NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science
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NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science Chapter #18 Rock Cycle
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NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science. Chapter #18 Rock Cycle. Rock Cycle. Types of Rocks. Igneous Intrusive Extrusive Pyroclastic Sedimentary Chemical Precipitates and Evaporites Fossiliferous Clastic Sorted Unsorted Metamorphic Foliated Unfoliated. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science
NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science
Chapter #18Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
Types of Rocks
IgneousIntrusiveExtrusivePyroclastic
SedimentaryChemical
Precipitates and Evaporites Fossiliferous
Clastic Sorted Unsorted
MetamorphicFoliatedUnfoliated
Distribution of Elements in the Solar System
Elements in the Sun
Carbonaceous Chondrites
Elements in the Earth’s Core
Elements in the Earth’s Mantle
Elements in the Earth’s Crust
Elements in the Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere
Minerals in Earths’ Crust
Oxygen = 46.6 %Silicon = 27.7 %Aluminum = 8.1 %Iron = 5 %Calcium = 3.6 %Potassium = 2.8 %Magnesium = 2.6 %All Others = 1.5 %
Mineral Identification
Mineral ClassesSilicatesOxidesCarbonatesSulfidesSulphatesHalidesPhosphatesHydroxidesNative Elements
The Earth Scientist’s Periodic Table: most elements in the natural environment exist as ions
Using Mineral Properties to Identify Minerals
Luster
Color and Streak
HardnessMoh’s Scale of Hardness
Cleavage
Specific Gravity
Special Properties
Using Texture and Mineralogic Composition to Identify Rocks
Igneous RocksIntrusiveExtrusivePyroclastic
Sedimentary RocksClasticNonclastic
Metamorphic RocksFoliatedUnfoliated
Igneous Rock Texture
PhaneriticCoarse-GrainedMedium-GrainedFine-Grained
AphaniticGlassyVesicularPyroclastic
Porphyritic
Igneous Mineral Composition
FelsicGraniteRhyolite
MaficBasaltGabbro
IntermediateDioriteAndesite
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Continuous Reaction Series
Discontinuous Reaction Series
Sedimentary Rocks
Sediment FormationMechanical and Chemical Weathering
Sediment TransportWater, Ice, Wind and Gravity
Sediment DepositionEnvironment of Deposition
Environment of Deposition
Non-marineTerrigenousLacustrine
MarineLittoralPelagic
Transitional
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
SortingGrain Size
Boulders Pebbles Sand Silt Clay
Rounding
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
PrecipitatesLimestoneDolomiteTravertineChert
EvaporitesGypsumHalite
Other Compositions
Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks
Bioclastic Sedimentary Rocks
Coal
Metamorphic Processes
Recrystallization
Crystallization
Rotation
Conditions of Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
Metamorphic Stories
PeliticShale to Slate to Phylite to Schist to Gneiss
ArenaceousGranite to Schist to Gneiss
MaficAndesite to Schist to Gneiss
CalcareousLimestone to Marble
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
FoliatedSlatePhylliteSchistGneiss
UnfoliatedMarbleQuartzite
Rock CycleIgneous rocks are formed from magma cooling in the earth’s crust or lava cooling on the surface.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from the weathered pieces of existing rock.
Metamorphic rocks are formed by the recrystallization of existing rocks.
All rocks are susceptible to weathering and erosion.
All rocks are also susceptible to metamorphism.
All rocks can be subducted and re-melted (though the continents preserve rocks formed throughout earth’s history because they float higher in the mantle than do the oceans).
The rock cycle is a continuous process!
Quiz1. T or F: Minerals are naturally occurring elements and compounds in the earth.
2. T or F: Rocks that form from magma, lava or pyroclastic material are metamorphic rocks.
3. T or F: Rocks that form by recrystalization of existing rocks are sedimentary rocks.
4. T or F: Sedimentary rocks formed from pieces of rocks weathered physically are called clastic igneous rocks.
5. T or F: If the metamorphism is extreme the crystals in the metamorphic rocks will migrate and form layers or bands. These are called foliated metamorphic rocks.
Test QuestionsMinerals are naturally occurring elements and compounds in the earth. Rocks are combinations of minerals (or in some cases a single mineral) that form the earth’s crust.
Rocks that form from magma, lava or pyroclastic material are igneous rocks. Rocks that form from sediments produced by chemical and physical weathering are called sedimentary rocks. Rocks that form by recrystalization of existing rocks are metamorphic rocks.
Processes that form and change rocks comprise the rock cycle. The characteristics of rocks tell their stories!
Igneous rocks that form from magma within the earth’s crust are called intrusive igneous rocks. Those that form from lava on the earth’s surface are called extrusive igneous rocks. Those that form from ash and cinder ejected by volcanoes are pyroclastic igneous rocks.
Rocks that form from sediments produced by chemical and physical weathering are called sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks formed from pieces of rocks weathered physically are called clastic sedimentary rocks. Other sedimentary rocks can form from the dissolved pieces of chemically weathered rocks. Oftentimes organisms are involved in removing dissolved chemicals from water and forming shells. When these shells are deposited as fossils they form bioclastic sedimentary rocks.
Rocks that form by recrystalization of existing rocks are metamorphic rocks. If the metamorphism is extreme the crystals in the metamorphic rocks will migrate and form layers or bands. These are called foliated metamorphic rocks.
