NPK Applications: Improving Over the Years?
Transcript of NPK Applications: Improving Over the Years?
NPK Applications: Improving Over the Years?
Daphne L. KitonganSocioeconomics Division
14%
Fertilizer cost share to
total production cost • What do farmers “feed” their
rice?
• How much fertilizer do they use?
• How frequent do they feed their
rice plants?
• When do they feed their rice?
• Do they get their money’s worth?
93 94 94 95 97
1 1 2 1 10 0 0 0 0
6 6 4 41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Inorganic
Inorganic-organic
Organic
None
What do farmers “feed” their rice?% of farmers Wet Season
What do farmers “feed” their rice?91 93 94 95
0 1 1 10 0 0
96 5 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1997 2002 2007 2012
Inorganic
Inorganic-organic
Organic
None
% of farmers Dry Season
Commonly used Inorganic fertilizer,From 1996-2016
Urea 14-14-14
Ammonium
Sulfate
Ammonium
Phosphate
Ammonium
Sulfate
14-14-14
How much fertilizer do they use?
Inorganic Fertilizer(bag/ha)
2011WS 2012DS 2016WS
Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 0.65 0.68 0.77
Urea (45-0-0) 0.33 0.33 0.15
Urea (46-0-0) 1.92 1.89 2.78
Complete (14-14-14) 1.50 1.62 2.00
Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 0.46 0.47 0.57
Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 0.02 0.03 0.10
Potassium nitrate (17-0-17) 0.06 0.05 0.07
Other Inorganic 0.09 0.07 0.10
Total 5.04 5.16 6.53
Average NPK used
62
74 76 74
95
7 7 7 7 99 9 10 1015
0
20
40
60
80
100
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Wet Season
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
kg ha-1
General
Recommended NPK
WS: 90-40-40Wet Season
Average NPK used, DS
60
7378
74
7 7 8 79 9 11 11
0
20
40
60
80
100
1997 2002 2007 2012
Dry Season
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
kg ha-1
General
Recommended NPK
DS: 120-40-40Dry Season
Difference between the actual NPK and recommended rates
7 kg ha-1
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
ws ds ws ds ws ds ws ds ws
1996 1997 2001 2002 2006 2007 2011 2012 2016
Average of Nd Average of Pd Average of Kd
recommended
WS
7 kg ha-1
WSDS WSDS DS DS
Percent of Farmers by NPK level
55%
45%
Nitrogen (N)
Below 90 kg/ha
Above 90 kg/ha
99%
1%
Phosphorous (P)
Below 40 kg/ha
Above 40 kg/ha
92%
8%
Potassium (K)
Below 40 kg/ha
Above 40 kg/ha
2016 WSRecommended NPK
WS: 90-40-40
N Used in 2016 WS
Legend
Recommended NPK
WS:90-40-40
Province:>90kg/ha
Apayao
Kalinga
Cagayan
Nueva Vizcaya
Isabela
Ilocos Norte
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Aurora
Pampanga
Tarlac
Laguna
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Antique
Capiz
Iloilo
Negros Occidental
Davao del Sur
Davao Oriental
South Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat
Zamboanga Del Norte
Province: <90kg/ha
Bulacan
Palawan
Quezon
Bohol
Leyte
Agusan del Norte
Agusan del Sur
Bukidnon
Compostela Valley
Davao del Norte
Lanao Del Sur
Maguindanao
North Cotabato
Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga Sibugay
P Use in 2016WS
Legend Prov: 10-20kg/ha
Apayao
Aurora
Ilocos Norte
Isabela
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Pangasinan
Tarlac
Capiz
Iloilo
Davao del Sur
Davao Oriental
Zamboanga Del Norte
Province: <10kg/haBulacan
Cagayan
Kalinga
Laguna
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Palawan
Pampanga
Quezon
Antique
Bohol
Leyte
Negros Occidental
Agusan del Norte
Agusan del Sur
Bukidnon
Compostela Valley
Davao del Norte
Lanao Del Sur
Maguindanao
North Cotabato
South Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat
Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga Sibugay
Recommended NPK
WS:90-40-40
K Use
2016WS
Legend
Province: >20kg/ha
Apayao
Aurora
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Ecija
Pangasinan
Davao del Norte
Davao del Sur
Davao Oriental
Prov: <10kg/ha
Cagayan
Kalinga
Pampanga
Capiz
Leyte
Lanao Del Sur
Maguindanao
North Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat
Recommended NPK
WS:90-40-40
How frequent do they feed their rice plants?
