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Transcript of Now playing: Handel “Water Music” Lecture 3: Cells and Small Molecules.
Now playing: Handel
“Water Music”
Lecture 3: Cells and Small MoleculesLecture 3: Cells and Small Molecules
Goals:Goals:
Websites references:http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/prok_euk.html http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1i.htmlhttp://www.lis.ab.ca/walton/omega/index.html http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_2 http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html http://www.chem.pdx.edu/~wamserc/CH332S96/16notes.htm.html http://vitawise.com/aminare.htm http://www.harthosp.org/HealthInfo/scripts/scr0022.htm http://www.americanheart.org/Heart_and_Stroke_A_Z_Guide/carbo.html http://www.react.ie/Health/Nutrition/Carbohydrates.htm
Websites references:http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/prok_euk.html http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1i.htmlhttp://www.lis.ab.ca/walton/omega/index.html http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_2 http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html http://www.chem.pdx.edu/~wamserc/CH332S96/16notes.htm.html http://vitawise.com/aminare.htm http://www.harthosp.org/HealthInfo/scripts/scr0022.htm http://www.americanheart.org/Heart_and_Stroke_A_Z_Guide/carbo.html http://www.react.ie/Health/Nutrition/Carbohydrates.htm
Read: chapter 2, 6 Read: chapter 2, 6Assignment:Assignment:
1. Define prokaryote, eukaryote, carbohydrate, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, fatty acid, amino acid1. Define prokaryote, eukaryote, carbohydrate, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, fatty acid, amino acid2. Understand specified complexity, the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and the relationship
between chemical structure and biological function
2. Understand specified complexity, the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and the relationship
between chemical structure and biological function 3. Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture
and the environment.3. Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture
and the environment.
Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Small MoleculesSmall Molecules
The 2nd Step inunderstanding biologyis to begin to see the Structure & Function of Small Molecules…
The 2nd Step inunderstanding biologyis to begin to see the Structure & Function of Small Molecules…
“Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.”
-- Marie Curie (1867-1934)-- Marie Curie (1867-1934) French chemist and physicist, French chemist and physicist, Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,died of Cancer probably causeddied of Cancer probably causedbrought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation)brought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation) she worked with!she worked with!
“Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.”
-- Marie Curie (1867-1934)-- Marie Curie (1867-1934) French chemist and physicist, French chemist and physicist, Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,died of Cancer probably causeddied of Cancer probably causedbrought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation)brought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation) she worked with!she worked with!
Cells = The Basic Building Blocks of Life
Cells = The Basic Building Blocks of Life
ProkaryotesProkaryotes
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cells are expandable biological factories that produce thousands of
different small and large molecules…
Cells are expandable biological factories that produce thousands of
different small and large molecules…
-Mycoplasma-Bacteria-Mycoplasma-Bacteria
Two Classes of Cells:Two Classes of Cells:Two Classes of Cells:Two Classes of Cells:
-Protista, Animals,-Fungi, Plants-Protista, Animals,-Fungi, Plants
Possible CD on Cell Complexity
Cells Make Small MoleculesCells Make Small Molecules
Carbohydrates and PolysaccharidesCarbohydrates and Polysaccharides
Made up of the following Elements =Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
Made up of the following Elements =Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
Biological functions:
• energy storage, structure, signaling, binding, adsorption, transportation…
Biological functions:
• energy storage, structure, signaling, binding, adsorption, transportation…
- Small molecules are assembled into large molecules- Small molecules are assembled into large molecules
Carbohydrates
1. Sugar and Starches
Monosaccharides
1C:2H:1O
Carbohydrates
1. Sugar and Starches
Monosaccharides
1C:2H:1O
2. Polysaccharide = complex carbohydrate (C:2H:O)n
2. Polysaccharide = complex carbohydrate (C:2H:O)n
Carbohydrates in the liver
Types of small molecules =Types of small molecules =
CH
CH CH CH
CHO
OH
OH
OH
OHOHC
GlucoseC6O6H12
Chemical structuresChemical structures
is the same asis the same asCH
CH CH CH
CHO
OH
OH
OH
OHOHCCH
CH CH CH
CHO
OH
OH
OH
OHOHC
GlucoseGlucose
2-Dimensional View2-Dimensional View 3-Dimensional View3-Dimensional View
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Sucrose =
glucose + fructose
Sucrose =
glucose + fructose
Lactose =
glucose + galactose
Lactose =
glucose + galactose
Maltose =
glucose + glucose
Maltose =
glucose + glucose
Molecular Complexity and Specificity are Characteristics of
all living things
Molecular Complexity and Specificity are Characteristics of
all living things• A Glucose molecule is
simple compared to DNA, but it is still complex and specific.
• The difference between Glucose and Galactose molecules is only in the positioning of the atoms around the ring…specified complexity
• A Glucose molecule is simple compared to DNA, but it is still complex and specific.
