NOUNS

NOUNS+NOUNSNouns are words that names people, places, things or ideas. It names things that can be seen and touched as well as those that cannot be seen nor touched.+Categories of NounsCategoriesExamplesPeoplebrotherneighborBong RevillaPlacestownLuzonPampangaVisible ThingsfoodchickenwaterIdeaslibertyequalityloveActionscondemnationrewardreprimandConditionshungerpovertyenvyQualitiescheerfulnesshumormisery+KINDS OF NOUNS+A. Kinds of NounsCONCRETE NOUNSare names of people, places, or things that can be seen or recognized through any of the five senses

+A. Kinds of NounsABSTRACT NOUNSname the things that cannot be seen such as ideas, actions, conditions and qualities+Concrete and Abstract NounsCONCRETEABSTRACTstudentfire fighterdogpencilcomputerintelligencebraveryloyaltyeloquenceconvenience+A. Kinds of NounsCOLLECTIVE NOUNSare a special type of nouns that name groups of people or things

Example: colony of ants, flock of birds, pack of dogs, herd of sheeps, family, faculty, school of fish+COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS+B. Common and Proper NounsCOMMON NOUNSName any one of a class of people, places or thingsPROPER NOUNSSpecific people, places or things, It always begin with capital letters.+B. Common and Proper NounsCOMMON NOUNSPROPER NOUNSClothesShoesSchoolCountryGirlBoydogUniqloRusty LopezPACPhilippinesLucyRichardPoodle+GENDER OF NOUNS+C. Gender of NounsMASCULINE GENDER - denotes all those of the male kindFEMININE GENDER - all those of the female kindCOMMON GENDER - applied to animate beings, the sex of which for the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etcNEUTER GENDER - denotes inanimate things or whatever is without life+Here are some masculine and feminine nouns for peopleMaleFemaleactoractressboygirlhosthostesskingqueennephewnieceprinceprincesssondaughterstewardstewardessuncleauntwizardwitchpolicemanpolicewoman+Gender of AnimalsAnimalMasculineFemininebearboarsowcattomquennchickenroosterhenduckdrakeduckhorsestallionmarelionlionlionesspigboarsow+Here are some common gender nouns that used for both males and females babies dancers students parents reporters singers engineers lawyers artists teachers+Here are some neuter gender nouns that are used for objects and places hospital school knife chair cave floor phone fire pen stickNUMBER OF NOUNS+D. Number of NounsNouns can be singular or plural in number.A singular noun refers to just one person, place, or thing (for example, a bat or a ship). A plural noun refers to multiple people, places, or things (for example, bats or ships).Rule # 1: Add -sMost nouns can be pluralized simply by adding an -s at the end of the word. edge/edgesgirl/girlssong/songsbag/bagscat/catsboy/boysday/daysRule #2: Add -es to nouns ending in s, z, ch, sh, and xNouns which end in the letters s, z, ch, sh, and x-es at the end. glass/glasseshorse/horsesbuzz/buzzesdish/dishesbox/boxesbush/busheswitch/witchesswitch/switches

Rule #3: Nouns ending in oFor words ending in the letter o, sometimes they are pluralized by adding s, while other words must be pluralized by adding es.echo/echoesembargo/embargoeshero/heroespotato/potatoesveto/vetoestomato/tomatoestorpedo/torpedoeshero/heroesveto/vetoesThese words must be memorized, because there is no simple rule to explain the differences.222Rule #3: Nouns ending in oMost nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel are pluralized by simply adding s3. Some other o nouns do this, too:auto/autosfolio/folioscameo/cameosportfolio/portfolioskilo/kilosphoto/photoszoo/zoosmemo/memossolo/solossoprano/sopranosstudio/studiostattoo/tattoosvideo/videospiano/pianosRule #4: Nouns ending in a consonant YFor nouns ending in the letter y, replace the ending y with -ies. For example:baby/babiesstory/storiespoppy/poppiesbaby/babiesdaisy/daisiesspy/spieslady/ladiesRule #4: Nouns ending in a consonant YNote that for words ending in y preceded by a vowel, an -s is simply added, as usual. day/daystoy/toysessay/essaysturkey/turkeyschimney/chimneysplay/playsjoy/joysvalley/valleysalley/alleysvolley/volleysSome nouns Ending in -F or -FEFor some nouns ending in f or fe, replace the ending f or fe with -ves:calf/calveself/elveshalf/halveshoof/hoovesleaf/leaveslife/livesloaf/loavesself/selvessheaf/sheaveswolf/wolvesshelf/shelvesthief/thievesknife/kniveswife/wivesscarf/scarvesSome nouns change the vowel sound in becoming plural:fireman/firemenfoot/feetgoose/geeselouse/licemouse/mice

man/mentooth/teethwoman/womenSome Old English plurals are still in use:Child/childrenOx/oxenNouns adopted from other languagesSINGULAR ENDS IN IS/PLURAL ENDS IN -ESFor nouns in which the singular form ends in is, the plural form will end in es.hypothesis/hypothesesdiagnosis/diagnosesellipsis/ellipsesanalysis/analysesbasis/basescrisis/crisesthesis/thesesoasis/oasessynthesis/synthesessynopsis/synopsesemphasis/emphasesneurosis/neurosesparalysis/paralysesparenthesis/parenthesesNouns ending in -UMSingular ends in umplural ends in abacterium/bacteriadatum/datacurriculum/curriculamedium/mediamemorandum/memorandaovum/ovasymposium/symposiaerratum/errataaddendum/addendastratum/strataNouns ending in -onSingular ends in onplural ends in a

criterion/criteriaphenomenon/phenomenaNouns ending in -aSingular ends in aPlural ends in ae

alga/algaeamoeba/amoebaelarva/larvaeformula/formulaeantenna/antannaenebula/nebulaevertebra/vertebraevita/vitaeWords ending in ex or -ixPlural ends in -ices:appendix/appendicesindex/indecesmatrix/matricesvertex/verticesvortex/vorticesapex/apicescervix/cervicesaxis/axesWords ending in -usPlural ends in -i:alumnus/alumnibacillus/bacillicactus/cactifocus/focistimulus/stimulifocus/focioctopus/octopiradius/radiistimulus/stimuliterminus/terminiWords Which are Always Plural or Always SingularpantsclothesbinocularsjeansforcepstrouserstongstweezerspeoplePajamasshortsglassesscissorsMathematicsPhysicsshortsAggregate NounsSome nouns end in -s but have no singular (these are called aggregate nouns). These are traditionally plural, but are also used for singular forms:

accommodationsbreadamendsteaarchivescheesebowelsjamcommunicationssoupcongratulationswoodthankswatergoodsinformationadviceknowledgefurnitureNewsmeanssoapseriesspeciesbarrackscrossroadsgallowsHeadquartersstairscottoncontentssnow

FOOD or FOODS?Food in its commonest sense is a non-countable noun, with all the effects of that. It's already a plural."Cheese is a food made from milk""Italy is the source of many delicious foods -- pizza, pasta, salami, biscotti..."

you would eat "some food" not "a food". You would say "less food" not "fewer foods".

"Cheese is a food made from milk"... and in this form, you can pluralise it ..."Italy is the source of many delicious foods -- pizza, pasta, salami, biscotti..."37CASES OF NOUNS+Cases of NounsCase is the property of nouns that shows its relationship to other words in the sentence.+Cases of NounsSUBJECTIVE CASEIt is the case that shows noun as the subject of the sentence.+Cases of NounsOBJECTIVE CASEIt is the noun case showing noun as the object of the verb, and object of the preposition.+Cases of NounsPossessive NounsIt is the noun case showing possession or ownership.+