS................................................................335.3 WCDMA in UMTS.....................................................................................345.4 Flexible Service Creation.......................................................................... 36

6 New Evolutions........................................................................................39

6.1 IPTV...........................................................................................................39


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6.2 WiMAX.......................................................................................................436.3 Long Term Evolution (LTE).......................................................................48

7 Appendix..................................................................................................50

8 Exercises..................................................................................................528.1 Solutions....................................................................................................55


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1 Module ObjectivesThe aim of this module is to give the student the conceptual knowledge needed

for explaining the basics of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).Topics to be covered in this module include visualizing the whole network andidentifying the elements of each subsystem.

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

Identify the principles of cellular systemIdentify and list the components in 2GIdentify the motivation factors for 3GIdentify the specification process

Explain GSM and UMTS service concept


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2 Cellular System:

Advantages of DigitalTechnology

In the following section, we will discuss the principle of cellular system and theadvantages of it moving towards digital technology.

There are three different generations as far as mobile communication isconcerned as discussed below:

1. First Generation (1G)

2. Second Generation (2G)3. Third Generation (3G)

2.1 First Steps & First Generation (1G)The first generation, 1G, is the name for the analogue or semi-analogue(analogue radio path, but digital switching) mobile networks established after themid-1980s, such as Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Advanced Mobile PhoneSystem (AMPS). These networks offered basic services for the users, and theemphasis was on speech and services related matters. 1G network were mainly

national efforts and very often they were specified after the networks wereestablished. Due to this, the 1G network was incompatible with each other.Mobile communication was considered some kind of curiosity, and it added valueservice on top of the fixed networks in those times.


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The following figure describes the First Generation Communication System:

Fig. 1 First Generation Communication System.

The history of mobile communication starts with the transmission of informationvia High Frequency (HF) in the late 19th century. Even after HF speechtransmission became possible in the first decade of the 20th century, it neededfurther 40 years, before the first mobile networks for private user startedoperation.

2.1.1 Simplex / Duplex TransmissionSimplex transmission means to be a communication "one-way street".Transmission in only one direction (to or from the mobile user) is possible at acertain time. Simplex transmission is used e.g. for radio and TV transmissions.Simple mobile communication systems use the so-called Semi-DuplexTransmission, i.e. at a certain time it is only possible to transmit data in onedirection, but the direction can be changed (used in ancient mobile systems andwalkie-talkies). Duplex transmission is used for simultaneous, bi-directionalinformation exchange. Modern telecommunication systems are based on duplex

transmission.


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2.1.2 Single Cell SystemsThe first mobile networks offering duplex transmission car phone telephoneservice to private user started operation in the late 1940's in the USA and in

Europe during the 1950's. These systems have been created as Single CellSystems. Single Cell Systems provide service in the service area (cell) of severalBase Stations BSs, but every cell is far remote from others to preventinterference between different users (resulting in disruption of the connections).Every single cell was totally independent from the others.

This caused the several problems, for example:

low system capacityno "Handover" possibleno seamless service areasno call toward the mobile user without knowledge of his current location

The following problems were also encountered by the first mobile services:

poor service and speech qualitymanual switching (operator needed)heavy, cumbersome, massive, expensive equipment (only for car phone)

Single Cell Systems have been used until the m1990's, becoming less and lessimportant with the introduction of the cellular systems at the end of the 1970's.


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Cellular system is illustrated in the following figure:

Fig. 2 Single Cell System


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2.1.3 Principle of Cellular SystemsAccording to a cellular principle a large number of Base Stations (BS) that

provide full service coverage, their cell areas overlap each other significantly. Toprevent interference between subscribers using the same frequency, only part ofthe available frequency range is used in a cell. The same frequency range is onlypermitted to be used in another cell sufficiently distant from this first cell (re-usedistance).

The area in which the entire "set of frequencies" is once used is known as thecluster. The number of calls that can be made at the same time in a particulararea is no longer determined by the available frequency range but by the size ofthe available cells.

Cellular Systems are the prerequisite for:

RoamingHandover

Enhanced network capacity

Cellular Systems were tested in many countries at the end of the 1970's. In 1979,AMPS started commercial operation in the USA and the Nippon Telegraph &Telephone Company - Mobile Telephone System (NTT-MTS) in Japan. Bothsystems operated in the 800-MHz range. In the beginning of the 1980's, the NMTsystem was launched in the 450-MHz range and later in the 900-MHz range inthe Scandinavian countries.

NMT was the first cellular system allowing International Roaming. In 1985 theTotal Access communication System (TACS) was introduced in Great Britain inthe 900-MHz range. Some of the European Countries where NMT and TACSSystems were introduced in the 450- MHz range are:

Italy: The RTMS system.Germany: The C450 systemFrance: The Radiocom2000 system

The introduction of the cellular system principle for mobile communication in thelate 1970's made it possible to increase the number of mobile subscriber from

less than 1 million world-wide to more than 500 million between 1980 and 2000.


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The following figure explains the principle of cellular system:

Fig. 3 Principle of cellular systems


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2.1.4 Limitations of the 1GCellular 1G systems transfer analog information over the radio or air interface.

Shortly after introduction of the first "analog" mobile communications systems, itbecame evident that the exponential growth in subscriber numbers in mobilecommunications would quickly saturate the capacity. A further problem entailedthe frequently poor speech quality and service availability of the "analog"systems.

The large numbers of historically evolved, incompatible analog standards inEurope at the end of the 1980's also represented a barrier in a convergingEuropean market. As early as the beginning of the 1980's it became clear that anew, uniform cellular system/standard at European level had to be developed.The first system in the so called second mobile communications generation (2G)

deriving from this initiative was the GSM Standard. The 2G systems differs fromthe 1G system in the respect that the 2G systems transmit digital information.

2.2 Second Generation (2G) Mobile Systems

2.2.1 2G Cellular Systems

Global System for Mobile Communication ( GSM )

In 1990 the GSM Standard was ratified as first 2G standard. Commercial

operation of GSM systems started in late 1991. Originally planned as a Europeansystem, GSM spread all over the world, serving 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in2001. The GSM radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission andFDMA/TDMA for multiple access. GSM systems are existing in the 900, 1800 and1900 MHz frequency range.

Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System ( D-AMPS)

D-AMPS (also refered as IS-136 or US-TDMA) was conceived in 1991/1992 inAmerica as an enhancement of the 1G AMPS standard. The D-AMPS radiointerface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access.The 800-MHz band (824-849/869-894 MHz) is used in conjunction with AMPS.

D-AMPS was extended in 1995 to the 1900-MHz frequency range. AMPS andD-AMPS serves some 10% of the world-wide mobile subscriber in 2001.

Japanese Digital Cellular ( JDC) / Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

PDC, originally titled as JDC is used in Japan only. Commercial operation startedin1993/1994. The PDC radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission andFDMA/TDMA for multiple access. PDC is used at the 900-MHz band(810-826/940-956 MHz) and 1500-MHz band (1429-1441, 1501-1513). In 2001some 70 million subscriber used PDC in Japan.


