1Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies: Catholic Christianity (Specification A)

Now test yourself and Activities answers

Chapter 1.1 Beliefs and teachings

Topic 1.1.1

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)

Activities 1 CatholicsshowtheirbeliefintheTrinitywhen

theyrepeattheNiceneCreedattheMass.AnotherwayisthattheMassbeginswithawelcomeinthenameoftheTrinity.AthirdwayishowthepriestblessesworshippersandperformsallthesacramentsinthenameoftheTrinity.

2 CatholicsbelievethatalthoughGodisone,GodisexperiencedasaTrinity:GodtheFather,GodtheSonandGodtheHolySpirit.AstheCatechismsays,theTrinityisaholymysterycentraltotheChristianfaith.

AnotherthingCatholicsbelieveabouttheTrinityisthatthereisoneBeing—God—existingasthreepersons—theFather,SonandHolySpirit—whoareallequalandalleternal.ThisbeliefisexplainedintheNiceneCreed.

Topic 1.1.2

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (c)4 (b)

Activities1 Onefeatureisthatthereweredebatesinthe

ChurchaboutthenatureoftheTrinity.AnotherfeatureisthatthesedebatesledtoTrinitarianheresieslikeArianism.AthirdfeatureisthattheCouncilsofNicaeaandConstantinoplesettledtheproblemwiththeNiceneCreed.

2 BeliefintheTrinityisimportantforCatholicsbecauseJesus’lastwordsinMatthew’sGospeltoldChristianstobaptiseinthenameoftheFather,andoftheSonandoftheHolySpirit.

AnotherreasonisthattheTrinityhelpsCatholicsunderstandthedifferentwaysthatGodhasshownhispresenceintheworld:GodtheFatherhelpsCatholicsunderstandGod’spowerandcreativity;GodtheSonhelpsCatholicsunderstandtheloveofGod,thesacrificeofGod,leadingtosalvationfromsinandthepromiseofeternallife;GodtheHolySpirithelpsCatholicsunderstandthepresenceofGodintheworldandthestrengththatitbringstoCatholics.

Topic 1.1.3

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 OnefeatureisthatGodcreatedeverythinginsix

days.AnotherfeatureisthatGodcreatedmaleandfemaletogether.AthirdfeatureisthatGod’screationwasgood—Godsawwhathehadmadeanditwasgood.

2 ChristianswhobelievetheBibleistheliteralwordofGod(literalists)believethatbothGenesis1and2arescientifictruth.Chapter1givestheoverallpictureandchapters2–3givedetailsofdaysix.TheybelievethatthescientificideaofBigBangandevolutioniswrong.

AnotherinterpretationisthattheCatholicChurchbelievestheBiblewriterswereinspiredbyGodbutexpressedthingsintheirownwords.SoGenesishastwoversionsofcreationtocommunicateeternaltruthsaboutGod’spurposeandhumansinfulness.CatholicsacceptthescientificviewofcreationbutbelieveGenesisrevealsthetruththatcreationcamefromGod.

Topic 1.1.4

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (b)4 (c)

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Activities1 OnethingChristiansbelievethismeansisthat

humanshavefreewill—theycanchoosebetweengoodandevil.Anotherthingisthattheyhavereasonandsocanworkthingsout.Athirdthingisthathumansarecapableofself-knowledge,knowingwhotheyareandwhytheyarehere.

2 CatholicsbelievethatstewardshipmeanstheyhaveadutytolookafterGod’screationandpassitontofuturegenerationsinabetterstatethantheyhavereceivedit.

AnothermeaningisthatCatholicsmustmakesurecreationisnotexploitedbyhumans,resultinginsuchthingsaspollution.BothPopeBenedictXVIandPopeFrancishaveissuedencyclicalswhichsaythatCatholicshaveadutytoprotecttheenvironmentandtoreducetheeffectsofclimatechange.

Topic 1.1.5

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 OneCatholicbeliefaboutthevirginbirthisthat,

astheonlySonofGod,Jesusdidnothaveanormalconception,buthedidhaveanormalbirth.AnotherbeliefisthatMarywasavirginwhenJesuswasbornandremainedavirginthroughoutherlife.AthirdCatholicbeliefisthatbeingbornofavirginwasthewayGodbecameman.

2 TheIncarnationisimportantforCatholicsbecauseinJesus,theincarnateWordofGod,humanscanseewhatGodislike.John’sGospelsaysthatinJesus,theWordbecamefleshandmadehisdwellingamongus,showingusthegloryofGod.

AnotherreasonisthattheIncarnationshowsthatGodcaredsomuchfortheworldthathecametoearthinJesustosavepeoplefromtheirsins.AsJohn’sGospelsays,inJesustheWordbecamefleshandmadehisdwellingamongus,showingusthegloryofGod.

Topic 1.1.6

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 OnefeatureistheLastSupperwhenJesus

institutedtheEucharist.AnotherfeatureisthecrucifixionwhenJesusdiedonthecrossforoursins.AthirdfeatureistheresurrectionwhenJesusrosefromthedead.

2 ThePaschalmysteryisimportantforCatholicsbecausepartofthemysteryistheLastSupper,whichisthebasisoftheMass,anessentialpartofCatholiclifeandthemostimportantformofChristianworship.

Anotherreasonisbecausethecrucifixionbroughtforgivenessfromsin,andtheresurrectionassuresChristiansthatthereislifeafterdeath.AstheCatechismteaches,thePaschalmysteryisthatbyhisdeath,Christliberatesusfromsin;byhisresurrection,heopensthewaytoanewlife.

Topic 1.1.7

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 TheCatholicChurchbelievesthatJesuscame

toearthinordertorestoretherelationshipbetweenGodandhumanitythroughthesalvationbroughtbyhisdeathonthecross.‘Salvation’comesfromtheLatin‘salve’,toheal.JesushealedabrokenrelationshipbetweenhumanityandGod.

CatholicsbelievesalvationisimportantbecausesinmakesitdifficulttohavearelationshipwithGod—sinseparatesapersonfromGodandsowithoutsalvationtherecanbenorealrelationshipwithGod.

Catholicsalsobelievethatwithoutsalvationaperson’ssinswillpreventthemfromenteringheaven.AsJohn’sGospelsays,‘ForGodsolovedtheworldthathegavehisoneandonlySon,thatwhoeverbelievesinhimshallnotperishbuthaveeternallife.’

Topic 1.1.8

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (d)4 (c)

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Activities1 TheCatholicChurchteachesthatafterdeath

theperfectlypurifiedgotoheaven.Afterdeath,evilpeoplegotohell.Catholicswhodiewithunforgivensinswillgotopurgatorytobepurified.

2 SomeEvangelicalProtestantChristiansbelievethatwhenpeopledie,theirsoulremainsinthegraveuntiltheLastDay,wheneveryonewillbejudgedbyGod.ThoseChristianswhohavebeenbornagainwillgotoheaven;everyoneelsewillgotohell.ThisisbasedonPaul’steachingsin1Corinthians15.

MostLiberalProtestantsbelievethatwhenthebodydies,thesoulleavesthebodytolivewithGodinaspiritworld.TheirbeliefintheimmortalityofthesoulisbasedontheChurch’steachingthatafterhisascension,Jesusbecameaspiritandwenttothespiritworld.

Chapter 1.2 Practices

Topic 1.2.1

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (a)

Activities 1 Catholicsbelieveinthesacramentalnatureof

realitybecausetheybelievethatGodcreatedtheuniverseandeverythinginit—asshowninGenesischapter1.ThereforethewholeofGod’screationshowshispresenceandrevealshisnature.

