November 20, 2007 How did the U.S. promote war and attack civil liberties? What social changes were...
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November 20, 2007How did the U.S. promote war
and attack civil liberties? What social changes were made?–Quiz on Section 2–War Organizations and Selling the War
Homework: “In Another Country” & “Returning Soldiers”
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Congress Gives Power to WilsonCongress Gives Power to Wilson
Winning war was not a job for American soldiers alone
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Secretary of War: Newton Baker
The entire country had to refocus on the war effort.
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Shift from consumer goods to producing war supplies too complicated private industry to handle–so business and government
collaborated in the effort.
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Government power greatly expandedCongress gave Wilson direct control
over the economy– the power to fix prices – to regulate (even to nationalize)
certain war-related industries
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War Industries Board (WIB)War Industries Board (WIB)
Established 1917 and reorganized 1918 under Bernard M. Baruch (prosperous businessman)
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What Baruch and WIB did:
Encouraged mass-production techniques to increase efficiency
Urged elimination of waste by standardizing products – by making only 5 colors of
typewriter ribbons instead of 150
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The WIB – industrial production in the U.S. increased by about 20%
WIB applied price controls only at the wholesale level
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Retail prices soared– in 1918 they were almost double
what they had been before the warCorporate profits soared
–especially in such industries as chemicals, meatpacking, oil, and steel
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Other Federal AgenciesOther Federal Agencies
The Railroad Administration controlled the railroads
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The Fuel Administration monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oil
“Gasless Sundays” and “Lightless nights” to conserve fuel
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March 1918 - the Fuel Administration introduced another conservation measure: daylight saving time–first proposed by Ben Franklin
in 1770’s as way to take advantage of longer days
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Do We Need Daylight Savings Today?
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War EconomyWar Economy
wages in most industries rose during the war years
hourly wages for blue-collar workers (those in the metal trades, shipbuilding, and meatpacking) rose by 20%
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Household’s income undercut by rising food prices and housing costs
Large corporations saw huge profits
DuPont Company saw its stock multiply in value 1,600 percent between 1914 and 1918
The company was earning a $68 million yearly profit
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Uneven pay between labor and management caused: – increasing work hours –child labor–dangerously “sped-up”
conditions
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Unions BoomedUnions Boomed
Union membership climbed from about 2.5 million in 1916 to ore than 4 million in 1919
More than 6,000 strikes broke out during the war months.
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To deal with disputes between management & labor, President Wilson established the National War Labor Board
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Workers who refused to obey board decisions could lose their draft exemptions
“Work or Fight”
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Food AdministrationFood Administration
Wilson set up the Food Administration under Herbert Hoover
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Instead of rationing food, he called on people to follow the “gospel of the clean plate”
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Declared one day a week “meatless,” another “sweetless,” two days “wheatless,” and two other days “porkless”
Restaurants removed sugar bowls from the table and served bread only after the first course
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Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards
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Schoolchildren spent their after-school hours growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks
As a result, American food shipments to the Allies tripled
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Hoover also set up high government price on wheat and other staples
Farmers responded by putting an additional 40 million acres into production
They increased their income by almost 30%
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Selling the WarSelling the WarWar Financing and the Committee on
Public Information
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War FinancingWar Financing$35.5 billion on the war effortRaised 1/3 of amount through taxes
–progressive income tax (tax high incomes higher rates than low incomes)
–war-profits tax–higher excise taxes on tobacco,
liquor, and luxury goods
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Raised the rest through tens of thousands of volunteers– Movie stars spoke at rallies in factories,
in schools, and on street corners– Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo:
“a friend of Germany” would refuse to buy war bonds
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Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information
Popularized the war by setting up the first propaganda agency: the Committee on Public Information (CPI)– Propaganda - biased form of
communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions
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Head of the CPI was a former muckraking journalist named George Creel
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Creel persuaded nation’s artists & advertising agencies to create paintings, posters, cartoons, & sculptures promoting the war
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–recruited 75,000 men to serve as “four-minute men” who spoke about everything relating to the war: • the draft• rationing• bond drives• victory gardens • “why we are fighting” or “the meaning of America”
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–ordered a printing of almost 25 million copies of “how the war came to America”
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–distributed some 75 million pamphlets, booklets, and leaflets, many with the enthusiastic help of the Boy Scouts
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His propaganda campaign promoted patriotism; it also inflamed hatred and violations of the civil liberties of certain ethnic groups and opponents of the war.