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Interim Standard-95 ( IS-95)

IS-95 CDMA was developed at the beginning of the 1990's on the basis of CDMAtechnology. Commercial operation started 1995. The IS-95 radio interface uses

FDD for duplex transmission, which is different to GSM, D-AMPS, and PDC.CDMA for multiple access frequencies in the 800-MHz and 1900-MHz bands areused globally and also in the 1700-MHz band in Korea. IS-95 CDMA are used allover the world, serving some 100 million subscriber in 2001.

2.2.2 Development of the GSM StandardIn 1978, the Confrence Europene des Postes et Tlecommunication (CEPT)reserved 2 x 25 MHz in the 900-MHz band for a future European mobilecommunications system. A team of experts the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) was set up in 1982 to develop this standard. The objective was to create abinding, international standard for cellular mobile communications systems inEurope. In 1988, the new-founded European Telecommunication StandardInstitute (ETSI) took over standardization work and finished work on the standard,which has been re-named to Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).The standardization of GSM900 and GSM1800 is finished in year 1990 and 1991respectively. Commercial operation started late 1991. In the following 10 years,GSM became the quasi-world standard for mobile communication, serving some2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001 (some 550 million).

GSM Adaptations / The GSM family

GSM 900 : 890 - 915 for up link and 935 - 960 MHz for down link. effectively2 x 25 MHz used world-wide.E-GSM: Extended GSM. An additional 2 x 10 MHz can be made available inEGSM on national decision. 880 - 915 MHz / 925 - 960 MHz, 2 x 35 MHz.GSM1800, formerly Digital Cellular System (DCS1800) : 1710 - 1785 MHz/ 1805 - 1880 MHz, effectively 2 x 25 MHz used world-wide.GSM1900, formerly Public Cellular System (PCS1900) : 1850 - 1910 MHz /1930 - 1990 MHz, effectively 2 x 60 MHz. Developed especially for theAmerican market.GSM Railway (GSM-R) : 876 - 880 MHz / 821 - 825 MHz, effectively 2 x 4MHz. GSM-R is the GSM adaptation for railway systems.GSM450: 450.4-457.6 MHz / 460.4-467.6 MHz, effectively 2 x 7.2 MHz

GSM480: 478.8-486 MHz / 488.8-496 MHz, effectively 2 x 7.2 MHz. GSM450& GSM480 have been defined to re-use 1G frequency ranges by GSM.GSM850: 824-849 MHz / 869-894 MHz, effectively 2 x 25 MHz. GSM850 hasbeen defined to replace North American 1G AMPS systems by GSM.


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2.2.3 GSM Evolutionary ConceptThe GSM Standard was originally intended to include all specifications on its

ratification. However, in 1998 it became clear that not all planned services andhalf rate speech could be offered within the specified deadlines. This led to acrucial decision that GSM was not to be declared as a closed, immutablestandard, and need to be further developed in phases. This evolutionary conceptprovides flexibility for modifications and technical innovations and allows GSM tobe adapted to market requirements and the latest technical developments.

GSM Phase 1

The standardization ratified in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 for GSM1800 isreferred to as GSM Phase 1. Phase 1 of the implementation of GSM systemsincludes all central requirements for the transmission of digital information.Speech data transmission is of core importance. Data transmission is likewisedefined at rates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 has only a few SupplementaryServices (SS) such as call forwarding and barring.

GSM Phase 2

Work on GSM Phase 2 was completed in 1995. In this phase, supplementaryservices, in particular, with features comparable to ISDN were added to thestandard. Technical improvements were also specified such as half-rate speech.An important aspect of Phase 2 was the declaration of downward compatibility i.e., all Phase 2 networks and terminal equipment must retain compatibility with

the Phase 1 networks and terminal equipment.

GSM Phase 2+

Phase 2+ indicates ongoing development. The GSM Standard will not be fullyrevised; instead, individual topics can be separately treated. The Standard hasbeen updated annually since 1996 (Annual Releases '97 '99). The currenttopics relate to new supplementary services, services for special user groups,improved voice codecs, IN applications and high data rate services.

The milestones in GSM evolution are explained in the following figure:


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Fig. 4 Evolution of GSM


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The following figure explains the Advantages of the digital transmission:

Fig. 5 Advantages of Digital data transmission


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2.3 Third Generation (3G)The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the globalisation process of themobile communication. Again there are national interests involved. Also somedifficulties can be foreseen. Several 3G solutions were standardised, such asUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), cdma2000, and UniversalWireless Communication-136 (UWC).

The 3G system UMTS is mostly be based on GSM technical solutions due to tworeasons. Firstly, the GSM as technology dominates the market, and secondly,investments made to GSM should be utilised as much as possible. Based on this,the specification bodies created a vision about how mobile telecommunication willdevelop within the next decade. Through this vision, some requirements forUMTS were short-listed as follows:

The system to be developed must be fully specified (like GSM). Thespecifications generated should be valid world-wide.The system must bring clear added value when comparing to the GSM in allaspects. However, in the beginning phase(s) the system must be backwardcompatible at least with GSM and ISDN.Multimedia and all of its components must be supported throughout thesystem.

The radio access of the 3G must be generic.


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2.4 Basic UMTS

2.4.1 The UMTS PLMN (UMTS Phase 1)The UMTS PLMN as defined in UMTS Rel. 99 consists of the following:

Core Network functional units from GSM Phases 1/2 (MSC, VLR, HLR, AC,EIR)GPRS functional units (GGSN & SGSN)CAMEL functional units: CSE (gsmSSF & gsmSCF)The radio component, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN).

2.4.1.1 UMTS-specific extensions / modifications

The Core Network (CN) needs only minor modifications to introduce UMTS. Anumber of protocols need to be extended, for example, to enable transfer of thenew UMTS subscriber profiles. In a similar manner, the corresponding registershave to be extended in order to save the data. Another modification is therelocation of the transcoding TC function (for speech compression) in the CN.The TC function is needed together with an interworking function (IWF) forprotocol conversion between the A and Iu interfaces.

The main differences between GSM (Phase 2+) and UMTS are due to the newprinciples of radio transmission (WCDMA instead of FDMA/TDMA). UTRAN, asthe radio transmission component of UMTS, is therefore the main modification.UTRAN is connected to the Core Network (CN) via the Iu interface.Circuit-switched data is transferred by UTRAN via the Iu(CS) interface to theMSC/VLR, while packet-switched data is transferred via Iu(PS) to the SGSN.


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loFig. 6 UMTS Phase 1

2.4.1.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

The introduction of the UMTS radio transmission component UTRAN isconnected with the introduction of new network elements and interfaces.

TheUTRAN network elementsare as follows:

Radio Network Controller (RNC). UTRAN is divided into individual areasknown as Radio Network Systems (RNS). Each RNS, to which a flexiblydefinable number of UMTS cells belong, is controlled by a RNC. An RNC is acentral unit for switching data in UTRAN and for formatting the data for

transport over the UMTS radio interface. An RNC is also solely responsible(independent from the CN) for all radio-based decisions: autonomous RadioResource Management (RRM). The functionality of an RNC is comparablewith that of a GSM BSC. However, its functions are designed for greaterautonomy and are adapted for compliance with the new radio interface.Node B. One or more Node B's are controlled and addressed by an RNC. ANode B is a physical unit for implementation of the UMTS radio interface. Asa central transmission and reception site, it serves one or more UMTS cells(an omni cell with 360 service or, for example, 2, 3 or 6 sector cells with180, 120 and 60 service respectively).