AnotherreasonisthatStPaultaughtthatGod’spowerandnaturecanbeseeninthethingshehasmade,meaningthatnatureisanoutwardsignofGod’sgrace.

Topic 1.2.1 (continued)

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (d)4 (a)

Activities1 Catholicsbelievethatsacramentsareoutward

signsthataninnergiftofgracehasbeengiven.TheybelievethatCatholicsneedtoparticipateinthesacramentstogainsalvation.AthirdbeliefisthatthesacramentsofinitiationareessentialtobecomeafullmemberoftheChurch.

2 ThesacramentsareimportantforCatholicsbecausetheystrengthenpeople’sfaith.TheCatechismsaysthatthesevensacramentsarethewaytheHolySpiritspreadsthegraceofChristthroughouttheChurch.

TheyarealsoimportantbecausetheybringChristiansclosertoGodthroughbeingmembersofChrist’sChurch,whichunitesthemwithChristandeachother.Lumen GentiumsaysthatthroughtakingtheconsecratedhostwebecomeonewithChristandareunitedwitheachother.Also,canonlawsaysthesacramentsofbaptism,confirmationandtheEucharistarerequiredforfullChristianinitiationintoChrist’sChurch.

Topic 1.2.2

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (d)3 (a)4 (c)

Activities1 OnefeatureistheLiturgyoftheWordwhichisthe

Biblereadings.AsecondfeatureistheLiturgyoftheEucharistwhenthebreadandwineareoffered,consecratedandsharedwiththepeople.AthirdfeatureistheConcludingRite,whichgivesthanksforwhathasbeengivenandthecongregationaregivenablessingtohelpthemintheweekahead.

2 Catholics,OrthodoxandAnglicansbelievethatliturgicalworshipallowstheworshippertothinkaboutthewordsanddevelopgreaterunderstandingandthefamiliarritualshelpthemfeelclosertoGod.Also,forCatholics,theCatechismsaysthattheEucharististhesourceandsummitoftheChristianlife.

Nonconformistsbelieveitallowsworshiptocomefrompeople’sheartsintheextemporeprayersandcongregationalsinging.Also,suchworshipcanbeadaptedtomeetpeople’sneeds.

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Topic 1.2.3

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (b)4 (b)

Activities1 Onefeatureisthevigilservicethenightbefore

thefuneral.AnotherfeatureistheRequiemMass.AthirdfeatureistheRiteofCommittalatthegrave.

2 ThefuneralriteisimportantforCatholicsbecausethenatureoftheRequiemMassallowstheretobecommunionwiththedeceased.AstheCatechismsays,‘bytheRequiemMass,thefamilyofthedeceasedlearntoliveincommunionwiththeonewhohasfallenasleepintheLord’.

AnotherreasonisthattheRiteofCommittalshowsthecommunionthatexistsbetweentheChurchonearthandtheChurchinheaven:thedeceasedpasseswiththefarewellprayersofthecommunityofbelieversintothewelcomingcompanyofthosewhoseeGodfacetoface.

Topic 1.2.4

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 Onefeatureisadoration,praisingGodforwhat

heis.Anotherfeatureisthanksgiving,thankingGodforthegoodthingsoflife.Athirdfeatureissupplication,askingforGod’shelp.

2 WorshipistremendouslyimportantforCatholicsbecauseJesussaidthatthegreatestcommandmentistoworshipGodwithallyourheartandallyoursoul,whichrequirespeopletobeabletoworshipinavarietyofways.Forexample,worshipinthehomeisneededbecausethehomeistheheartofthefamilyandworshippingasafamilybringsthefamilytogether.

Catholicsalsoneedpublicworshipbecauseworshippingwithothersinchurch,especiallyatMass,givesasenseofbelongingtoawholecommunityofbelievers.CatholicsmustattendpublicworshipbecausetheCatechismsaysitisasinknowinglytomissSundayMassandMassonholydaysofobligation.

Topic 1.2.5

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (a)4 (d)

Activities1 OneformofpopularpietyisprayingtheRosary

usingrosarybeads.AnotherformofpopularpietyisEucharisticadoration,whichiswhensomeoneadorestheblessedsacrament.AthirdformiscelebratingtheStationsoftheCross.

2 EucharisticadorationisimportantbecauseadoringtherealpresenceofChristintheconsecratedhostshelpstheworshippertomakecontactwiththepresenceofChrist.TheCatechismteachesthatadorationoftheBlessedSacramentstimulatesthefaithfultoanawarenessofthemarvellouspresenceofChristandencouragesspiritualcommunionwithhim.

AnotherreasonisthatitfollowstheexampleofthePopes,whobelievedthatEucharisticadorationhelpstocancelouttheevilsoftheworldandbringworldpeace.

Topic 1.2.6

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 PilgrimsvisittheCenacle,whichisthesiteof

theUpperRoom.TheyvisittheViaDolorosa,whichistherouteJesustooktohiscrucifixion.AthirdplacetheyvisitistheChurchoftheHolySepulchre,whichcontainsthetombwhereJesuswasburiedandrosefromthedead.

2 OnereasonpilgrimageisimportantforCatholicsisbecausepilgrimsarefollowingtheexampleofJesus.Luke’sGospelrecordsthatJesuswentonpilgrimagetoJerusalemeveryPassover.

AnotherreasonistobecomeclosertoGodassomeoftheholinessfromthegreatfiguresoreventsconnectedwithpilgrimagesiteswillruboff.

TheCatechismteachesthatpilgrimagecanstrengthenfaithandincreaseknowledgeofthemysteryofChrist.

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Topic 1.2.7

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (b)

Activities1 CAFODtriestoendworldpovertybypromoting

long-termdevelopmentsothatLEDCscanbecomeself-supporting.Anotherwayisbyhavingadisasterfundtodealwithnaturaldisastersandrefugees.AthirdwayisbyeducatingthepeopleandchurchesofEnglandandWalesabouttheneedfordevelopmentandthewaysinwhichCatholicscanhelplessdevelopedcountries.

2 CatholicssupporttheworkoftheCAFODbecausetheyhelpthepoor,thelonely,thebereavedandthedepressedandsoitisawayoflovingyourneighbourandJesussaidinMark’sGospelthatChristiansshouldlovetheirneighbour.

ItisalsoawayofrespondingtoPopeFrancis’encyclical,‘LaudatoSi’,whichsaysthattheworldmustlistento‘boththecryoftheearthandthecryofthepoor’.TheCAFODlistenstothecryofthepoorbyprovidingfurniturestoresforunwantedfurnituretouseforthehomelessandrunninghousingassociationstoprovideaffordablehousingforthepoor.

Topic 1.2.8

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (d)4 (b)

Activities1 OnefeatureisthatStPeterorganisedmissions

throughoutPalestine.AsecondfeatureisthatStPhilipconvertedanEthiopian,leadingtoChristianityspreadingintoAfrica.AthirdfeatureisthatwhenEuropeansbegantocoloniseAmericaandAfrica,ChristianmissionarieswentwiththemsothatconversiontoChristianitywenthandinhandwithbeingcolonisedbyEuropeans.

2 MissionandevangelismareimportantforCatholicsbecauseevangelisingistheGreatCommissionofJesus,givenjustbeforetheascensionwhenJesustoldhisdisciples,inMatthew’sGospel,togoandmakedisciplesofallnations,baptisingtheminthenameoftheFatherandoftheSonandoftheHolySpirit.

AnotherreasonisthatCatholicsbelievethatbeingaChristianhelpspeopletoshareGod’slove,givesstrengthtocopewithlifeandassurespeopleaplaceinheaven,thereforeitshouldbesharedwiththoseoutsidethefaith.InEvangelii Gaudium,PopeFrancisappealedforCatholicstobecome‘spirit-filledEvangelisers’.