Crop stage/frequencyWS DS
2006 2011 2016 2007 2012
Ave. no. of application 2.5 2.6 2.7 1.8 2.5
Seedbed* (%)
once 84 54 54 53 52
twice 16 12 34 4 10
thrice 0 1 11 0 0
Pre-standing (%)
once 0 7 6 9 8
Standing (%)
once 20 17 16 25 19
twice 58 62 57 53 58
thrice 13 13 22 14 15
4 or more 3 3 2 4 4
Frequency of
Application
Farmers (%)Average DAS/DAT (2016 WS)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
Once 14 21
2x 56 16 43
3x 23 14 35 46
4x or more 3 11 30 43 55 65 68 84 98
When do they feed their rice?
Recommended App (3x) 0-14 28-32 42-46
Do they get their money’s worth?
Yield at 14% MC (kg ha-1)
2.71 2.66
3.05 3.152.91
3.42 3.39
3.803.95 3.84
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Wet Season
below 90 kg ha-1
90 kg ha-1 and above
mt ha-1
Target Yield: 5 mt/ha
2.82 2.88
3.29
2.56
3.92 3.91
4.474.68
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
1997 2002 2007 2012
Dry Season
below 120 kg ha-1
120 kg ha-1 and above
mt ha-1
Yield at 14% MC (kg ha-1)
Target Yield: 6-7 mt/ha
Comparative prices of N
23
15
8
4
2120
0
5
10
15
20
25
Philippines China Indonesia India Thailand Vietnam
PhP kg-1
Source: Manalili et al., 2016
Adoption of Technologies,2016WS
1.2
9.64
8.36
3.25
1.23
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Minus-one element technique (MOET)
Basal Fertilizer Application
Organic Fertilizer Application
Leaf Color Chart
Rice Crop Manager (RCM)
Percent of Farmer (%)
Tech
no
log
ies
Conclusion
• Generally, farmers practice on NPK application is almost the same through the years.
• With 45% adopters of recommended N rate, 1 province achieved the expected yield of 5 mt/ha (Davao Oriental, 5.47 mt/ha).
• Low adoption of recommended nutrient management such as proper amount of NPK, frequency and right timing of applications
• From 1996-2016 farmers applying the recommended NPK rates have significantly higher yield
• Price is one of the constraints to adoption. Price of N was highest in the Philippines compared to other major rice producing countries (Manalili et al., 2016).
• Other technologies/practices related to nutrient management with low adoption are RCM, LCC, Organic and Basal Application, MOET (2016 WS).
Recommendations
• There is still a need to improve the extension activities on nutrient management
• Proper amount, greater frequency and right timing of fertilizers especially N should be given emphasis to get the full potential of this input in obtaining higher yield. A greater frequency of application could improve the efficiency of nutrient uptake of the rice plant. This could be addressed by intensifying dissemination of information on nutrient management technologies and tools such as the LCC and RCM.
Thank you!Socioeconomics Division
Rhemilyn Z. Relado
Jesusa C. Beltran
Imelda A. Arida
Rowena G. Manalili
Alice B. Mataia
Aileen C. Litonjua
Ronell B. Malasa
Nefriend M. Francisco
Adrielle C. Flores
Maria Juvail T. Antivo
Chona A. Parayno
May Angelica A. Saldudez
Romualdo R. Quiroz