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TheUTRAN interfacesare as follows:

Uu interface: The Uu interface provides the UMTS radio interface andconnects Node B with the UMTS user equipment (UE).

Iu interface: The Iu interface connects an RNC with the CN i.e., with theMSC/VLR and SGSN.Iub interface: Connects an RNC with the Node B's that it controls.Iur interface: Connects different RNC's together. It has no equivalent in GSMand is due to a handover method (known as soft handover) not typical inGSM.

Uu, Iu, Iub and Iur are open interfaces i.e., specified in the UMTSRecommendations. They use different transmission methods from GSM.

Fig. 7 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

2.4.1.3 Overview: The UMTS (Phase 1) PLMN

The UMTS PLMN is based on a GSM PLMN extended during UMTS introductionby the Phase 2+ features "GPRS" and "CAMEL". The UMTS-specificmodifications to the CN required during the UMTS introductory phase (e.g.,TC/IWF between Iu and A interfaces) are minor and therefore reduce the costsand minimize the risks associated with UMTS implementation.


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The introduction of the UTRAN network elements RNC and Node B along withthe UMTS user equipment (UE) and the connecting interfaces (Iu, Iur, Iub andUu) are specific to UMTS. These interfaces use different GSM transmission

principles. Uu uses the CDMA method for transmission, the GSM radio interface,Um, uses FDMA/TDMA. Iu, Iur and Iub are based on ATM transmission, whiletheir GSM equivalents (where existing) use TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).

The UMTS UE is based on the same principles as the GSM MS's in otherwords, separated into ME and UMTS SIM cards (USIM). The UMTS UE, inparticular during the UMTS startup phase, may have dual mode functionality(UMTS & GSM) or even multimode functionality (UMTS & GSM & MSS orMC-CDMA,...).

BSS and UTRAN, both serviced by the same CN, may even possibly co-exist.This will be of great advantage, particularly in the startup phase of UMTS. UMTS

can be introduced in financially attractive hot spots and gradually expanded.Nonetheless, with dual mode UE (UMTS & GSM) services can be provided fromthe very beginning of UMTS operation throughout the widespread service areasof GSM.

Fig. 8 UMTS Phase 1 Summary


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3 3G UMTS Motivation and

Specification Process forUMTS

3.1 UMTS DevelopmentThe European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) Global MultimediaMobility (GMM) Report from 1996 pointed the way for the development not onlyof UMTS, but also of GSM. GSM was to be further evolved in the GSM Phase 2+in such a manner that its capabilities progressed toward UMTS.

The GSM network and protocol structures were developed so that they can beused as a platform not only for high level GSM services, but also for UMTS.UMTS will continue the GSM success story. The existing infrastructure of theGSM operators will be more intensively used, and also for UMTS. This reducesthe financial risks involved in the introduction of UMTS. In other words, the 2Ginvestments will continue to be utilized.

The experience gained by GSM with regard to the core network and theProtocols and procedures (for example, the MAP protocol, call control, mobilitymanagement, handover, etc.) will also be used either directly or in a modifiedform. Using these Protocols and procedures will also reduce the risks involved inthe 3G implementation.

The introduction of dual and multimode terminals is of great importance. It willuse the entire area serviced by GSM from the very beginning by handoverbetween UMTS and GSM, thereby paving the way for UMTS (reduction of 3Grisks). This new evolutionary plan gives 2G operators a chance to reconfiguretheir networks for upward compatibility, and UMTS operators can avail of thedownward compatibility to assure successful UMTS launching. In this way GSMwill slowly evolve along a migration path toward the original objectives of UMTSto obtain the smoothest possible transition from the 2nd to the 3rd generation ofmobile communications.

3.2 Mobile Communication Market: Medium

and Long Term ForecastsThe mobile communications market will continue to grow in the first decade of the21st century and beyond. Unlike the fixed network sector, which over the lastdecades only developed slowly and which is only recently gaining momentumagain, many market studies indicate unrestricted expansion of the mobilecommunications sector even well beyond the year 2010. This growth is only likelyto be overtaken by the forecasts for the Internet market.


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It is generally expected that the number of mobile communications subscriberswill exceed those in fixed networks in the next years. This is already the case inparticular in regions with a poorly developed fixed network infrastructure.

About 2.7 billion subscribers are predicted for the mobile communications marketby the year 2015 according to the UMTS Forum Report #1. This growth is beingexperienced to a large extent in the current developing and threshold nations inthe Asian/Pacific region. Forecasts indicate a 50% share of the global mobilecommunications market for this region by 2015. Similar growth rates are expectedfor Eastern Europe and Central and South America.

The "classical industrial countries" in North America and Europe (EU15) will onlyhave a slight increase in subscriber numbers from 2005 because, withpenetration rates of more than 80%, saturation will be approached. North Americaand EU15 will only have shares of the world's subscribers of about 7% and 11%

respectively by 2015 according to forecasts.One result of the immense growth rates will be a steep rise in the demand foradditional radio resources the necessity for very efficient usage of the radioresources.

Trend: Speech to Data Transmission

There is constant increase in global demand for data transfer, record growth inInternet links and access together. With the requirement to make these servicesin the fixed network sector as well in the mobile sector, all forecasts arepredicting a steep rise in the volume of data transfers using mobile

communication systems.Although the demand for mobile computing, Internet and intranet access alreadyexists, expansion in these sectors was greatly hindered by cumbersomeequipment, very low data transfer rates and overly expensive costs for the mobiletransfer of data. All of these barriers are set to be overcome in GSM Phase 2+and by the 3G systems. Against this background, the expert studies (for example,UMTS Forum) are predicting a considerably greater increase in the volume ofdata for transfer than for speech transmissions.

While annual growth in speech transmission in industrialized nations in thecoming years is predicated to be between 20% 60%, a significant growth rate

of more than 100% is expected for the volume of data to be transferred. Betweenthe years 2005 and 2007, the data transfers are predicted to make up about 50%of the total traffic with an upward trend in the years thereafter. This means thatall forecasts envisage data transfers taking the lion's share in the medium term.

Current Market Demands Regarding Mobile Communications

The demands currently made by the mobile communications market are variedand include the following:

1. Improved speech quality2. User friendliness

3. Global accessibility


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4. Special services for particular user groups (for example, Closed UserGroups)

5. Flexible Service Creation6. Everywhere the same services as in HPLMN7. Fast transfer of large data volumes8. Mobile Internet / Intranet Access

9. Multi Media capabilities

3.3 3G end-to-end IP SolutionsWith UMTS Release 99, a radio interface solution was introduced to allow thetransport of a wide range of multimedia services. The transmission networksolution of the UMTS radio access network is based on ATM (and an alternative

specification of IP transport partly exists), which guarantees flexible bearerestablishment in the radio access network.