Chapter 1.3 Sources of wisdom and authority

Topic 1.3.1

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities 1 TheOldTestamentcontainsthelawbooksofthe

Torah.ItalsocontainshistoryandprophecyintheProphetbookslikeIsaiahandJeremiah.ItalsohastheWritings,whichcontainpoetrysuchasthePsalms,wisesayingssuchasProverbsandapocalypticwritingssuchasDaniel.

2 TheBibleisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitrevealswhatGodislikeandwhathedoesforChristians.TheCatechismsaysthatGodistheauthorofSacredScriptureandsotheBibleteacheswithouterrorGod’ssavingtruth.

AnotherreasontheBibleisimportantisbecauseitrecordstheteachingofJesusintheGospels,whichshowsChristianswhattobelieve,howtoliveandhowtomakedecisions.Italsorecordsthelife,deathandresurrectionofJesus,whicharethebasisoftheCatholicfaith.

Topic 1.3.2

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (a)4 (d)

Activities1 SomeChristiansareliteralists—theybelievethat

theBibleisnotonlytheWordofGodbutalsothewordsofGod.SomeChristiansareconservativesandbelievethattheBibleistherevealedwordofGodbutnothisactualwords.SomeChristiansareliberals—theybelievethattheBibleiswordsaboutGodratherthanthewordsofGod.

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2 CatholicsregardtheBibleasasourceofguidanceandteachingbecausetheChurchteachesthattheBibleisinspiredbytheHolySpirit,whichmeansitcomesfromGodandisthereforeholyandauthoritativebecauseitgivesGod’struths.AsStPaulsaidinhislettertoTimothy,allscriptureisinspiredbyGod.

AnotherreasonisthattheBiblecontainstheteachingsofJesusonhowtolivetheChristianlife.CatholicsbelieveJesusisthesecondpersonoftheHolyTrinitysowhathetaughthasauthority,whichmeansthattheBiblethatrecordshisteachingisasourceofguidance.TheCatechismsaysthatsincetheauthorswereinspiredbyGodandwhattheywrotehasbeenaffirmedbytheHolySpirit,sothebooksoftheBibleteachthetruthandareasourceofguidance.

Topic 1.3.3

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (a)

Activities1 Theordinarymagisteriumiswhenthebishops

teachwhathasalwaysbeentaught.TheconciliarmagisteriumiswhenthePopecallsageneralcounciltodecideteachings(e.g.VaticanII).PontificalmagisteriumiswhenthePopeusespapalinfallibilitytodecideamatterofdoctrine.

2 ThemagisteriumisimportantforCatholicsbecausethereisnohigherauthorityforCatholicsthanthemagisterium.AstheCatechismsays,‘thetaskofinterpretingthewordofGodauthenticallyhasbeenentrustedsolelytothemagisterium’.

AnotherreasonisthemagisteriumgivesCatholicsanswerstoissuesthatdidnotexistinthetimeoftheApostles,forexamplesame-sexpartnerships,andsoprovidesclearguidelinesforCatholicsonwhattobelieveandhowtobehaveasCatholicsintoday’sworld.

Topic 1.3.4

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (d)3 (c)4 (a)

Activities1 OneimportantdocumentfromVaticanIIwas

Joy and Hope,whichaffirmedthedignityofallpeople.AnotherimportantdocumentwasThe Light of Humanity,whichproposedchangestothenatureoftheChurch.AthirdimportantdocumentfromVaticanIIwas‘TheSacredCouncil’,whichproposedchangestoworship.

2 VaticanIIwasimportantforCatholicsbecauseitproducedthedocument‘TheSacredCouncil’(Sacrosanctum Concilium),whichintroducedanew,simplerriteoftheMassinthevernacular,thelanguageofthelocalpeople.

Asecondreasonwasthatthedocument‘TheNatureoftheChurch’(Lumen Gentium)increasedtheroleofthelaitysothatinsteadoftheChurchbeinglikeapyramid,withthePopeatthetopdescendingtothepeopleatthebase,nowtheChurchwasmorelikeacircleaspeoplejoinedtogether,butwiththePopeandthebishopsleadingandholdingthingstogetherinunity.

Topic 1.3.5

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (c)4 (b)

Activities1 OnemeaningoftheChurchastheBodyofChristis

thatallChristianscarryonChrist’sworkonearth.AnothermeaningisthatChristiansareunitedwitheachotherandwithChristthroughbaptism.

Athirdmeaningisthatjustasthepartsofthehumanbodyareinterdependent,sointheBodyofChristallareinterdependentandnoneissuperior.

2 OnereasonisthatitiswhattheNewTestamentcallstheChurch.AsStPaulsaidinRomans12,althoughtherearemanyChristians,ChristiansareonebodyinChristandsoaremembersofoneanother.

AnotherreasonisthatcallingtheChurchtheBodyofChristshowshowChristianscanperformdifferenttasksandyetbeaunity.Therecanbedifferenttalentsandtasks(justasthebodyhasdifferentlimbsandorgans)andyettheChurchremainsaunitybecauseallareworkingtogetherastheBodyofChrist.

Topic 1.3.6

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (a)

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Activities1 ThefourmarksoftheChurcharestatedinthe

beliefintheNiceneCreedwhichsaysthattheChurchisOne.ThesecondmarkisthattheChurchisHolybecauseitbelongstoGod.ThethirdmarkisthattheChurchisCatholic,whichmeansuniversal.ThefourthmarkisthattheChurchisApostolicbecauseitwasfoundedbytheApostles.

2 TheApostolicSuccessionisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitmeansthatthePopetodayhasthesameauthoritythatChristgavetoStPeterwhenhesaidinMatthew’sGospel,‘YouarePeterandonthisrockIwillbuildmychurchandthegatesofhellwillnotovercomeit.Iwillgiveyouthekeysofthekingdomofheaven;whateveryoubindonearthwillbeboundinheaven,andwhateveryoulooseonearthwillbeloosedinheaven.’

AnotherreasonisthattheApostolicSuccessionprovesthatwhenthePopeandtheCollegeofCardinalsgivetheteachingoftheChurchinthemagisterium,theyspeakasthesuccessorsoftheApostleschosenbyJesus.ThisisimportantbecauseitmakessurethatthefaithoftheChurchtodayisthesamefaithasthatoftheApostles.

Topic 1.3.7

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (d)4 (a)

Activities1 CatholicsbelievethattheVirginMaryisamodel

offaithandcharity.Theyalsobelieveshehadanimmaculateconception.Anotherbeliefistheassumption,thatMarywastaken,bodyandsoul,intoheaven.

2 CatholicsbelieveMaryisamodelofChristiandiscipleshipbecausesheobeyedGod’splanforher:shedidnotquestionwhatwastohappentoher.AttheAnnunciation,Luke’sGospelsaysMaryrepliedtotheAngelGabriel,‘IamtheLord’sservant,mayyourwordtomebefulfilled.’

AnotherreasonisthatMaryshowedcompletedevotiontoJesus.Shewasalwaysahelpandsupporttoherson,forexampleattheweddingfeastinCanawhenshetoldthepeopletoaskJesusandto‘dowhateverhetellsyou’.Shelovedhersonandwaswithhimrighttotheend,evensharinginhissufferingsonthecross.

Topic 1.3.8

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (a)4 (d)

Activities1 OnesourceistheteachingandexampleofJesus,

asfoundinthefourGospels.Asecondsourceisthenaturallaw,whichisdeducedbyreasonfromthecreatedworld.AthirdsourceistheteachingoftheChurch.