• The difference between Glucose and Galactose molecules is only in the positioning of the atoms around the ring…specified complexity glucose + galactose
= Lactose= Lactose
CelluloseCellulose
StarchStarch
GlycogenGlycogen
ChitinChitin
The Following are all Glucose MonomersThe Following are all Glucose Monomers
Monomers are oneType of moleculeAssembled in longChains…
Monomers are oneType of moleculeAssembled in longChains…
Chapter 2: Chapter 2: FatsFats
Second part of understanding smallmolecules will be Fats….
Second part of understanding smallmolecules will be Fats….
Small molecules: FatsSmall molecules: FatsElements = Carbon, Oxygen, HydrogenElements = Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
Less oxygen than carbohydratesLess oxygen than carbohydrates
Fats belong to the organic compounds (molecules) known as “Lipids”Fats belong to the organic compounds (molecules) known as “Lipids”
Insoluble in waterInsoluble in water
MicelleMicelle
Carboxyl (COOH)Carboxyl (COOH)
Hydrocarbon tail (CH)Hydrocarbon tail (CH)
WaterWater
Single fat moleculeSingle fat molecule
COOH + (CH2)nCOOH + (CH2)n
• Biological Functions of Fat• Biological Functions of Fat
•Structure of fat = glycerol and fatty acids•Structure of fat = glycerol and fatty acids
Long-Term
Energy Storage
Long-Term
Energy Storage AbsorptionAbsorption
Energy SupplyEnergy Supply TransportTransport
Triglyceride = Another name for fatsTriglyceride = Another name for fats
1-Glycerol : 3- Fatty Acids1-Glycerol : 3- Fatty Acids
Glycerol 3- Fatty Acids-C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
|| O-C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
|| O-C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
|| O
Saturated fat = fatty acid contains all the hydrogen bonds it can, or (in other words) all carbon atoms have single bonds
Saturated fat = fatty acid contains all the hydrogen bonds it can, or (in other words) all carbon atoms have single bonds
H H H H H H
HHHHH
HHH
H
H
HH H H
H H H H H H HO
O
Unsaturated fat = fatty acid contains at least one double bond
Unsaturated fat = fatty acid contains at least one double bond
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HH H
H
HH H
H
HH O
O
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HH H
H
HH H
H
HH O
O
Polyunsaturated fat = fatty acid has more than one double bondPolyunsaturated fat = fatty acid has more than one double bond
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H HH
HH
H
H
HHH
H
H
HH
H
O O
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H HH
HH
H
H
HHH
H
H
HH
H
O O
Double bonds
More saturation = more risk of heart diseaseMore saturation = more risk of heart disease
-vegetable oils tend to be < saturated than animal oils
-vegetable oils tend to be < saturated than animal oils
Heart disease = location (site) of double bonds and degree of
saturation
Heart disease = location (site) of double bonds and degree of
saturation
Fat-filled heart
Cholesterol: What is it?Cholesterol: What is it?
Biological Function:Biological Function:• LDL
• HDL
• Ratio
• Arteriosclerosis
• LDL
• HDL
• Ratio
• Arteriosclerosis
High Density Lipoproteins - removes cholesterol from artery walls to the liver for removal. Dietary fat >30% of daily calories. To raise HDL’s, exercise regularly and eat boiled, baked or steamed foods, low fat dairy, fish, poultry, vegetables, exercise.
High Density Lipoproteins - removes cholesterol from artery walls to the liver for removal. Dietary fat >30% of daily calories. To raise HDL’s, exercise regularly and eat boiled, baked or steamed foods, low fat dairy, fish, poultry, vegetables, exercise.
Low Density Lipoproteins - builds up on arterial walls. Avoid red meats, hard cheese, egg yolks, and other high fat dairy products and desserts. Avoid saturated fats, such as fried foods, dressings, high-fat snacks, pastries, chocolate, ice cream, and some candies
Low Density Lipoproteins - builds up on arterial walls. Avoid red meats, hard cheese, egg yolks, and other high fat dairy products and desserts. Avoid saturated fats, such as fried foods, dressings, high-fat snacks, pastries, chocolate, ice cream, and some candies
Divide the HDL cholesterol level into the total cholesterol. Should be <5:1, though the optimal level is 3.5:1Divide the HDL cholesterol level into the total cholesterol. Should be <5:1, though the optimal level is 3.5:1
Thickening of the artery wall with fat platelets
Thickening of the artery wall with fat platelets
Protein Fat
Fish OilFish Oil Red Meat OilRed Meat Oil
Site of the Saturation is the key to heart diseaseSite of the Saturation is the key to heart disease
•Omega-6 fatty acids are the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the Western diet.
•The omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are metabolically distinct and have opposing physiologic functions.
•The increased omega-6/omega-3 ratio in Western diets most likely contributes to an increased incidence of heart disease and inflammatory disorders.
•Omega-3 PUFAs suppress cell mediated immune responses and reduce inflammation
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Omega-3
Omega-6
•Bioactive Lipids•Made in all cells•Short range signaling•Eicosanoids?