However, the UMTS CN solution is still rooted in GSM, and this may imposelimitations for multimedia applications. In UMTS Rel. 4 and 5, call-processingserver solutions combined with media gateways were specified for circuit andpacket switched services to allow flexible bearer establishment also in the corenetwork. The specifications explicitly mention IP and ATM as potentialtransmission solutions for the core network. This means a core network evolution.

The following diagram illustrates the use of IP for the network traffic:

Fig. 9 3G IP Majority of the traffic over IP


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The majority of the traffic is expected to be packet switched data transfer over IP.The IP is expected to fully support mobility management provided, if expressed intelecommunication terms. Additionally, in this kind of environment the IP must

fully support QoS thinking. These two conditions are essential if cellular IPterminals are going to be used.

3G Services & Required Data Rates

Different services have different requirements regarding the appropriate data rate.Only a few kbit/s are required for conventional voice transmission with the use ofefficient speech data compression functions. Data rates to the order of several 10kbit/s are helpful and meaningful for convenient e-mail transfers. Greaterbandwidth ranging from several kbit/s to more than 100 kbit/s is required forefficient general data transmissions, Internet access, mobile banking, shopping,etc.

Even greater data rates from several 10 kbit/s to several 100 kbit/s are necessaryfor high-quality image transmission and video telephony. The highestrequirements for data rates from 100 kbit/s to more than 1 Mbit/s are demandedby video conferences and video-on-demand applications, in addition to differentmultimedia applications.

UMTS will be able to dynamically and flexibly provide these data rates rangingfrom 8 kbit/s to a maximum of 2 Mbit/s.

The following diagram illustrates the services provided by the 3G:

Fig. 10 The services provided by the 3G


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3.4 Specification Process for UMTSAs the 3G system is expected to be global, world-wide, and generic, thespecification bodies related are also global ones as discussed following section.In addition to the specification bodies, the specification process includesco-operation of operators and manufacturers.

The following international standardisation bodies are acting as generators for3G specification work:

International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)

This organisation provides in practise all the telecommunication branchspecifications that are official in nature. Hence, these form all the guidelinesrequired by the manufacturers and country-specific authorities. ITU-T has finished

its development process for, International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT2000).IMT-2000 represents a framework on how the network evolution from a second toa third generation mobile communication system shall take place. Even moreimportant, different radio interface scenarios were outlined for 3G systems.

European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI)

This organisational body has had a very strong role when GSM Specificationswere developed and enhanced. ETSI is divided into workgroups named SMG(number), and every workgroup has a specific area to develop. Because of theGSM background, ETSI is in a relatively dominant role in this specification work.

Alliance of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB)

ARIB conducts studies and R&D, establishes standards, provides consultationservices for radio spectrum coordination, cooperates with other overseasorganizations and provides frequency change support services for the smoothintroduction of digital terrestrial television broadcasting. These activities areconducted in cooperation with and/or with participation by telecommunicationoperators, broadcasters, and radio equipment manufacturers.

American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

ANSI is the American specification body that has issued a license for a subgroup

to define telecommunication-related issues in that part of the world. Because ofsome political points of view, ANSIs role is relatively small as far as UMTSconcerned. The ANSI subgroup is mainly concentrating on a competing 3G airinterface technology selection called cdma2000.

In order to maintain globalisation and complete control of the UMTSspecifications, a separate specification body called 3GPP (3rd GenerationPartnership Project) was established to take care of the specification work inco-operation with the previously listed institutes. The outcome of the 3GPP workis a complete set of specifications defining the 3G network functionality,procedures, and service aspects.


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The following diagram illustrates 3GPP:

Fig. 11 3GPP standardisation body for UMTS

As there are some political desires involved, the issue is not as simple asdescribed; global system means global business and this is why there has been alot of pressure to select or emphasise certain solutions more than others. This

political debate actually delayed the specification work remarkably, and finally anorganisation was established to take care of the harmonisation issues.

This organisation, Operator Harmonisation Group (OHG) aims to find a commonunderstanding concerning the global issues. The results of this organisation areused as inputs in 3GPP work as well as in 3G future implementations. The OHGmade its may be the most remarkable decision in April-May 1999, when itdecided the common-for-all-variants code word (chip) rate in the 3G WCDMA airinterface.

This issue has a direct effect on the system capacity and implementation and itwas maybe the biggest delaying factor concerning the UMTS specifications. Theaim of the OHG work is to affect the specifications so that all radio accessvariants are compatible with all the variants meant for switching, this will ensuretrue globalisation for 3G systems.

The first UMTS release was frozen in December 1999. This release is calledUMTS Release 99. In UMTS Release 99, the specification body 3GPPconcentrated on following two main aspects: Inauguration of a new radio interfacesolution. A new 3G radio interface solution must use the radio interface resourcesmore efficient than it is the case with 2G radio interface solution. In addition tothat, it must be very flexible in terms of data rates to allow a wide range ofapplications to be served.


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The UMTS radio interface solutions are based on the multiple access principleCDMA. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.

In UMTS Release 99, CDMA is applied on 5 MHz carrier frequency bands. This

is the reason, why in some areas of the world, UMTS is called Wideband CDMA(WCDMA).

Following radio interface solutions were specified with UMTS Release 99:

1. The FDD-mode combines CDMA with frequency division duplex, i.e. uplinkand downlink transmission are realised on separate 5 MHz frequencycarriers.

2. The TDD-mode combines CDMA with time division duplex, i.e. uplink anddownlink are made available of the same 5 MHz frequency carrier, separatedin time.

The next version of the 3GPP Specifications is Release 4, which was frozenMarch 2001, and Release 5, which was frozen in March/June 2002. In Release 4and 5, the upgrades in the radio access and radio access network were minor.The main focus lay on the core network and the service infrastructure.

UMTS Release 4 included a specification of the Multimedia Messaging Service(MMS), a new radio interface solution for China called low chip rate TDD mode(or TD-SCDMA). While in UMTS Release 4 the first steps toward a 3G All IPcould be found, this was fully specified in UMTS Release 5, including the IPMultimedia Subsystem (IMS).


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4 Evolution of UMTS

TechnologyThe follwoing topic discuss about the evolutionary path of GSM to UMTStechnology and list significant events in the evolution of CDMA networks.

4.1 GSM & UMTS EvolutionThe original plans for GSM in the 1980's included all aspects of a 2G standard. In1988 it became clear that this was not possible in the specified time frame. Forthis reason, GSM was released in a preliminary version in 1990/91 as GSMPhase 1.

4.1.1 GSM Phase 1Phase 1 contains everything required for the operation of GSM networks. Speechdata transfer is the core focus. Data transfer is defined, too (0.3 - 9.6 kbit/s). Onlya few supplementary services are included.

4.1.2 GSM Phase 2

After Phase 1completion, the GSM Standard was fully revised. Phase 2 includesa wide range of supplementary services comparable with the ISDN standard.

4.1.3 GSM Phase 2+Phase 2+ enhances in Annual Releases (`96, `97, `98, `99) the GSM standardand prepares the UMTS introduction. Especially the GSM Core Network (CN) isenhanced to be used as UMTS CN at UMTS start. Major Phase 2+ aspects areIN services, flexible service definition, packet data transfer, high data ratetransmission and improved voice codes. GSM is limited by the narrowband radioaccess, the radio resource efficiency and a lack of additionally availablefrequency bands.