2 NaturallawisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitisthemoralorderdesignedbyGodatthecreation.AlsotheChurchteachesthisisthenaturalorderwhichmustbefollowedbyChristians.TheCatechismsaysnaturallawexpressesthemoralsenseGodhasgivenpeopletoseebyreasonthedifferencebetweengoodandevil,truthandlie.

Chapter 1.4 Forms of expression and ways of life

Topic 1.4.1

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities 1 ACatholicchurchwillbedesignedtohavea

navewheretheworshipperssit.Itwillalsohaveaconfessionalwherethesacramentofreconciliationtakesplace.Athirdfeaturewillbeasanctuarycontainingthealtarandtabernacle.

2 TheLadyChapelreflectsthebeliefthattheVirginMaryisabletoprayforthesoulsofChristiansonearth,soshecanmaketheprayersofCatholicsmoreeffective.AstheCatechismsays,MaryisthemotherofGodandthemotheroftheChurch.

Alsothebaptismalfont attheentranceofthechurchreflectsthebeliefthatbaptismmarkstheentryofapersonintomembershipoftheChurchasitisthefirstofthesacramentsofinitiation.TheCatechismteachesthatbaptismisnecessaryforsalvationandwithoutbaptismonecannotenterheaven.

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Topic 1.4.2

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 Onefeatureisthelectern,wheretheBible

readingstakeplace.AnotherfeatureistheLadyChapeldedicatedtotheVirginMary.Anotherfeatureisthealtar,whichisthecentreoftheMass.

2 Onefeatureisthealtar,whichexpressestheimportanceofredemptionbecauseitisanaltarofsacrifice.IntheMass,thesacrificeofChristonthecrossisbroughtintothepresent,rightamongthepeople,sothatChrist’sredemptionstillaffectspeopletoday.AstheCatechismsays,‘ThesacrificeofChristofferedonceforallonthecrossremainseverpresent.’

Anotherfeatureisthetabernacle,acontainerforconsecratedhosts(waferstransformedintheMass),whichremindsCatholicsoftheredemptionbroughtbyChrist’ssacrifice.AsChristsaidattheLastSupper,‘Thisismybodybrokenforyou.’TheCatechismsaysthetabernacleshouldbeinamostworthyplaceandtreatedwiththegreatesthonour.

Topic 1.4.3

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 Onesacredvesselisthestoup,whichisa

containeronthewalltoholdholywater. Anothersacredvesselistheciborium,theplate

thatholdsthepeople’shosts.Athirdsacredvesselisthechalice,whichholdsthewineconsecratedatMass.

2 TheholywaterstoupattheentrancetothechurchisasacredvesselbecauseitcontainswaterblessedinthenameoftheTrinitytobeusedonenteringthechurch.ItexpressesCatholicbeliefsaboutbaptismsuchasthewashingcleanfromsinthroughthecrossofChrist.Itisalsoareminderofthepromiseofeternallifepromisedinbaptism.AstheCatechismsays,‘AllthesignsintheliturgicalcelebrationsarerelatedtoChrist.’

Anothersacredobjectisthetabernacleinwhicharekepttheconsecratedhosts(oftencalledtheblessedsacrament).CatholicsgenuflecttothetabernaclebecauseitreflectstheirbeliefthatthewafersusedintheMassaretransubstantiatedintothebodyofChristintheprayersofconsecrationsaidbythepriest.

Topic 1.4.4

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (c)4 (b)

Activities1 Onepurposeistogivegreaterinsightintothe

truthsoftheCatholicfaith.AsecondpurposeistohelptheobserverunderstandmoreaboutGod.AthirdpurposeistodrawtheobserverintodeeperworshipofGod.

2 TheiconofChristatStCatherine’sMonastery,SinaiportraysCatholicbeliefsinthedifferentfacialexpressionsoneithersideofthefacewhichshowCatholicbeliefinChrist’stwonatures(humananddivine).

ThepositionofthefingersontherighthandportraysCatholicbeliefintheTrinityandChrist’sdeathonthecross.

TheholybookportraysCatholicbeliefthatChrististheWordofGodandthattheBiblecomesfromGod.

Topic 1.4.5

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)

Activities1 MostCatholicchurcheswillhaveastatueofthe

VirginMary.TheywillalsohaveastatueoftheSacredHeartofJesus.AnotherstatueyouarelikelytofindisoneofStPeter,thefirstPope.

2 StatuesofStPetershowhimholdinguphishandinblessingwhiletheotherhandclutchesthekeysofthekingdomofheaven,expressingthebeliefthatStPeterwastherockonwhichChristbuilthischurchandwasgiventheauthoritytoforgivesins(thekeysofthekingdom).StMatthew’sGospelrecordsJesuschoosingStPetertobethe

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foundationoftheChurchandgivinghimthekeysofthekingdom.

StatuesoftheSacredHeartofJesusshowvisionsbyStMargaretMaryAlacoque.TheyshowtheheartofJesusexposed,surroundedbythecrownofthornswithafireburningwithinit.ThethornsexpresstheCatholicbeliefinthePassionofChristandthefireexpressesbeliefinChrist’seternallove.

Topic 1.4.6

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (d)4 (c)

Activities1 Thecrossisasymbolofdivineloveand

forgiveness.ThecrucifixisarepresentationofJesusonthecross,whichsymbolisesthePassionofChrist.AnothersymbolistheChi-Rho,madefromthefirsttwolettersof‘Christ’inGreekwithacirclethroughittosymbolisethatChristhasrisenfromthedead.

2 TheAlphaandtheOmegalettersoftheGreekalphabetareasymbolofJesus.ThesearethefirstandthelastlettersoftheGreekalphabetandareimportantforCatholicsbecausetheysymbolisetheeternalnatureofChrist.AsJesussaidinRevelation,‘ItisI,thefirstandthelast.Iamaliveforeverandever.’

AnotherreasontheyareimportantisbecausetheycanbefoundonchurchvestmentsandarealwaysonthePaschal,orEastercandle.

Topic 1.4.7

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (c)

Activities1 OnewaymysteryplaysexpressCatholicbeliefs

isbyusingthelanguageofthepeople,notLatin.Anotherwayisbyputtingreal-lifesituationsintotheplotssothatpeoplecanempathise.Athirdwayisbyputtingcomplexanddifficultbeliefsintosimple,straightforwardlanguage.

2 TheMassisadramawhenthepriest(s)re-enactsChrist’ssacrificeandtheLastSupperintheEucharisticprayertoexpressCatholicbeliefsabouttransubstantiationandatonementthroughthedramaoftheMass.

TheCatechismteachesthatGodhasgraduallyrevealedhimselftotheworldjustlikeadramawhichunfoldsthroughoutthewholehistoryofsalvation.

AnotherwayinwhichdramaexpressesCatholicbeliefsisattheEastervigilonHolySaturdaywhenthePaschalcandleislitfromthenewfireofEaster,expressingCatholicbeliefintheresurrectionasthelightoftheresurrectedChristisbroughtintothedarkenedchurch.

Topic 1.4.8

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (a)4 (b)

Activities1 Hymnsaresongsofpraiseandhavebeensung

forthousandsofyears.Anothertypeofmusicisplainchant,whichisunaccompaniedsingingdevelopedfromJewishsynagogueworship.Athirdtypeofmusicisworshipsongs,whichareshorthymnswithonlyoneortwoverses.TheyputaBibleverseorsimpleChristianmessagetocontemporarymusicusingguitarand/orkeyboards.

