Nov 6, 2014: Pollinators cubed: A Flawed System ... · Nov 6, 2014: Pollinators cubed: A Flawed...
Transcript of Nov 6, 2014: Pollinators cubed: A Flawed System ... · Nov 6, 2014: Pollinators cubed: A Flawed...
Nov 6, 2014: Pollinators cubed: A Flawed
System? Insecticides and bees
Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Depart
of Entomology, UMinnesota and others
www.entomology.umn.edu/cues
Visit pollinator conservation website:
Bulletins, posters, online workshop, research,
Controversy over neonicotinyls and bees
• 2014 Oct Council on Environmental Quality and
Government Services Agency The wording on
page 15 states "5. Acquire seeds and plants from
nurseries that do not treat their plants with
systemic insecticides".
• 2014 June 14 Presidet Obama meorandum on
united policy for pollinator conservation
• 2013 Dec: EFSA (European Food Safety
Authority) European Union enacts a 2 year ban
• 2013 June: EFSA neonicotinyl treated-seed are a bee risk
Controversy over neonicotinyls and bees
2013 June: Oregon bans dinotefuran for 6 mos
2012 March: US Beekeepers petition for clothianidin to be withdrawn from sale 2008-2011: Bee deaths are linked to the planting of neonicotinyl treated-seed crops 2009: California calls for a review of the effects of neonicotinyl insecticides on bees 2004-2009: New York restricts use of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, and clothianidin 1996: France bans imidacloprid use as treated-seed on sunflowers, Germany, Spain, Italy and Slovenia, follow
What are bees? »Most bees are solitary; honey bees, bumble bees, and some sweat bees are social.
» Among the social bees, only honey bee colonies are perennial (survive year to year).
» Solitary and social wasps are sometimes mistaken for bees. Social wasps have annual colonies like bumble bees. 6
Red-tailed bumble bee (Bombus ternarius)Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org
Common eastern bumble bee (B. impatiens)David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org
These large (10 to 23 mm), hairy bees are the only truly social bees native to the United States.
Colonies are annual.
Fecundated queens emerge in spring and begin colonies in the ground.
Queens mate with unrelated males before overwintering in the ground.
Bumble Bees, Bombus spp.,Order HymenopteraFamily Apidae
7
1. A queen emerges from hibernation in spring and finds a nest site, such as an abandoned rodent burrow.
2. She creates wax pots to hold nectar and pollen, on which she lays and incubates her eggs.
3 In autumn the colony produces new queens and male bees.
4. Newly mated queens hibernate and the rest of the bees die.
Bumble bee colony life cycle
8
Honey Bee Colony
Inside a honey bee colony. Note capped brood cells containing pupae and open brood cells with larvae (unlike bumble bees, who cap cells immediately after laying eggs). 9
Bumble Bee Colony
Inside a commercial bumble bee colony. Note capped brood cells, shiny “honey pots” full of nectar, and size difference between workers and two large queens (one is newly produced). 10
Save the bees by planting flowers and trees
1. Use contact insecticides on flowering
plants, such as bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, neem,
azadirachtin, and spinosad.
2. Do not use systemic insecticides.
3. Plant a seasonal phenology of native and
garden plants for nectar and pollen.
4. Only single-flowered plants, not double
flowers, provide pollen and nectar.
5. Provide overwintering habitat for bees.
6. Do not kill queen bees in the spring/fall,
they will not sting.
7. Understand the different types of bees and
wasps so you can conserve bees. 11
Neonicotinyl insecticide use in 2011
143/442 US million acres use neonicotinyl
insecticides
83+ million acres of corn have neonicotinyl treated-
seed and honeybees use corn for pollen
Active ingredient (ai) in lbs
imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam
MN 52,048 43,663 68,876
CA 348,247 3,812 30,687
US 700,000 1,2000,000 990,000
Contact insecticides:
Many used; sprayed on foliage
Insect must eat leaf or walk on leaf to be killed
Toxicity lasts 1-3 weeks
Flowers that open after spraying do
not contain insecticides.