4.1.4 UMTS Release `99 (also: Release 3)With GSM Rel. `99, a handshake with the first UMTS Release (Rel`99 or Rel. 3)according to many CN and service aspects is performed. UMTS introduces anew, broadband radio access optimized for packet data transmission up to 2Mbit/s.

4.1.5 UMTS Release 4Unlike GSM Phase 2+, the enhancement of UMTS is not performed in annualsteps. Enhancements should be possible in flexible time schedules. Rel. 4 (March

2001) introduces for example, important CN modifications (bearer independentsignaling flow) and the Low Chip Rate LCR TDD mode as a third radio access


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option.

4.1.6 UMTS Release 5

For UMTS Rel. 5 major CN modifications, i.e. the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)are planned. New network elements and protocol structures are defined.For thefuture modifications of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)toward an All IP RAN, enhancements of the radio resource efficiency, newfrequency ranges (WRC'2000) and many more enhancements toward 4G areexpected.

The following figure illustrates GSM and UMTS Evolution:

Fig. 12 GSM and UMTS Evolution


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4.2 Data Transmission EvolutionIn Phase 2+ HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE are introduced to enhance the datatransmission capabilities.

4.2.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)HSCSD defines bundling of up to 8 physical channels of one carrier. In practice,however, only up to 4 channels are bundled together due to CN restrictions. Themaximum data rate per physical channel was increased from 9.6 kbit/s to 14.4kbit/s, introducing a new codec. As a result, up to 57.6 kbit/s can be reached(theoretically up to 115.2 kbit/s). HSCSD, like conventional GSM, defines CircuitSwitched CS data transfer. For HSCSD, only minor modifications to the GSM

network were necessary.

4.2.2 General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)

GPRS also allows bundling of up to 8 physical channels to one user. Four newCoding Schemes CS enable transfers at rates of 9.05 /13.4 / 15.6 / 21.4 kbit/sper physical channel. GPRS introduces Packet Switched PS data transmission,which allows efficient use of resources and direct access to Packet DataNetworks PDN. New network elements and protocols, paving the way for UMTS,have been defined.

4.2.3 Enhanced Data Rate for the GSM Evolution (EDGE)EDGE introduces a new modulation method over the radio interface: 8-PhaseShift Keying (8PSK). This allows three times faster data transfer compared to theconventional GSM modulation method Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GMSK. Inthis way, EDGE is used to enhance the performance of GPRS and HSCSD.Transmission at up to 69.2 kbit/s per physical channel is possible. Theoretically,data rate of up to 553.6 kbit/s are possible, granting ITU 3G requirements forZone 3 wide area mobility.


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4.2.4 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)HSDPA is protocol belonging to the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family of

protocols. HSDPA is a third generation (3G) mobile telephony communicationsprotocol which provides high speed data transfer and capacity to UMTS basednetworks. HSDPA can support data rates of upto 10.8 Mbps and simultaneouslyco-exist with R99 in the same frequency band of 5MHz. HSDPA is capable ofcatering to some of the most demanding Multimedia applications. The maximumspeed provided by HSDPA in the 5MHz channel is nearly around 10Mbps.However, apart from peak rate or maximum speed provided by HSDPA, moreadvantageous is the throughput capacity that shows a phenomenal increase. Asa result of this, higher and higher number of users can make use of the high datarates on a single carrier.

4.2.5 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

HSUPA is protocol belonging to the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family ofprotocols. HSUPA is a third generation (3G) mobile telephony communicationsprotocol which provides a maximum uplink speed of 5.76 megabits per second(Mbps). HSUPA improves the performance of the enhanced dedicated channel(E-DCH) by increasing throughput and reducing delays. The link-adaptation inHSUPA is quicker and therefore it reduces latency and improves performance.


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5 Existing GSM and UMTS

Service Concept5.1 User ServicesSubscribers are paying for value added services offered to them. Thereforemobile operators are currently concentrating in broadening the services, offeredto the subscribers. Following are the some of the examples:

E-mail.

Telecommuting.

Multimedia messaging.Improved quality of service.

Support for video and audio clips.

Wireless personal Internet-information anywhere at anytime.

Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades through the capability todownload new service applications with minimal customer interaction.

Enhanced user service management covering the ability to customise andconfigure the appearance and behaviour of user services and applications.

This management may include user interface customisation where theterminal supports that capability.

Access to a complete range of integrated, customer-friendly servicescustomised to their needs by operators and service providers. These serviceswill be available irrespective of the serving network and terminal, assumingthat similar capabilities are available. Where the capabilities are not available,the user will be presented with a subset of the service.


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5.2 GSM Service Support in UMTSThe Tele Services TS, Bearer Services BS and Supplementary Services SS ofGSM Phase 2+ are defined, supported and enhanced in and for UMTS (TS22.004). These experienced "classical" service concept with services of strictlydefined functionality will built a platform of uniform (i.e. offered to all subscriberworld-wide in the same way) services for GSM and UMTS users.

Nevertheless, this strict service definition disables to create flexible new operatorspecific services. Demands on market differs much more on a global market andstandardization in 3GPP will not be fast and flexible enough to satisfy changingregional market demand and follow all technical changes. Therefore, with theVirtual Home Environment (VHE), TS 22.121, a flexible concept for servicecreation has been developed for enhanced GSM networks and UMTSinfrastructure.


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5.3 WCDMA in UMTSWCDMA for UMTS has several advantages, for example:

Efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum

Different technologies, which improve the spectrum usage, are easy to apply toCDMA. For example, in GSM, one physical channel is dedicated to one user forspeech transmission. If discontinuous transmission is applied, several timeslots ofthe physical channels are not used. These timeslots cannot be used otherwise.

In UMTS, the transmission of several mobile phones takes place on the samefrequency band at the same time. Therefore, each transmission imposesinterference to the transmissions of other mobile phones on the same carrierfrequency band. UMTS supports discontinuous transmission via the radio

interface.Consequently, if mobile phones are silent, when there is nothing to transmit, theinterference level is reduced and therefore the radio interface capacity increased.Another option allowed in UMTS is the multiplexing of packet switched traffic withcircuit switched traffic. If there is no speech to transmit for a subscriber, the silenttimes are used for packet switched traffic.

Limited frequency management

CDMA uses the same frequency in adjacent cells. There is no need for theFrequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) / Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA) type of frequency assignment that can sometimes be difficult. This is themain reason for increased radio interface efficiency of WCDMA.

Low mobile station transmit power

With advanced receiver technologies, CDMA can improve the receptionperformance. The required transmit power of a CDMA mobile phone can bereduced as compared to TDMA systems. In the FDD mode, where burstytransmission is avoided, the peak power can be kept low. Continuoustransmission also avoids the electromagnetic emission problems caused bypulsed transmission to, for example, hearing aids and hospital equipment.


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Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent

Different bit rates for uplink and downlink can be allocated to each user. CDMAthus supports asymmetric communications such as TCP/IP access. Wide variety

of data rates The wide bandwidth of WCDMA enables the provision of highertransmission rates. Additionally, it provides low and high rate services in thesame band.