2 HymnsusewordsandmusictoexpressbeliefsandemotionstoGod,forexample‘HailHolyQueen’expressesCatholicbeliefsabouttheVirginMaryand‘OneBreadOneBody’expressesCatholicbeliefsabouttheEucharist.AstheCatechismsays,theearlyChristianscomposedhymnsandcanticlestopraiseGodforhisworkintheIncarnation,thePassion,resurrectionandascensionofhisSon.

AnotherwayisthroughthemusicofthePsalms,whicharesacredsongsorhymnscontainedinthebiblicalBookofPsalms.Theycontainpraise,thanksgivingandlamentandsotheyexpresshumanemotionsaboutlife,Godandreligion,whichmakesthemstillrelevantforworshiptoday.

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Chapter 2.1b Beliefs and teachings

Topic 2.1b.1

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (d)4 (a)

Activities 1 JewsbelievethattheAlmightyisone,thereis

onlyoneGod.TheyalsobelievethattheAlmightyistheCreator:thefirstwordsoftheTorahareabouttheAlmightycreating.AthirdbeliefisthattheAlmightyisthelaw-giver:hegavetheJewishpeopletheTorah.

2 BelievingthatGodisthelaw-giverisimportantinJudaismtodaybecauseGod’slaws(theMitzvot)formthehalakhah,whichisthebasisofhowJewslivetheirlivestoday.HavingthelawsgivenbyGodmeansthatJewsknowexactlyhowtheyshouldlive.AsIsaiahsays,‘Godisourlawgiver.’

AnotherreasonitisimportantthattheAlmightyisalaw-giveristhatitshowsthattheAlmightycaresabouthiscreationandcaresabouthumans.HegavetheTorahashispartofthecovenant,sotheAlmightyasalaw-giverisasignthattheJewishpeopleareGod’speople.

Topic 2.1b.2

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)

Activities1 SomemodernJewsbasethemselvesonthe

teachingsofMaimonides,whodescribedtheshekhinahasalightcreatedtobealinkbetweenGodandtheworld.OthersregardtheshekhinahasanexpressionforthevariouswaysinwhichGodisrelatedtotheworld.OthersunderstanditassimplymeaningGod.SuchJewsfeelthatshekhinahandGodareinterchangeablewords.

2 ShekhinahisimportantforJewstodaybecausetheideaofshekhinahshowsthathowevercloseJewsmayfeeltoGod,God’spresenceissoholyandawesomethattheymustalwayshaveadeepsenseofrespectforGod.ThissenseofrespectisshownbyJewsonlyreferringtoGod’snamesinworship.

TheTenakhdescribingtheshekhinahasbeingattheTemple,MountZionandJerusalemiswhatmakesthoseplacessospecialformanyJews.AsIsaiahsaid,‘IsawtheLordseatedonathrone,highandexalted,andthetrainofhisrobefilledtheTemple.’

Topic 2.1b.3

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (b)4 (d)

Activities1 JewsbelievethattheMessiahwillbea

descendantofKingDavid.TheyalsobelievetheMessiahwillbeahuman,notadivinebeing.AnotherbeliefisthattheMessiahwillbeamanofgreatpietywhoisclosetoGod.

2 BeliefsabouttheMessiahareimportantforJewstodaybecausebeliefintheMessiahisoneoftheThirteenPrinciplesoftheFaith.ItisPrinciple12whichsays,‘IbelievewithperfectfaithinthecomingoftheMessiah.’AllJewsshouldbelievetheThirteenPrinciplessobeliefintheMessiahmustbeimportant.

AlsoJewsprayforthecomingoftheMessiah,thereturnoftheexiles,rewardtotherighteous,therebuildingofJerusalemandtherestorationoftheTempleservicethreetimesaday.ManythinkthattheMessiahidealofpeaceandjusticeforthepooristhereasonwhysomanyleft-wingthinkerswereJewish.

Topic 2.1b.4

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (b)4 (c)

Activities1 Onecommandmentis‘Youshallhavenoother

godsbeforeme’.Anothercommandmentis‘Donotmakeforyourselfanidol’.Andathirdis‘RemembertheSabbathdaytokeepitholy’.

2 MosesisimportantforJewishpeoplebecausehereceivedthecovenantonMountSinaiwhenGodpromisedtobetheGodoftheJewishpeopleiftheyagreedtokeephislawsexpressedinthe613Mitzvot.DeuteronomyrecordsMosesentering

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intoacovenantwithGodmakingGodtheGodofIsraelandtheIsraelitesGod’speople.

AnotherreasonisbecauseMosesledtheJewishpeopleoutofslaveryinEgyptintothePromisedLand.WithoutMosestheJewishpeoplewouldhavediedoutandtherewouldbenoJudaism.

Topic 2.1b.5

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 TheAbrahamicCovenantsaidthatthe

descendantsofAbrahamwouldbecomeagreatnation.ItalsosaidtheJewishpeoplewouldoccupythePromisedLand,anditsaidthatallJewishmalesshouldbecircumcised.

2 JewishmalebabiesarecircumcisedbecauseGodmadeacovenantwithAbrahaminwhichhepromisedtomakeagreatnationfromAbraham’ssonandtogivethelandofCanaantoAbraham’sdescendantsas‘aneverlastingpossession’,butonlyifAbrahamandeverymaledescendantwascircumcised.AsGenesissays,‘Youaretoundergocircumcision,anditwillbethesignofthecovenantbetweenmeandyou.’

AsecondreasonisthatthecovenantledtotheimportanceofthelandofIsraeltoJewishpeople.ThestateofIsraelwasestablishedin1947asaplaceofsecurityforallJews.JewishpeoplelivinganywhereintheworldhavetherighttoliveinIsraelandbecomeacitizen.

Topic 2.1b.6

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (c)

Activities1 Oneexamplewouldbedrivingsomeonewhowas

veryilltohospitalonShabbat.AnotherwouldbeallowingabloodtransfusioneventhoughJewsshouldnottakeblood.AthirdwouldbeextinguishingafireonShabbat.

2 JewsbelieveinthesanctityoflifebecauseJudaismteachesthatlifeissacredsincelifeisagiftfromGod.AnotherreasonisbecauselifewascreatedbyGodandsoonlyGodhastherighttoendlife.AsGodsaysinDeuteronomy,‘ThereisnoGodbutme.IputtodeathandIbringtolife.’

Topic 2.1b.7

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)

Activities1 OrthodoxJewsbelievetheMitzvotareGod’s

directwordstoMosesandtheycoverthewholeoflife.FortheOrthodoxthereisarightandawrongwayofdoingeverything.TheMitzvotcoverthewholeoflifeandtheyarealsothewaytoeternallifeastheywillbethebasisofthefinaljudgement.AsDeuteronomysaysaboutwhentheyweregiven,choosingtoobeytheMitzvotisalifeanddeathdecision.

TheMitzvotarenotasimportantforReform/LiberalJewsbecausetheMitzvotcametoMosesdirectlyfromGod.TheybelievetheTorahwaswrittenbymeninspiredbyGodratherthanbyGodhimselfandsotheybelievethatobservingtheMitzvotisamatterofpersonalchoice.Forexample,someLiberalJewskeepkashrut,somejusteatkosherfood,othersignorethefoodlawsaltogether.

Topic 2.1b.8

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (d)3 (b)4 (c)

Activities1 SomeJewsbelievetheresurrectionwill

followtheMessianicAge.OthersbelievetheresurrectionwilloccurduringtheMessianicAge.Somebelievetherewillbenoresurrectionandtheybelieveintheimmortalityofthesoul.