Systemic insecticides:
Uncommon; treated-seed, soil drench, trunk-inject
Insect must eat leaf, pollen, or nectar to be killed
Toxicity can least for months to years, unknown
Flowers that open will have the insecticide in
pollen and nectar for months to years, unknown
Contact compared to systemic insecticides
Systemic insecticides
Organophosphates
aldicarb (Temik), oxamyl (Vydate), dimethoate (Cygon)
Neonicotinyl
imidacloprid (Marathon, Merit), clothianidin, thiamethoxam,
dinotefuran, spirotetramat (Movento/Kontos, class tectronic
acid, lipd synthesis), sulfloxaflor (Transform/Closer)
Novel mode of action
pymetrozine (Endeavor)
Translaminar, or local, systemic activity
Botanical- azadirachtin, neem
Microbial- abamectin (Avid)
IGR- pyriproxyfen (Distance)
PR- chlorfenapyr (Pylon)
SP-spinosad (Conserve)
OP- acephate (Orthene)
C-carbofuran (Furadan)
Insecticides are threats to bees
Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees.
• Dimethoate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee
• Chlorpyrifos is toxic, LD50 70 ng/bee
• Methyl parathion is highly toxic, LD50 11 ng/bee
• Coumaphos is 180 times less than methyl parathion, with LD50 of 2030 ng/ bee
• Esfenvalerate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee
• Cyfluthrin is highly toxic, LD50 37ng/bee
• Zeta-cypermethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 2 ng/bee
• Lambda cyhalothrin is highly toxic, LD50 38 ng/bee
• Permethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 8 ng/bee
Water solubility: Neonicotinyl insecticides
imidacloprid clothianidin dinotefuran thiameth-
oxam
emamectin
benzoate
nameMerit
Marathon
Arena SafariFlagship
MeridianTree
age
KOC 132-310 160 23 64 283,000Solubility
(mg/l) 514 259 259 327 101
LD50
(acute rat
oral)
(mg/kg)
>5,000 4,870 >2,000 5,523 1,516
dinotefuran is 80 times more water soluble than imidaclopridemamectin benzoate has very low mobility (KOC) and long duration
Chemical
class
Examples of
common
names
Bee Toxicity
No Low Mod High
Carbamates carbaryl,
methomyl
All x
Neonicotinoid imidacloprid
thiamethoxam
clothianidin
dinotefuran
imid+bifenthrin
All x
Less toxic:
acetamiprid
(A)
thiacloprid (T)
All x
Chemical class Examples of
common
names
Bee Toxicity
No
n
Lo
w
Mod High
Organophosphates acephate,
chlorpyrifos,
dimethoate,
malathion,
phosmet
All x
Pyrethroids bifenthrin,
cyfluthrin,
fenpropathrin
, lambda-
cyhalothrin,
permethrin
All x
Botanical pyrethrins
azadirachtin x
x
Insect growth
regulators
diflubenzuron
tebufenozide
All x
azadirachtin
buprofezin
pyriproxyfen
x
x
x
novaluron x
cyromazine x
Juvenile
hormone
s-kinoprene x
Diamides chlorantranilipro
le
cyantraniliprole
x
Chemical
class
Examples of
common
names
Bee Toxicity
Non Low Mod High
Macrocyclic
lactones
abamectin/
avermectin
x
Chemical
class
Examples of
common
names
Bee Toxicity
Non Low Mod High
Miticides acequinocyl,
extoxazole,
fenpyroximate,
fenbutatin-
oxide
All x
clofentezine,
hexythiazox
x,x
bifenazate x
pyridaben x
chlorfenapyr x
spiromesiifen x
Spinosyns spinosad, less
toxic when dry
x
Tetronic acids spirotetramat x
GABA-channel fipronil x
Chemical
class
Examples of
common
names
Bee Toxicity
Non Low Mod High
Pyridine
carboxamide
flonicamid x
Pyridine
azomethines
pymetrozine x
Avermectin emamectin
benzoate
x
Other
insecticides
Bacillus
thuringiensis,
x
potassium salts
fatty acids
soaps
x
horticultural
mineral oils,
neem oil
x
Linden trees: Imidacloprid applied to linden to
kill adult JB, but linden is a favorite bee plant
26
IncidentAround 25,000 bumblebees and others were found
dead under trees at the Target store in Wilsonville,
Oregon on Monday, June 17, 2013. The neonicotinyl
insecticide dinotefuran (label Safari) was applied
pre-bloom according to label.