Improvement of multipath resolution

The wide bandwidth of WCDMA makes it possible to resolve more multipathcomponents than in 2nd generation CDMA, by using a so-called RAKE receiver.This assists in lowering the transmit power required and lowers interferencepower at the same time. The result is further improved spectrum efficiency.

Statistical multiplexing advantage

The wideband carrier of the WCDMA system allows more channels/users in onecarrier. The statistical multiplexing effect also increases the frequency usageefficiency. This efficiency drops in narrowband systems with fast datacommunications, because the number of the users on one carrier is limited.

Increased standby time from higher rate control channels

The wideband carrier can enhance the transmission of the control channels. TheMS only listens to the control channels part of the time, thereby increasing thestandby time.


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5.4 Flexible Service CreationThe (GSM/UMTS) network offers service elements, which are used byapplications. The applications form the value added for the subscriber (see alsoNext Generation Network Group). A set of services have been made available byUMTS.

5.4.1 Customized Applications for Mobile Network

Enhanced Logic (CAMEL):The support of IN (Intelligent Network) services on non-proprietary basis in GSM& UMTS is introduced with CAMEL (3GPP TS 22.078, 23.078). Previous INsolutions for GSM were of a proprietary nature and could therefore only be used

by subscribers in the home PLMN (HPLMN). CAMEL allows the global use of INservices (if the Visited PLMN supports CAMEL). Operator-specific services,based on the VHE / OSA concept of MTS / GSM can be implemented usingCAMEL. CAMEL has been introduced in three phases (GSM Rel. '96, '98 and'99); UMTS directly adopts the CAMEL Phase 3 solution for UMTS Rel. '99.

5.4.2 Mobile Station Application Execution Environment

(MExE):MExE introduces an open architecture for flexible support of Internet contentstransmission in GSM / UMTS (Rec. 22.057, 23.057). It contains mechanisms for

downloading information and applications to the User Equipment UE. It creates asuitable environment for implementing the applications. UE's indicate theircapabilities to the network, transmitting their MExE classmark at connectionsetup.

Following are the two techniques that can be applied for MExE:

1. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) was developed by the WAP Forum.WAP is an open industry standard allowing the use of Internet informationregardless of the access technology used. WAP is optimized for MS with asmall display and uses the Wireless Markup Language (WML) format for

representing IP data.2. JAVA will continue to be used because of its universality, platform

independence and its inherent ability to recognize networks.


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5.4.3 UMTS Subscriber Identity Module Application

ToolKit ((U)SIM ATK):

The (U)SIM ATK defines commands for interactions between the MobileEquipment(ME) and the SIM card (Rec. 22.038, 03.48, 31.102 and 31.111).Applications can be downloaded onto the (U)SIM card with the toolkit. Greatermemory capacities than before are needed (and offered today) on (U)SIM cards.The (U)SIM ATK applications are logically separate from previous GSMfunctionalities on SIM cards and are controlled by subscribers using menus.

SMS or packet data transmission in GPRS/UMTS can be used to download newsoftware or applications for the (U)SIM ATK from a server to (U)SIM cards or forthe communication between these elementsin general. Examples of (U)SIM ATKapplications are mobile banking, mobile flight booking, etc.The (U)SIM ATK

contains new security mechanisms for these applications.

5.4.4 Virtual Home Environment (VHE):

VHE (TS 22.121, 23.127) is defined as a concept for Personal ServiceEnvironment (PSE) across network boundaries and between terminals. Theconcept of the VHE is such that users are consistently presented with the samepersonalized features, User Interface customization and services in whatevernetwork and whatever terminal (within the capabilities of the terminal andnetwork), where ever the user may be located.


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5.4.5 Open Service Architecture (OSA):OSA (TS 23.127) defines an architecture that enables operator and 3rd party

applications to make use of network functionality through an openstandardizedApplication Programming Interface API: OSA API. OSA provides theglue between applications and service capabilities provided by the network. Inthis way applications become independent from the underlying networktechnology. The applications form the top level of the OSA. This level isconnected to the Service Capability Servers SCSs via the OSA API. The SCSsmap the OSA API onto the underlying telecom specific protocols (for example,MAP, CAP etc.).

They hide the network complexity from the applications. Applications can be

network/server centric applications or terminal centric applications. Terminalcentric applications (for example, MExE and USIM ATK) reside in the UE.Network/server centric applications are outside the Core Network (i.e. theapplications are executed in Application Servers that are physically separatedfrom the CN entities) and make use of service capability features offered throughthe OSA API.

Mobile commerce (mCommerce)

In near future, mobile phones will become the personal trusted device thatenables mobile commerce. With UMTS, the type and variety of mobile commerce

transactions increases significantly, becoming a way of life for every day needs.Some examples of every day needs are local payments, online banking, musicpurchases and downloads, as well as ticketing. Also advertising will become animportant part of overall mCommerce. Trust of brand for providing the mobilecommerce service together with transaction security are two essential factorsensuring the acceptance and growth of mobile commerce.

Mobile commerce solution addresses the three key elements of securetransactions:

1. Confidentiality, meaning those contents of the transaction can not be seen byany outsider.

2. Integrity, meaning that the parties performing the transaction can be sure ofthat the other party is the one he/she claims.

3. Irrevocability, meaning that either party after performing the transaction cannot claim the transaction has not been performed.


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6 New Evolutions

6.1 IPTVAn IPTV solution delivering video services over a telecom infrastructure has tocompete with well-known and established terrestrial, satellite or cable serviceswith respect to broadcast channel contents, deliverable services and performancebenchmark.

A significant advantage that Telco operators have is the ability to providecomplete entertainment and communication solution over a single broadbandaccess network.

Technology evolvement has contributed significantly to the success of such

solutions. The evolution of xDSL technology e.g. ADSL2+/VDSL/VDSL2 towardshigher and higher bandwidth allows rich content and multimedia services to bedelivered. Another contributing factor is improvement in compression technology.MPEG-2 with advance coding can now produce reasonably good quality picturesat low bitrates. The emergence of MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) andWM9 will further strengthen this growth.

6.1.1 Services of IPTV

Digital broadcast TV

This IPTV service allows subscribers to view digital TV broadcast channels inreal-time streaming over their broadband connection.

The user can change channels with the up/down or number buttons on theremote control. The service supports information overlay such that when achannel is selected an information banner appears at the bottom of the screenproviding channel information and program synopsis.

There is full flexibility in configuring packages of channels, allowing the operatorto offer any number and combination of basic and premium channel packages.

Digital Radio and Music Broadcast (DMX)

DMX allows a service provider to stream radio stations through the broadbandinfrastructure.

The subscriber can select Digital Radio from the main menu of the graphicaluser interface (GUI). After selecting this item, he will then be able to choose oneof the provided radio channels using the remote control in the same manner asfor DTV channel selection.


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Fig. 13 DTV and Music

Video on Demand (VoD)

Video on Demand is provided with full VCR-like controls with capability to play,pause, fast-forward (multiple scan rates), fast-rewind (multiple scan rates) anddirect jump to a particular part of a movie. It is possible to stop a movie andreturn to the same point at a later time. In order to facilitate movie browsing,videos are categorized into well-known genres that are available at the top levelof the VoD EPG.