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2 BeliefinlifeafterdeathisimportantforsomeJewstodaybecauseitistheteachingoftheTorahwhichOrthodoxJewsbelieveisadirectcommunicationfromGodwhichmustbebelieved.WhenGenesissaysthatAbrahambreathedhislastandhewasgatheredtohispeople,itmeansthatAbrahamlivedonafterdeath.

LifeafterdeathisalsotheteachingoftheotherbooksoftheTenakh,suchasDaniel,whichsays,‘Multitudeswhosleepinthedustoftheearthwillawake,sometoeverlastinglife’andtheMishnehTorahsaysthat‘thepiousofallthenationsoftheworldhaveaportionintheworld-to-come’.

Chapter 2.2b Jewish practices

Topic 2.2b.1

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (a)

Activities 1 OnepurposeofworshipistogiveaJewishperson

asenseofbelongingtoawholecommunityofJewishbelievers.Anotherpurposeistogiveorderandpurposetopeople’sreligiouslife.Athirdpurposeisthatthereismoremeritinprayingwithagroupthanthereisinprayingalone.

2 Liberal/ReformJewsoftendonotweartefillinandtallitforworshipwhereasOrthodoxJewsdo.ThisisbecausetheLiberal/ReformJewsbelievetheTorahwaswrittenbypeopleinspiredbyGodratherthanbeingthedirectwordofGodwhereasOrthodoxJewsbelievetheTorahwasgiventoMosesdirectlyfromGod.

AnotherreasonisOrthodoxsynagogueskeepmenandwomenseparatebecausetheProphetZechariahsaidthatmenandwomenshouldbeseparatedforperiodsofmourningandtheTalmudrecommendsmenandwomenbeingseparatedforworship.Liberal/Reformsynagogues,meanwhile,allowmixedseatingbecausetheybelievemenandwomenareequal.

Topic 2.2b.2

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (a)

Activities1 Onenon-kosherfoodisfishwithoutfinsand

scales.Anothernon-kosherfoodisanimalswithsplithoovesthatdonotchewthecud.Athirdnon-kosherfoodismeatwherethebloodhasnotbeendrainedout.

2 Onereasonisbecauseitexplainsthemeaningofthe613MitzvotandDeuteronomysaysthatkeepingtheMitzvotiswhatJewishpeoplemustdotobepartoftheMosaicCovenant.

Anotherreasonisthatitisthebasisofthehalakhahfollowing,whichisthewayOrthodoxJewsliveagoodlife.Asafirst-centuryrabbisaid,‘Anyonewhosegooddeedsaremorethanhiswisdom,hiswisdomwillendure.Anyonewhosewisdomismorethanhisgooddeeds,hiswisdomwillnotendure.’

Topic 2.2b.3

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (a)4 (b)

Activities1 OnepurposeofprayerisforJewishpeopleto

builduptheirrelationshipwithGod.AnotherpurposeisforthemtoserveGodwithalltheirheart.AthirdpurposeistotaketheopportunitytospeakdirectlytoGodknowingthatGodwilllistenandrespondtoprayers.

2 Itisimportanttohavedifferentformsbecausesayingprayersinasetformwhichhavebeenusedinthisformforcenturiesandatsettimesgivesorderandpurposetopeople’sreligiouslife.AsthePsalmistsaidinPsalm55,Jewsshouldpraymorning,noonandevening.However,sayingprayersinyourownwordswheneveryouwanttoisimportantbecausepeoplecanhavearelationshipwithGodonlyiftheycancontactGodwhentheywantandexpresstheirthoughtsandfeelingsratherthanotherpeople’s.ThePsalmssaythatpeopleshouldcasttheircaresontheLordandhewillsustainthem.

Topic 2.2b.4

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (a)

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Activities1 TheAmidahcontains19blessings.Itshouldbe

saidstanding.ItshouldbesaidfacingJerusalem.2 TheShemaisimportantbecauseitisaprayer

whichdeclaresthemainpointsoftheJewishfaiththatthereisonlyoneGod.AsDeuteronomychapter6says,‘HearOIsrael,theLordourGod,theLordisOne.’TheShemaalsosaysthatthereisonlyoneGodandthatpeopleshouldloveGodandfollowhiscommands.ThisbeliefthatthereisonlyoneGodwhodemandsmoralobedienceisoftencalled‘ethicalmonotheism’andisthebasisofJudaism.

Topic 2.2b.5 (part 1)

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (d)3 (c)4 (a)

Activities1 TheBritMilahisimportantbecauseitbrings

babyboysintothecommunityofJudaism.TheTorahrecordsthatGodsaidtoAbraham,‘Thisismycovenantwithyouandyourdescendantsafteryou,thecovenantyouaretokeep.Everymaleamongyoushallbecircumcised.’

AnotherreasonisthattheceremonymarkstheentryofJewishmalesintothecovenantofAbraham.AnymalewishingtoconverttoJudaismmustbecircumcised.

Topic 2.2b.5 (part 2)

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (d)4 (b)

Activities1 Onefeatureisthatthemarriageceremonytakes

placeunderacanopycalledahuppah.Anotherfeatureisthatthecouplemustsigntheketubahormarriagecontract.Athirdfeatureisrecitingsevenblessingsoveraglassofwine.

2 Jewishdeathandfuneralritualsareimportantbecausethedeathofafamilymemberisatimeofgreatgriefbuttheritualsofthefaithprovide thecomfortoftheJewishcommunity,whichhelps

peopletocopewiththisterribletimeastheyfollowtheexampleofJacob.TheTorahrecordsthatwhenJacobheardthathisfavouriteson,Joseph,wasdead,‘ThenJacobtorehisclothes,putonsackclothandmournedforhissonmanydays.’

AnotherreasonisthattheritualsofthefaithremindpeopleoftheJewishbeliefthatdeathisnottheendandthereisstillahopeforthefuture.

Topic 2.2b.6

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (d)4 (b)

Activities1 OrthodoxJewscannotgotoworkonShabbat.

Theyalsocannotswitchonelectricity.Athirdthingisthattheycannotdriveacar.

2 ShabbatisimportantforJewishpeoplebecauserestingonShabbatisamitzvahwhichallOrthodoxJewsmustkeep.Thefourthcommandmentsays,‘RemembertheSabbathdaybykeepingitholy.Sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisaSabbathtotheLordyourGod.’

AnotherreasonisthatShabbatisGod’sgifttotheJewishpeoplewhichbindsthemtogetherascommunity—onlyJewscelebrateShabbat.

Topic 2.2b.7 (part 1)

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (d)4 (b)

Activities1 OnefeatureofSukkotisthatfamiliesbuilda

temporaryhome.Asecondfeatureisthattheyliveinthetemporaryhomeforthesevendaysofthefestival.Athirdfeatureismeetinginthesynagogueeachdaywithanetrogandlulav.

2 YomKippurisimportantforJewishpeoplebecauseitisafestivalforwhichthereareMitzvot.Indeed,itisonewhichallJewsshouldobservebecauseastheTorahsaysinLeviticus,thosewhodonotfastonYomKippurmustbecutofffromthepeople.

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AnotherreasonisbecauseYomKippurreleasespeoplefromtheirguiltaboutthesinsofthepastandencouragestheself-disciplineneededtokeeptheresolutionsmadeatRoshHashanah.

Topic 2.2b.7 (part 2)

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (b)4 (a)

Activities1 Onefeatureisthattherearespecialfoodsonthe

sederplate.Asecondfeatureisthattheyoungestfamilymemberasksaseriesofquestionswhichareansweredbythefather.

AthirdfeatureisthatthefamilysingsongsabouttheExodusandattheendoftheroastlambmealtheyeattheafikomen.