Dead in the parking lot, Bombus vosenesenskii
Residue data confirmed dinotefuran, but data was
not released by Oregon Depart. Agriculture. Another
bee kill occurred in Hillsboro, OR. Trees were
covered in nets and dinotefuran use is banned for 6
months in Oregon.
Incident
Incident: 2009 Imidacloprid residue in
linden trees.Report from 2009
Imidacloprid soil injection at a golf course
State of California, Department of Pesticide Regulations,
Evaluation report on Merit 2F applied to 11
Tilia cordata linden trees at a golf course in Willimington
DE in 2006 and 2007 and hundreds of dead bees found at
the trees in 2008
Imidacloprid in leaves was 2,600 -11,700 ppb
Imidacloprid in dead bumblebees was 146 ppb
For regulatory purposes, the LD50 of imidacloprid to the
honey bee is 3.7 ng/bee=37 ppb. Bayer CropScience
indicated the amount in the bees exceeded the LD50.
Neonicotinyl insecticide toxicity
Sublethal dose: more than 20 ppb (2ng/bee)
reduces foraging, memory, and navigation
Aspirin 80mg = 80,000microg = 80,000,000ng
Lethal dose Oral LD50
ng/bee
in 20µL
Pollen/
nectar ppb
(ng/.1gbee)
Reference
imidacloprid 3.7-40 37-400Schmuck et al. 2001,
EFSA 2013
clothianidin 3-22 30-220Iwas et al. 2004, EFSA
2013
dinotefuran 23-47 230-470EFSA 2013
thaimethoxam 5-30 50-300EFSA 2013
0.1 mg/canola seed
1.2 mg/ corn seed
300 mg 3 gal pot
250 times more in pot compared to corn seed
3,000 times more in pot compared to canola seed
Landscape Ornamental tree label:
Used 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in
Flowers (Krischik et al. 2015).
Agricultural citrus tree label:
Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar
(Byrne et al. 2013).
Comparing seed treatment, agricultural rates, and
landscape rates.
Linden soil drench 2012
2012 June Aug
leaves 554 ppb 1,023 ppb
soil 15,436 ppb 5,956 ppb
flowers 30 ppb (3.6 to 72 ppb, n=8)
2013 sampled leaves, soil, flowers from
trees1- 8 did not retreat
Duration of imidacloprid from 1X application
• 12 months on linden (Frank et al. 2007, Johnson
and Williamson 2007)
• 12 months on poplar (Tenczar and Krischik 2007)
• 12 months on ash (McCullough et al. 2003)
• 24 months on hemlock (Cowles et al. 2006)
• 24 months cotoneaster (Szczepaniec and Raupp
2007
Site
Imidacloprid
Treatment Rate
Seed
treatment
Gaucho*
0.1 mg AI/seed canola
1. 2mg AI/seed cornEFSA 2012
Field crops/
turf
4 mg/sg ft Dively and Kamal 2012,
Stoner and Eitzer 2012
Larson 2012, 2014
Greenhouse/
nursery pot
300 mg AI/potKrischik et al. 2014
Landscape,
rose
600 mg AI/plant
(2 times)Krischik et al. 2015
10 in DBH
24 in DBH
28 g AI
67 g AIKrischik et al. 2014
Insect Species Level
Kills lady beetle,
lacewing, parasitic
wasp, and bumble
bees
1X label rate
Krischik 5 papers
3 sp lady beetles
1 wasp
1 lacewing
Kills honeybees in one
sip
185-192 ppb
(CA EPA290,
Fischer and
Chalmers 2007)
Foraging behavior 6-100 ppb
Foraging behavior
reduced, which results
in less colony weight
and fewer queens
produced
6-100 ppb
penick.net
Imidacloprid residue in landscape plants
Dose in mg/soil Dead bees on
Agastache
Agastache spp.
nectar
ppb
Asclepias spp.
nectar
ppb
Esperanza
spp.
nectar
ppb
Rosa spp.
pollen
ppb
0 0.6b 6b 3c 0c 26b
25 0.6b 52b 80c 8c 36b
50 0.5b 133b 175bc 21c 30b
300 1X
3 gal
1.1ab 1973b 1568bc 106c 95b
600 2X
3 gal
2.4a 5265ab 2950b 276b 332b
1200 2.4a 9335a 8337a 9162a 720a
Plant Neonicotinyl ppb Reference
Sunflower
(treated-
seed)
2 nectar
4 pollen
Schmuck et al.