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Attacks on Civil Liberties Attacks on Civil Liberties IncreaseIncrease
Wilson expressed fears about war hysteria
As soon as war was declared, conformity indeed became the order of the day
Attacks on civil liberties, both official and unofficial, erupted
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Anti-Immigrant HysteriaAnti-Immigrant Hysteria
Main targets of this Americans who had emigrated from other nations
Most bitter attacks were against those born in Germany, but those who were of German descent also suffered
Many with German names lost their jobs
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Orchestras refused to play music of Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms
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Some towns renamed themselves (if they had German names)
Schools stopped teaching the German language
Librarians removed books by German authors from the shelves
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People even resorted to violence (flogging, smearing with tar, and feathers)
A German was lynched while wrapped in his flag and the mob was cleared by a jury
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German measles to “liberty measles”Hamburger named after the German
city Hamburg became “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich”
Sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage”
Dachshunds named “liberty pups
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Espionage and Sedition ActsEspionage and Sedition Acts
June 1917 – passed the Espionage Act May 1918 – passed the Sedition Act A person could be fined up to $10,000 and
sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort
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Laws violated the 1st AmendmentLed to over 2,000 persecutions for
loosely defined antiwar activities (over half resulted in convictions)
Newspapers & magazines that opposed the war or criticized any of the Allies lost their mailing privileges
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House of Representatives refused to seat Victor Berger (socialist congressman from Wisconsin) b/c of his antiwar views
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The Acts targeted socialist and labor leaders
Eugene V. Debs was handed a 10-year prison sentence for speaking out against the war and the draft
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Eugene V. Debs
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Anarchist Emma Goldman received 2-year prison sentence & $10,000 fine for organizing the No Conscription League
When she left jail, the authorities deported her to Russian
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Emma Goldman
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“Big Bill” Haywood & other leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) accused of sabotaging war effort b/c they urged workers to strike for better conditions & higher pay
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He was sentenced prison term, later skipped bail, and fled to Russia
under federal pressure, the IWW faded away
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The War Encourages Social The War Encourages Social ChangeChange
African Americans and the WarThe Great MigrationWomen in the WarThe Flu Epidemic
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African Americans and the WarAfrican Americans and the War
Black public opinion of war was divided
WEB DuBois – should support war effort b/c it would strengthen calls for racial justice
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William Trotter – victims of racism shouldn’t support racist government
Favored protest & condemned accommodation approach
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Despite the grievances over racial inequality, most African Americans backed the war.
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The Great MigrationThe Great Migration
Greatest effect of WWI on African Americans’ lives was that it accelerated the Great Migration
The large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to the cities in the North
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Began before the war when African Americans trickled northward to escape the Jim Crow South – but after the turn of the century, the trickle became a tidal wave.
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Several factors contributed to the increase of black migration– Escape racial discrimination in the South – Boll weevil infestation, floods and
droughts ruined much of the South’s cotton fields
– More job opportunities (Henry opened his assembly line to black workers)
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– WWI & drop in European immigration led to more jobs in steel mills, munitions plants, & stockyards
– Recruiting agents sent to distribute free railroad passes
– Black owned newspaper bombarded Southern blacks with articles contrasting Dixieland lynchings with the prosperity of African Americans in the North
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Same Old Problems
Racial prejudice existed in the North The press of new migrants to Northern
cities caused overcrowding and intensified racial tensions
Between 1910 and 1930, hundreds or thousands of African Americans migrated to such cities as NY, Chicago, and Philadelphia
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Women in the WarWomen in the War
Women moved into jobs that had been held exclusively by men
Railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers
Mined coal and took part in shipbuilding
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Filled traditional jobs
Worked as volunteers
Encouraged sale of bonds and the planting of victory gardens
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Active in the peace movement– Jane Addams who founded the
Women’s Peace Party in 1915 (she remained a pacifist even after the U.S. entered the war)
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Wilson acknowledge the services of women during the war but did not find that they were owed equal pay to man
War helped bolster support for women’s suffrage
In 1919, Congress finally passed the 19th amendment
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The Flu EpidemicThe Flu Epidemic
Fall of 1918, the U.S. suffered a home front crisis when an international flu epidemic affected about one-quarter of the population
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The effect of the epidemic on the economy was devastating
– Mines shut down– telephone service was cut in half – factories and offices staggered
working hours to avoid contagion– Cities ran short of coffins– the corpses of poor lay unburied for
as long as a week
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Hit the healthy & death could come in a matter of days
Doctors didn’t know what to do– cleanliness and
quarantine
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More than a quarter of the troops caught the disease
In some AEF units, one-third diedGermans fell victim in even larger
numbers
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Possibly spread around the world by soldiers, the epidemic killed about 500,000 Americans before it disappeared in 1919
Historians believed that the virus killed as many as 30 million people worldwide
Epidemic like the war ended suddenly