2 ShavuotisimportantbecauseitcelebratesthegiftoftheTorahtotheJewishpeople.The613MitzvotcontainedinthefivebooksofMoseswhichmakeuptheToraharethemostimportantthinginJewishhistoryandarethebasisoftheJewishfaith.

AnotherreasonisthatwhereasPesachgavetheIsraelitesphysicalfreedom,ShavuotcelebratesthespiritualfreedombroughtbytheMitzvot.SoShavuotisimportantbecauseitcompletesPesach.

Topic 2.2b.8

Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (a)4 (b)

Activities1 OneobjectistheArkHakodesh,containingthe

SeferTorah.AnotherobjectistheeverlastinglightoftheNerTamid.Athirdfeatureisthemenorah,remindingworshippersoftheJerusalemTemple.

2 TheOrthodoxandLiberal/Reformusethesynagoguedifferently.Forexample,theOrthodoxdonotallowmusiconShabbatbecausetheyconsiderplayinganinstrumenttobework,whichisbannedbythefourthoftheTenCommandmentsinExoduschapter20.

AnotherreasonisthatLiberal/ReformbelieveincompleteequalityofthesexeswhereastheOrthodoxfollowtheMitzvotwhichgivedifferentrightsinworshiptomen.Asaresult,Orthodoxsynagoguesseparatemenandwomen,buttheLiberal/Reformhavemenandwomensittingtogether.

Chapter 3.1 Arguments for the existence of God

Topic 3.1.1

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (d)3 (b)4 (c)

Activities 1 OnecharacteristicofGodshownbytherevelation

ofJesusisthatGodislove.AnothercharacteristicisthatGodisonewhobringshealing.AthirdcharacteristicisthatGodismercifulasheoffersforgivenessthroughJesus.

2 OnereasonisbecausealltherevelationsfoundintheOldTestamentaresummedupandmadeevenclearerinthelifeofJesus.AstheLettertotheHebrewssays,Godspokeinthepastthroughtheprophets,Godhasnowspokenfinallythroughhisson.

AnotherreasonisthatintheIncarnation,GodmadeacompleterevelationofhimselfbecausethesonistheexactrepresentationofGod’sbeingsonothingmorecanberevealed.TheChurchteachesintheCatechismthatthismeanstherecanbenofurtherrevelationofGodafterJesusasGod’smessagetohumanityreacheditshighestpointinhim.

Topic 3.1.2

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (d)4 (b)

Activities1 OneimportantvisionwaswhenGodtold

Abrahamhewouldhaveason.AnotherwaswhenStJoanofArchadavisionoftheArchangelMichaeltellinghertodrivetheEnglishoutofFrance.

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AthirdvisionwaswhenthediscipleshadavisionofMosesandElijahattheTransfiguration.

2 CatholicsbelievevisionsareimportantbecausetheyareoneofGod’swaysofcommunicatingwithhumans.Forexample,StMatthew’sGospelrecordstheTransfigurationwhenthedisciplesthenhadavisionofMosesandElijahtalkingwithJesusandavoicefromthecloudtoldthemthatJesuswashissonandthattheymustlistentoJesus.

AnotherreasonisthatvisionscanleadpeopletobelieveinGodbecauseifthepersonhavingthevisionisknowntobehonest,thenthevisioncouldonlycomefromGodandifthevisioncomesfromGod,thenGodmustexist.

Topic 3.1.3

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)

Activities1 OnemiracleisJesushealingaroyalofficial’sson.

AnotherbiblicalmiracleistheraisingofLazarus.AthirdbiblicalmiracleiswhenJesusfed5,000peoplewithfiveloavesandtwofishes.

2 CatholicsbelievethatmiraclesshowGod’sloveforpeople.Forexample,John’sGospelrecordsthatJesusraisedLazarusfromthedeadoutofloveforLazarusandhisfamily.

AnotherbeliefshownbymiraclesisthatGodisomnipotent,hehasthepowertodoanything.ThiswasshownintheaccountinExodusofMosesleadingtheIsraelitesoutofslaveryinEgypt.TheywerebeingchasedbytheEgyptianarmyandwhentheycametotheRedSeaGodopenedit,sotheycrossedondrylandbuttheseacamebackovertheEgyptians.

Topic 3.1.4

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (a)4 (b)

Activities1 Areligiousexperiencewhichcontradicted

Christianbelief(forexample,someonehavingavisioninwhichGodtoldthemnottogotoMass)wouldnotbeapprovedbytheChurchbecauseitcouldnotpossiblyhavecomefromGod.

AlsotheCatholicChurchteachesintheCatechismthatreligiousexperiencescanbegenuineonlyiftheyconformwithChurchdoctrinesanddonotclaimtosupersedetherevelationofChrist.

Topic 3.1.5

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (a)4 (d)

Activities1 Onefeatureisthattheuniverseisafarmore

complexmechanismthanawatch.Asecondfeatureisthatifawatchneedsadesigner,theuniversemustdefinitelyneedadesigner.AthirdfeatureisthattheonlypossibledesignerofsomethingascomplexastheuniversewouldbeGod.

2 ThedesignargumentisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitshowsthatGod’sexistencecanbedemonstratedbylookingathiscreation.AsStPaulsaidinRomans,althoughGod’seternalpoweranddivinenatureareinvisible,theycanbeunderstoodandseenthroughthethingshehasmade.

Anotherreasonisthatthedesignargumentshowsthattheuniverseworksonfixed,logicalprinciplesdesignedbyGodwhichhaveenabledhumanstomakescientificdiscoveries.AstheCatechismsays,theexistenceofGodtheCreatorcanbeknownwithcertaintythroughhiscreation.

Topic 3.1.6

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (b)4 (d)

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Activities1 Onefeatureisthatbecauseeverythingisin

motion,theuniversemusthavebeensetoffbyaPrimeMover–God.Asecondfeatureisthateverythingiscontingentwhichmeanstheremustbeanon-contingentbeing(God)otherwisenothingwouldbehere.AthirdfeatureisthattheuniversemusthaveacauseandthatcouldonlybeGod.

2 OnereasonthecosmologicalargumentisimportantisbecauseitshowsthatGodisnotanotherthingwithintheuniverse.Godisthesourceofallbeingandsohasnobeginningorend.Godisinfiniteandeternal.AstheCatechismsays,Godisinfinitelygreaterthanhiscreation:‘Youhavesetyourgloryabovetheheavens.’

AnotherreasonisbecausetheargumentshowsthatGodistheoriginofeverything:heistheUnmovedMover,theFirstCause,theNon-contingentBeing,andsoisbeyondhumancomprehension.AstheCatechismsays,God’sgreatnessisunsearchable.

Topic 3.1.7

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (a)3 (b)4 (c)

Activities1 IfGodisomnipotent,hemustbeabletogetridof

evilandsuffering.IfGodisomni-benevolent,hemustwanttogetridofevilandsuffering.IfGodisomniscient,hemusthaveknownthattheworldashemadeitwouldcontainevilandsuffering.

2 CatholicsbelievethatGodisomnipotent(all-powerful).Catechism268saysthatGodruleseverythingandcandoeverything.ButifGodisall-powerful,hemustbeabletoremoveevilandsufferingfromtheworld.

AnotherreasonisthatCatholicsbelieveGodisomni-benevolent;astheCatechismsays,‘God’sverybeingislove.’However,ifGodisall-lovinghemustwanttogetridoftheevilandsufferingintheworldandifheisomnipotenthemustbeabletogetridofit,sothereshouldbenoevilandsufferingintheworld.