Electronic Programming Guide (EPG)

The EPG provides programming information for digital broadcast television, musicand PPV. The EPG look and feel is also replicated across the VoD and WalledGarden content directories. For real-time programming the EPG provides 7 daysof programs information including detailed synopsis of each programs.


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Fig. 14 Electronic Programming Guide (EPG)

Internet on TV

Internet access is provided on the television by using a web browser customized

for TV use. This web browser is integrated into the client software residing on theSTB. With an optional keyboard, subscribers can surf in the internet in as similarfashion as if they were using a PC. However, this application is not meant as afull substitution for internet browsing on a PC.

E-Mail via HTML

With the web over TV feature described above, it is also possible for the users toaccess an e-mail account via HTML, reading and writing e-mails via a web-basede-mail server. An optional keyboard is recommended to use this feature.

Gaming on demand

This application enables the user to play single-player games running locally onthe STB using the STBs java virtual machine The games are held as long as thebrowser is open; once it is closed the games are lost and need to be downloadedagain from the network. The user is able to play the games using just the remotecontrol.


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Fig. 15 Gaming on Demand

Video telephony

This service is part of the NGN solution and provides means to conduct video

telephony i.e. point to point video and voice transmission over an IP network.The solution requires a stand-alone web camera (USB connection) or one that isintegrated with STB. For true video conferencing (point to multipoint up to 16sessions), additional equipment (Radvision) is required.

This service allows for a SIP/IP based video and voice communication betweentwo users. Both video and voice data are encoded at the STB and sent via IP tothe peer user.


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6.2 WiMAXWiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) is a broadbandwireless technology which is used to deliver broadband access services toresidential and enterprise customers in an economical way. WiMAX is a wirelessindustry coalition whose members organized to advance IEEE 802.16 standardsfor broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. Some supplementalspecifications have also been created by the WiMAX Forum.

WiMAX operation is similar to WiFi but WiMax operates at higher speeds, can beprovided over greater distances and can be provided to a greater number ofusers. WiMAX 802.16 technology is expected to enable multimedia applicationswith wireless connection and, with a range of up to 30 miles, enable networks tohave a wireless last mile.

Fig. 16 4G Candidate


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Fig. 17 WiMAX Standards and Standards Group

6.2.1 WiMAX Speed and Range

WiMAX is expected to offer initially up to about 100 Mbps capacity per wirelesschannel for portable applications and upto 1Gbps for fixed applications. WiMAXprovides support for Internet data and voice and video. WiMAX could potentiallybe deployed in a variety of spectrum bands: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and5.8GHz. WiMAX utilizes OFDM in order to serve multiple users. WiMAX servesthese users in a time division fashion using a round-robin approach. This serviceto the users is so fast that users often tend to believe that the transmission andreceipt of data is continuous.

Why WIMAX?

WiMAX offers access solution to various different requirements. Applications that

can use WiMAX extend broadband capabilities to:Get closer to subscribersFill gaps in cable DSL and T1 services, Wi-Fi and cellular backhaul,Provide last-100 meter access from fibre to the curb

Give service providers a cost-effective solution to support broadband services

WiMAX provides support to solutions that need a high amount of bandwidth,which requires large spectrum deployments (i.e. >10 MHz). WiMAX canaccomplish this in the existing infrastructure thereby lowering implementation

costs required to deliver bandwidth for high-value, multimedia services.


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WiMAX comes as a cost effective solution to service providers who have to caterto increasing customer demands as it seamlessly interoperates across differentnetworks without requiring any enhancements to the existing infrastructure.

WiMAX also provides wide area coverage and quality of service capabilities fordifferent types of applications. These applications include real-timedelay-sensitive voice-over-IP (VoIP), real-time streaming video and non-real-timedownloads. Using WiMAX for these applications delivers expected performancefor all types of communications over the network.

WiMAX seamlessly integrates with both wide-area third-generation (3G) mobileand wireless and wireline networks. This allows WiMAX to become part of aseamless anytime, anywhere broadband access solution.

6.2.2 Benefits of WiMAXWiMAX provides different benefits to the different section of customers it catersto. For instance, for component makers it creates a volume opportunity for siliconsuppliers. Equipment makers benefit because WiMAX provides them astandards-based, stable platform allowing them to innovate more rapidly. WithWiMAX, equipment makers can use the stable platform for adding newcapabilities to an existing solution instead of starting from scratch for a newsolution.

The different benefits provided to Operators include a common platform whichallows operators to reduce the cost of installing more equipments. This directly

has an impact on performance, which cannot be achieved with proprietaryapproaches. WiMAX also provides a new avenue for business by fillingbroadband access gaps. Operators can use WiMAX to provision T1 / E1 leveland high margin broadband services on an on-demand basis. Operators alsobenefit from the fact that base stations can interoperate with multiple vendors'CPEs and they are not bound to a single vendor.

Consumers benefit from the choices provided in aread where there were gapsearlier. These include areas such as worldwide urban centers where buildingaccess is difficult; suburban areas where subscriber is located at a longerdistance from the central office; and poorly connected rural and low population

density areas. Additionally, competition amongst operators will reduce themonthly subscription costs.

WiMAX is a IP-based wireless broadband access technology based on IEEE802.16 specifications which provides an alternative to cable and DSL. The designof WiMAX network follows five principles which include spectrum, topology,internetworking, IP connectivity and mobility management.


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6.2.3 IP-based WiMAX network modelThe IP-based WiMAX network model was developed by the WiMAX Forum NWG.

This model describes a number of functional entities and interfaces betweenthem. This model is based on a unified network architecture which providessupport for fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments.

Logically, the network can be divided into three parts, Mobile Station (MS),access service network (ASN) and Connectivity service network (CSN). An enduser uses MS to access the network. One or more MS together with one or moreASN gateways contained in the ASN form the radio access network at the edge.CSN provides IP connectivity and IP core network functions.

The Base station provides air interface to MS and also performs additionalMicromobility management functions. Some of these functions include:

Establishment of tunnelDHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxyHandoff triggeringQoS policy enforcement,Traffic classification,Management of radio resource, key, session and multicast groups

ASN gateway perform the function of a layer 2 traffic aggregation point within anASN. Additional functions of ASN gateway include:

Foreign agent functionality for mobile IPQoS and policy enforcementAAA client functionalityRadio resource management and admission controlCaching of subscriber profiles and encryption keysEstablishment and management of mobility tunnel with base stationsRouting to the selected CSN

Intra-ASN location management and paging


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CSN provides connectivity public and corporate networks and the Internet. TheCSN is owned by NSP and includes AAA servers that support authentication forthe devices, users, and specific services.

CSN provides the following functionalities:

Per user policy management of QoS and securityIP address managementSupport for roaming between different NSPsLocation management between ASNsMobility and roaming between ASNs

NSN WiMAX is being designed to meet the most stringent prevailing industryrequirements. This includes the WiMAX standards that have been approved and

promulgated by the IEEE and the supplemental specifications that have beencreated by the WiMAX Forum. The NSN WiMAX system will meet therequirements of IEEE 802.16-2004 for fixed arrangements and 802.16e-2005 forportable and low-mobility systems in Release 1.