2001
Pumpkin
(soil drench)
4-12 nectar
37-87 pollen
Dively & Hooks
2010
Milkweed
(soil drench)
1,973-6,000 ppb
nectar
Krischik 2013
Clover nectar
(soil drench)
171 ppb
(1X, clothianidin)
Larson et al. 2013
Residue in pollen and nectar, very few papers
Residues of neonicotinyls in pollen and nectar
Plant Imidacloprid ppb Reference
Maple tree 199 ppb flower USDA APHIS 2003
Eucalyptus tree
(soil drench)
550 ppb nectar Paine et al 2011
Horsechestnut
(trunk injection)
5-283 ppb flower Bayer, Maus et al. 2004b
Serviceberry
(soil drench)
1,038- 2,816 ppb
flower
Bayer, Doering et al.
2005a,b
Rose outside
(soil drench)
95-1175 ppb pollen Krischik et al. 2015
Rose GH
(soil drench)
32 ppb pollen Krischik et al. 2015
Yellow bells
(soil drench)
106 nectar ppb Krischik et al. 2015
Bee ppb Reference
Honey bee recruit
to food
20 ppb imidacloprid Schmuck et al. 2001;
Schmuck 1999
Honey bee
orientation
25 ppb clothianidin Lambin et al. 2001
Honey bee
foraging
6 ppb Colin et al. 2004
Honey bee
foraging
50 ppb Colin et al. 2004
Honey bee dance
effectiveness
50 ppb Schneider et al. 2012
Honey bee
directionality
during flight
75 ppb imidacloprid
25 ppb clothianidin
Menzel et al. 2014
Other aspects of foraging and neonicotinyls
Bee ppb Reference
Honey bee
foraging
15 ppb imidacloprid Schneider et al. 2012
Honey bee
foraging
5 ppb clothianidin Henry et al. 2012
Honey bee
foraging
67 ppb thiamethoxam Schneider et al. 2012
Bombus terrestris
foraging
10 ppb imidacloprid Mommaerts et al. 2012; Gill
et al. 2012
Bombus impatiens
foraging
30 ppb imidacloprid Morandin and Winston
2003
Bombus impatiens
foraging
10 ppb imidacloprid,
50% did not return
Gill et al. 2012
Foraging and neonicotinyls
Bee ppb Reference
Bombus terrestris 0.7 nectar and 6 ppb pollen
imid; 8% - 12% Colony weight
lower; 85%Queen product
lower
Whitehorn et al. 2012
Bombus terrestris 10 ppb, Pollen collecting
efficancy/brood care reduced
Gill et al. 2012
Bombus impatiens 114 ppb, reduced colony
weight, no queen production
Larson et al 2012
Bombus terrestris 10 ppb, reduced pollen
foraging
Gill and Raine 2014
Bombus terrestris 0.7 nectar and 6 ppb pollen
imidacloprid, reduced pollen
foraging
Feltham et al. 2014
Bombus impatiens 10 ppb reduced feeding, food
storage, colony weight
Scholer and Krischik
2014
Foraging and neonicotinyls
Save the bees by planting flowers and trees
1. Use contact insecticides on flowering
plants, such as bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, neem,
azadirachtin, and spinosad.
2. Do not use systemic insecticides.
3. Plant a seasonal phenology of native and
garden plants for nectar and pollen.
4. Only single-flowered plants, not double
flowers, provide pollen and nectar.
5. Provide overwintering habitat for bees.
6. Do not kill queen bees in the spring/fall,
they will not sting.