Topic 3.1.8

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (d)3 (d)4 (b)

Activities1 Onewayisbyusingthebiblicalresponsessuch

asthoseinthebooksofJobandPsalms. Anotherwayistheoretical,suchasthevaleof

soulmakingidea. Athirdwayispractical,suchasworkingina

hospitaltorelievesuffering.2 TheBookofJobexplainshowGodallowedSatan

topunishsinlessJobtoprovetoSatanthatJoblovedGod.JobprotestedtoGod,butwhenhecamefacetofacewithGod,herealisedthatGodissogreatthathumanshavenorighttochallengehim.Nevertheless,Godhasareasonforsuffering,itisjusttoocomplexforhumanstounderstand.

TheBookofPsalmsexplainsthatsufferingissimplyapartoflife,butsoisjoy,andthetwogosidebyside.However,PsalmsalsoclaimsthatsufferingcanbringbelieverstoadeeperunderstandingofGod.

Chapter 3.2 Religious teachings on relationships and families in the twenty-first century

Topic 3.2.1

Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (a)4 (d)

Activities 1 Christiansbelievethatmarriagewascreatedby

Godatthebeginningoftheworldsothatacouplecanhavealifelongrelationshipoflove.Theyalsobelievethatmarriageisforprocreation.AthirdbeliefisthatmarriageenableschildrentobebroughtupinaChristianfamilyandbecomemembersofChrist’sChurch.

2 Catholicsgetmarriedbecausemarriageisoneofthesevensacramentsandassuchitisasignofgrace,institutedbyChristhimself,and,throughtheChurch,impartingGod’sgraceandstrength.Catholicsbelievetheyshouldtakepartinthesacramentsifatallpossibleandsotheyfeeltheyshouldmarry.

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AnotherreasonCatholicsgetmarriedisbecauseJesussaidthatmarriagewascreatedbyGodatthebeginningoftheworldasthewayofestablishingandpreservingsociety.TheCatechismteachesthatmarriageistheonlyplacewhereCatholicsshouldhavesexandthatmarriageistheonlyacceptablewayforCatholicstohavechildrenandraiseaChristianfamily.

Topic 3.2.2

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (a)4 (d)

Activities1 CatholicsbelievesexisagiftfromGod.Theyalso

believethatpre-maritalsexiswrong.AthirdCatholicbeliefisthatadulteryiswrongbecauseitbreakstheweddingvows.

2 TheCatholicChurchteachesthatanyformofsexualrelationshipoutsideofmarriageiswrongbecausetheBiblesaysthatfornication(awordusedinreligionforbothpre-maritalsexandpromiscuity)issinfulandCatholicsshouldfollowtheteachingsoftheBible.

AnotherreasonisthattheCatechismoftheCatholicChurchteachesthatpre-maritalsexiswrongbecauseGodintendedsextoberestrictedtomarriage.TheCatechismsays,‘Thesexualactmustalwaystakeplaceexclusivelywithinmarriage...Humanlovedoesnottolerate“trialmarriages”.’

Topic 3.2.3

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)

Activities1 FamilyisimportantforCatholicsbecauseone

ofthemainpurposesofChristianmarriageistohavechildrenandbringthemupinasecureandlovingChristianenvironment.AnotherreasonisthattheCatechismteachesthatthefamilywascreatedbyGodasthebasicunitofsociety.

Athirdreasonisthatthefamilyistheplacewherechildrenlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongsothatwithoutthefamilytherewouldbemuchmoreevilintheworld.

2 ThefamilyisimportanttoCatholicsbecauseoneofthemainpurposesofChristianmarriageistohavechildrenandraiseaCatholicChristianfamily.TheCatechismteachesthatmaritalsexshouldbebothunitiveandprocreativebecausethisisthe‘twofoldendofmarriage’.

ThefamilyisalsoimportantforCatholicsbecauseitistheplacewherechildrenareintroducedtothefaithandsoisvitalinorderfortheChurchtocontinueandgrow.Also,StPaulsaidthatparentsshouldbringuptheirchildreninthewayoftheLord.

Topic 3.2.4

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (c)3 (a)4 (b)

Activities1 MostCatholicorChurchofEnglandparisheshave

alocalchurchprimaryandsecondaryschoolconnectedtothem.Alsolocalparisheshelpfamiliesisthroughprovidingritesofpassage.Athirdwayisthroughfamilygroups,whichareparishfriendshipgroupswhichbringtogetherpeopleinthelocalparish.

2 Parishestrytohelpfamiliesbecausetheyhaveadutytohelpchildrenbaptisedordedicatedinthechurch.Jesussaid,‘Letthechildrencometome,anddonothinderthem,forthekingdomofGodbelongstosuchasthese.’

AsecondreasonisthattheCatechismandthemarriageserviceteachthatoneofthemainpurposesofChristianmarriageistohavechildrenandbringthemuptoloveGodandfollowJesus,soitistheresponsibilityoftheparishtoassistfamiliesinthattask.

Topic 3.2.5

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (b)4 (c)

Activities1 CatholicChristiansareagainstusingartificial

methodsofcontraceptionastheybelievetheyaregoingagainstGod’sintentions.PopePaulVIcondemnedallformsofartificialmethodsofcontraceptioninhisencyclicalHumanae Vitae.

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Adifferentattitudeisthatnon-CatholicChristiansseenothingwronginChristiansinartificialmethodsofcontraceptionbecausetheyarenotmentionedintheBibleandauthoritiessuchastheleadersoftheBaptistChurchhavesaidthatcontraceptionisagiftfromGodviamedicalscience.

Topic 3.2.6

Now test yourself1 (c)2 (c)3 (c)4 (b)

Activities1 RemarriageisaproblembecauseCatholics

believethataChristianmarriagecannotbeendedexceptbythedeathofoneofthespouses.ThecouplehavemadeacovenantwithGodinthesacramentofmarriagewhichcannotbebrokenbyanyearthlypower.TheCatechismsaysthatamarriageconcludedandconsummatedbetweenbaptisedpersonscanneverbedissolved.

AnotherreasonisbecauseCatholicsbelievethatJesuscondemneddivorceandremarriagewhenhesaidinMark’sGospelthatifsomeonedivorcesandthenremarries,theyarecommittingadultery.

Topic 3.2.7

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (b)

Activities1 TheCatholicChurchteachesthatmenand

womenhaveequalstatusbutwomenhaveaspecialroleasmothersandcarers.

LiberalProtestantsteachthatmenandwomenhavecompletelyequalstatusandroles.

EvangelicalProtestantsteachthatmenhavetheroleofprovidingforthefamilyandwomenshouldlookafterthefamilyandrunaChristianhome.

2 LiberalProtestantsbelievethatmenandwomenareequalandshouldhaveequalrolesinthefamilybecauseGenesis1teachesthatGodcreatedmenandwomenasequals.

TheyalsobelieveinequalstatusandrolesbecauseoftheteachingofStPaulinGalatiansthatinChristthereisneithermalenorfemale,andbecauseoftheevidencefromtheGospelsthatJesustreatedwomenashisequals.

Topic 3.2.8

Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)

Activities1 Catholicwomenareallowedtostudyand

teachintheologicalcolleges.TheycanalsobeextraordinaryministersofHolyCommunion.AthirdroleisthatwomencanbelectorsandconducttheBiblereadingsatMass.

2 CatholicsareopposedtogenderprejudiceanddiscriminationbecauseGenesis1teachesthatGodcreatedbothmenandwomenintheimageofGod,andalsoStPaultaughtinGalatiansthatmenandwomenareequalinChrist.

AnotherreasonisbecausetheCatechismteachesthatmenandwomenareequalandshouldhaveequalrightsinlifeandsociety.PopeBenedict’sfirstencyclicaltaughtthatthereshouldbenogenderprejudiceordiscriminationamongCatholics.