Nokia is a founder and active member of the WiMAX Forum, which was formed inJune of 2001 to foster conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16standard.

The WiMAX Forum has further defined WiMAX requirements by publishingdocuments that cover the areas of:

frequency band allocationschannel bandwidth configurationsapplication profiles to support interoperabilityend-to-end network architecture


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6.3 Long Term Evolution (LTE)LTE is 3GPP system for the years 2010 to 2020 and beyond and is expected tobe ready for commercial launch by 2010. This system is being developed toespecially compete with WIMAX 802.16e/m. LTE maintains support for high andhighest mobility users like those in GSM/UMTS networks. The architecturalchanges made in LTE are big as compared to UMTS.

The work on evolution of 3G cellular technology started with a workshop held inToronto, Canada in November 2004. This workshop identified the need to comeup with a new technology. Some requirements that came up for this newtechnology included the following:

The new technology should reduce the cost on transferring every bit of data.

The new technology should improve the quality of service given to users at alower cost.The new technology should have the flexibility to use the existing as well asany new frequency bands.The new technology should have a simplified architecture and should havean open interfaceThe terminal power consumption in the new technology should be reduced.

6.3.1 Why LTE (Drawbacks of 3G)The maximum bit rates still are factor 20 and more behind the current state

of the art systems like 802.11n and 802.16e/m. Even the support for highermobility levels is not an excuse for this.The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of resource assignmentprocedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big to handle traffic with high bit ratevariance efficiently.

The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MC-CDMA systems is quite high,making equipment expensive, resulting in poor performing implementations ofreceivers and inhibiting the implementation of other performanceenhancements like MIMO for a lot of equipment.

6.3.2 Benefit of LTE

With the ever-increasing demand for improved wireless broadband that providessame experience and applications as provided by wireline connections,companies are looking at taking advantage of technology innovation to improveeconomics of deploying mobile broadband networks. A new technology that isbetter than the existing 3G and 2G networks will provide wireless serviceproviders a new revenue source. LTE comes as a solution here. Apart fromenabling fixed to mobile migration of Internet applications, LTE can also support

an explosion in demand for connectivity from a new generation of consumerdevices. LTE will provide its customers, whether individuals or business


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professionals all functionalities of a wireline connection over a wireless networkgiving them the ability to access any content, anywhere, irrespective or whetherthey are stationed at one location or mobile.

6.3.3 LTE TechnologiesLTE is slated to support variety of network traffic ranging from mixed data, voice,video to messaging. Some major technological changes made by LTE include:

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), which is an antenna technology similarto that used in IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard.System Architecture Evaluation (SAE), which will simplify the system as moreand more IP data is used.

LTE will use OFDM as the modulation format because OFDMA is suitable forcarrying high data rates which is one of the primary requirements of LTE. Inaddition, OFDM is not affected to a great extent by interference and has beentested over the time with its usage in Wi-Fi and WiMAX.

LTE will use MIMO for improved data throughput since MIMO provides a way ofutilising the multiple signal paths that exist between a transmitter and receiver.MIMO will also improve the data capacity of the channel by allowing multiple datastreams on the same channel. MIMO has also been tested over the times in itsuse in Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies.

The basic work on LTE has not all been completed, some people anticipate that

the first deployments may be seen in 2010. The initial drafts were released inSeptember 2007 and the work on the infrastructure technology known as LTESystem Architecture Evolution (SAE) had also stated after some time.Nevertheless 3G LTE is sure to happen and cellular technology will be in aposition to offer much higher data rates than is possible today.


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7 AppendixUMTS Specifications

The specifications give detailed information on how services should beimplemented into the network. The service classification of Release 2000 can befound from Specification 22.976. The below figure is taken directly from thespecification and identifies where to find information on the types of services thathave been covered in this module.

Fig. 18 Service classification, taken from Specification 22.976

In addition to the bearer description in the above figure, for more information onthe VHE, refer to 22.970. This gives the overview of the specification and isuseful in locating detailed information. For information on the wireless protocols ofSAT and MExE, refer to the stage 1 (overview) specifications of 22.038 and

22.057 respectively.For more information on the supplementary services and the stage 1specifications can be found in the range starting from 22.072 until 22.097. Stage2 and stage 3 (implementation and technical realisation) can be found from thespecifications, but the stage 1 should give you a start on how to find the desiredinformation.

Reference:

Please refer to the following Nokia web site for the latest information.http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com


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WiMAX

The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), is atelecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long

distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular typeaccess. It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also calledWirelessMAN. The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, which wasformed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the standard.The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling thedelivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable andDSL."

Spectrum allocation issues

The 802.16 specification applies across a wide swath of the RF spectrum, and

WiMAX could function on any frequency below 66GHz"IEEE Standard for Localand metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and MobileBroadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment 2: Physical and MediumAccess Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in LicensedBands and Corrigendum 1," IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 and IEEE Std802.16-2004/Cor 1-2005 (Amendment and Corrigendum to IEEE Std802.16-2004), 2006, pp. 3, (higher frequencies would decrease the range of aBase Station to a few hundred meters in an urban environment).

There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, although the WiMAXForum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5

GHz, in an effort to decrease cost: economies of scale dictate that the moreWiMAX embedded devices (such as mobile phones and WiMAX-embeddedlaptops) are produced, the lower the unit cost. (The two highest cost componentsof producing a mobile phone are the silicon and the extra radio needed for eachband.) Similar economy of scale benefits apply to the production of BaseStations.

In the unlicensed band, 5.x GHz is the approved profile. Telecom companies areunlikely to use this spectrum widely other than for backhaul, as they do not ownand control the spectrum.


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8 Exercises

Exercise 1

WAP/WTA was developed to:

Support exclusively MexE.

To design and program application locally on the ME.

To allow interaction between the SCP and the ME.

To support radio interface protocols.

Exercise 2

The abbreviation OSA stands for Open Systems Architecture.

a. True

b. False

Exercise 3

Which of the following is, or will be, a characteristic of the VirtualHome Environment (VHE) (Choose two)?

Allows the subscribers to use their services whilst roaming.

It is only possible in UMTS.

It is the same as a SMSC (Short Message Service Centre).

VHE is possible because of CAMEL.

VHE is located within the HLR.

Enable the creation of services to the subscribers to customise their ownenvironment.


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Exercise 4

A cluster is:

A location area.

An area of cells, where the hole set of frequency is used once.

Cellular network of one operator.

Coverage area of one BSC.

Coverage area of one BTS.

Exercise 5

What does Handover means?

Changing the cell during a connection.

Changing the area of one PLMN.

Changing the location area.

Changing the cell while there is no connection.

Exercise 6

How many HF channels do GSM 900 offers?

19

174

374

124

Exercise 7

Which features does not belong to GSM phase 2+?

Blue Tooth

ASCI


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HR

EFR

CAMEL


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8.1 Solutions

Exercise 1 (Solutio

NSN UMTS Fundamentals

Documents

Transcript of NSN UMTS Fundamentals