7. Understand the different types of bees and
wasps so you can conserve bees. 42
Neonicotinoids and bumblebees
0 ppb = control
10 ppb = pollen from seed treatments
20 ppb = NOEC from Bayer,
but affects behavior
50 ppb = Field pumpkin study
100 ppb = Lower level found in
landscape plants
LD50 imidacloprid 4-40 ng/bee = 40-400 ppb
LD50 \clothianidin 4 ng/bee = 40 ppb
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 50 100
Pe
rce
nt
Mo
rta
lity
Neonicotinoid (ppb)
Imidacloprid Clothianidin
Queen mortality (week 8)
1/8
3/8
2/9
7/8
5/8
8/8
6/9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 50 100Pe
rce
nt
Co
ns
um
pti
on
Neonicotinoid (ppb)
Imidacloprid Clothianidin
Sugar syrup consumption (Week 8)
CC
B
A
ANOVA: F = 22.2, df = 4, 35, p = 0.0001
BC
ANOVA: F = 34.5, df = 4, 28, p = 0.0001a
b
c
c c
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 50 100
Weig
ht
g.
Neonicotinoid (ppb)
Imidacloprid Clothianidin
Mean colony weight (final)
ANOVA: F = 16.2, df = 4, 35, p = 0.0001
CC
BCB
A
ANOVA: F = 16.1, df = 4, 37, p = 0.0001a
a
bb
b
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 50 100
Ho
ne
y p
ots
Neonicotinoid (ppb)
Imidacloprid Clothianidin
Mean number of honey pots (final)
ANOVA: F = 5.3, df = 4, 35, p = 0.0020
BB
AB
ABA
ANOVA: F = 12.7, df = 4, 37, p = 0.0001a
ab
bcbc
c
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters predator and parasitoid
survival and behavior:
1. Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia
convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
2. Anagyrus pseudococci
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
3. Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
4. Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and
behavior of Coleomegilla maculata by 14 d
sunflower dandelion chrysanthemum
Fecundity P < 0.010 ns ns
Walk rate P < 0.010 P < 0.010 P < 0.010
Flip time P < 0.010 P < 0.010 P < 0.010
Day 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Coleomegilla Hippodamia Harmonia
% S
urv
ival
C-C
1X-C
1X-1X
2X-C
2X-2X
a abaa
c
c
c
b
a
abab
bb
abb
F= 23.177
P<0.0001
df= 4, 149
F= 3.506
P= 0.0097
df= 4, 117
F= 2.756
P= 0.033
df= 4, 84
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior
and survival of Coleomegilla, Hippodamia
Harmonia
Day 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Coleomegilla Hippodamia Harmonia
% S
urv
ival
C-C
1X-C
1X-1X
2X-C
2X-2X
bc
c
abc
ab
a
cc
c
b
a
c
bc
c
b
a
F= 33.921
P<0.0001
df= 4, 117
F= 4.907
P= 0.001
df= 4, 84
F= 44.066
P <0.0001
df= 4, 149
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior
and survival of Coleomegilla, Hippodamia
Harmonia
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of
Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 2
Day 1
**
0
25
50
75
100
2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N
Treatments
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 3
Day 1
*
*
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 1
Day 1
*
*
*
% survivorship of
Anagyrus pseudococci
at 1 d
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and
survival of Anagyrus
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
% survivorship of
Anagyrus pseudococci
at 7 d
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivo
rsh
ip
Experiment 2
Day 7
*
*
0
25
50
75
100
2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N
Treatments
% S
urv
ivo
rsh
ip
Experiment 3
Day 7
0
25
50
75
100
% S
urv
ivors
hip
Experiment 1
Day 7
*
*
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and
survival of Anagyrus
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and
survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae)
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Chrysoperla carnea mean percent trembling (Day 6)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10/3/2005 10/24/2005 11/7/2005 Combined
Replicate Start Date
% t
rem
bli
ng
C
1X
2X
F= 384.0
df= 2,5
p<.0001
b
b
F= 11.7
df= 2,4
p= 0.0186
a
ab
F= 7.6
df= 2,9
p= 0.0118
a
b b
F= 16.4
df= 2,24
p<.0001
a a
b b
Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Chrysoperla carnea mean percent survival (Day 10)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10/3/2005 10/24/2005 11/7/2005 Combined
Replicate Start Date
% s
uviv
al
C
1X
2X
F= 83.3
df= 2,5
p= 0.0051
F= 1512.3
df= 2,9
p= <.0001
F= 195.5
df= 2,9
p= <.0001
F= 456.91
df= 2,24
p= 0.0246
a
b
b
a
b b
a
b
c
a
b
b
Bee Plants
How are plants pollinated?