•Prostaglandins•Inflammation and Pain Perception•Kidney Function•Bone Development•Reproductive Process
•Commercially Important•$4 BILLION/ Year spend on drugs to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis•Vioxx, Celebrex, Ibuprofen, Asprin
Lipids in Cell Signaling
PGE2
Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :
Fish Oil Red Meat OilSite of the Saturation is the key to heart diseaseSite of the Saturation is the key to heart disease
Brown adipose tissue
AbnormalAbnormal
White adipose tissue
Normal ConditionNormal Condition
Some folks haveSome folks have a genetic a genetic conditioncondition
Some folks haveSome folks have a genetic a genetic conditioncondition
Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :
Some folks have a genetic conditionOthers eat too much
Some folks have a genetic conditionOthers eat too much
Fat Cells = AdipocytesFat Cells = Adipocytes• just beneath the skin• insulation• capacity to change 100x• permanent once created• each person has a “set point”
-determines # lbs of fat the will adjust back to…
• just beneath the skin• insulation• capacity to change 100x• permanent once created• each person has a “set point”
-determines # lbs of fat the will adjust back to…
US Adult Population averages = 35% body fatNormal = < 20% body fatUS Adult Population averages = 35% body fatNormal = < 20% body fat
Steroids = 4 Ring PhospholipidSteroids = 4 Ring Phospholipid
Biological Function:Biological Function:
What happens when folks take steroids?What happens when folks take steroids?• liver cancer, acne, heart attacks and strokes, arrested bone development• withered testicles, sterility, impotence, gynecomastia (growth of breasts)• in females. irreversible masculine traits can develop along with menstrual irregularities, breast reduction, and sterility• Psychological effects: aggressive, combative behavior known as "roid
rage“ and depression. • Increase muscle mass, strength, endurance, recovery rates, muscle
definition, leanness• Improved performance in sports, on the job, euphoria, sex drive• Maintain and enhance appearance while aging
• liver cancer, acne, heart attacks and strokes, arrested bone development• withered testicles, sterility, impotence, gynecomastia (growth of breasts)• in females. irreversible masculine traits can develop along with menstrual irregularities, breast reduction, and sterility• Psychological effects: aggressive, combative behavior known as "roid
rage“ and depression. • Increase muscle mass, strength, endurance, recovery rates, muscle
definition, leanness• Improved performance in sports, on the job, euphoria, sex drive• Maintain and enhance appearance while aging
“Why should I be Clark Kent, when I can be Superman all the time?” --Anonymous steroid user
“Why should I be Clark Kent, when I can be Superman all the time?” --Anonymous steroid user
- coordinate physiological and behavioral responses for specific biological purposes
- coordinate physiological and behavioral responses for specific biological purposes
Chapter 3: Peptide Structure:Chapter 3: Peptide Structure: peptide bonds and side peptide bonds and side
chainschainsThird part of understanding small molecules: peptides
Small molecules: Amino Acids (AA)Small molecules: Amino Acids (AA)
The building blocks of proteinsThe building blocks of proteins
• Elements = Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur)• Elements = Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur)
• More nitrogen than sugar or fats contain• More nitrogen than sugar or fats contain
• Structure is dependant upon = side chain(s)• Structure is dependant upon = side chain(s)
• Proteins = Chains of Amino Acids• Proteins = Chains of Amino Acids
Side chains (R groups) determine 20 different amino acidsSide chains (R groups) determine 20 different amino acids
-Central carbon atom
-Central carbon atom
C -Amino group-Amino group
HH
HH
NN
Amino groupAmino group
-Carboxyl group-Carboxyl group
OHOHCC
OO
Carboxyl groupCarboxyl group
R
-Side chain (R)HH
-Hydrogen atom-Hydrogen atom
Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure
Side Chains: “R”Side Chains: “R”
H|
GlycineGlycine AsparagineAsparagine
CysteineCysteine
Glutamic AcidGlutamic Acid
GlutamineGlutamine
ArginineArginine
Aspartic AcidAspartic Acid
SerineSerineAlanineAlanine
LysineLysine
ProlineProline
IsoleucineIsoleucine
LeucineLeucine
ThreonineThreonine
MethionineMethionine
HistidineHistidine
TyrosineTyrosine
TryptophanTryptophan
ValineValine
PhenylalaninePhenylalanine
Essential Amino Acids = 9Essential Amino Acids = 9
Biological Function:The essential building blocks for all proteins of lifeBiological Function:The essential building blocks for all proteins of life
HistidineIsoleucineLeucineLysine
MethioninePhenylalanine
ThreonineTryptophan
Valine
HistidineIsoleucineLeucineLysine
MethioninePhenylalanine
ThreonineTryptophan
Valine
Assignment: What do the essential amino acids do?Assignment: What do the essential amino acids do?
CysteineCysteine
Examples of 3 Essential Amino AcidsExamples of 3 Essential Amino Acids
AlanineAlanine SerineSerine
Key Review of Small MoleculesKey Review of Small Molecules
• Eukaryote• Carbohydrate• Polysaccharide• Monosaccharide• Fatty acid• Amino acid• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote• Carbohydrate• Polysaccharide• Monosaccharide• Fatty acid• Amino acid• Prokaryote
• Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
• Relationship between chemical structure and biological function
• Living chemistry is both complex and specified
• Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture and the environment
• Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
• Relationship between chemical structure and biological function
• Living chemistry is both complex and specified
• Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture and the environment