• Pollen collects on hairs and scales of insects.
• Most bees also have specialized structures called corbiculae or scopae to collect pollen.
corbicula
Early Season Bloomers
Photos: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Bee Plants
Serviceberry
(Amelanchier spp.)
Pussy willow
(Salix discolor)
Early Season Bloomers
Photos:
Carolina lupine: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Siberian squill: Heike Löchel (fotografiert von Heike Löchel) [CC-BY-SA-2.0-de (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Comms
Bee Plants
Carolina lupine
(Thermopsis villosa)
Siberian squill
(Scilla siberica)
Early to Mid Season Bloomers
Photos:
Wild rose: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Basswood: Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org
Bee Plants
Wild rose
(Rosa species)
Basswood, linden
(Tilia americana)
Catmint
(Nepeta x faassenii)
Garden sage
(Salvia nemorosa 'May Night')
Early to Mid-Season Bloomers
Photos: North Creek Nurseries, www.northcreeknurseries.com
Bee Plants
Swamp milkweed
(Asclepias incarnata)
Mid Season Bloomers
Photos:
Purple prairie clover: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Swamp milkweed: North Creek Nurseries, www.northcreeknurseries.com
Bee Plants
Purple prairie clover
(Petalostemum candida)
*Also consider: Common milkweed (A. syriaca), butterfly weed (A. tberosa)
Mid Season Bloomers
Photos:
Billard’s Spiraea: Alfred Osterloh, via Hortipedia Commons
Catnip: Theodore Webster, USDA Ag Research Service, Bugwood.org
Bee Plants
Catnip
(Nepeta cataria)Billard's spiraea
(Spiraea x billardii 'Triumphans')
Anise hyssop
(Agastache foeniculum)
Wild bergamot
(Monarda fistulosa)
Mid to Late Season Bloomers
Photos:
Anise hyssop: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Wild bergamot: North Creek Nurseries, www.northcreeknurseries.com
Bee Plants
Sunflower
(Helianthus species)
Mid to Late Season Bloomers
Photos:
Sunflower: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Globethistle: Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, University of Silesia, Bugwood.org
Bee Plants
Globethistle
(Echinops species)
Late Season Bloomers
Photos:
New England aster: North Creek Nurseries, www.northcreeknurseries.com
Goldenrod: Prairie Moon Nursery, www.prairiemoon.com
Bee Plants
New England aster
(Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
Goldenrod
(Solidago species)
Late Season Bloomers
Photos:
Korean angelica: Hardyplants at English Wikipedia (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Stonecrop: North Creek Nurseries, www.northcreeknurseries.com
Bee Plants
Korean angelica
(Angelia gigas)
Stonecrop
(Sedum species)
Save the bees by planting flowers and trees
1. Use contact insecticides on flowering
plants, such as
bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, neem, azadirachtin, an
d spinosad.
2. Do not use systemic insecticides.
3. Plant a seasonal phenology of native and
garden plants for nectar and pollen.
4. Only single-flowered plants, not double
flowers, provide pollen and nectar.
5. Provide overwintering habitat for bees.
6. Do not kill queen bees in the
spring/fall, they will not sting.
7. Understand the different types of bees and
wasps so you can conserve bees.
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Conclusions
1. Most bedding plants and hanging baskets contain cultivars
not visited by bees.
2. So neonicotinyl use in nurseries and greenhouse do not
affect beneficial insects as they do not feed on these plants.
3. Many new EPA registered insecticides can be used on
native and heirloom plants visited by bees.
4. Seed treatments result in the lowest levels of
neonicotinyl insecticide in nectar and pollen. Few studies
demonstrate that seed treatments reduce honeybee health.
5. However, greenhouse and landscape applications use
higher rates compared to agriculture.
6. However, many, many papers demonstrate that
neonicotinyl insecticides affect foraging, learning, and
orientation at sub lethal levels below 192 ppb.
7. The n-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors are 40%
higher in bees that use dancing, navigation, and learning to
find food.