Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
-
Upload
sarah-shahnaz-ilma -
Category
Documents
-
view
236 -
download
0
Transcript of Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
1/28
THE SYNTAX OF ENGLISH
Noun and Verb Phrasesand
Grammatical Functions
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
2/28
NOUN PHRASES (NP)
a noun and all the words/word groups that
belong with the noun and cluster
around it.
headword/head
modifiers
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
3/28
Example:
girl
the girl
the beautiful girl
the beautiful girl who is standing by the window
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
4/28
A NP can be rather complex, containing othernoun phrases, or it can consist of just one
word (a noun) if the word can occur withoutany modifier.
Examples:
Children often build castles on the beach.
Children who are very creative often buildcastles on the beach.
Dani wanted to take a make-up test.
Dani wanted to take a difficult test which shemissed the day before.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
5/28
a difficult test which she missed the day before
premodifier N postmodifier
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
6/28
Some Syntactic Categories of Nouns
Nouns (Other Subclasses)
Count Nouns
Mass Nouns
Proper Nouns
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
7/28
Count Nouns vs Mass Nouns
Count Nouns countable Singular form (with determiner) & plural form (with
& without determiner)
He drove his cardowntown.
The cars have been stolen.
Cars are expensive in Japan.
(except when the singular N represent the wholegroup/species/type)
- Lion is wild.
- Tigernever eats vegetables.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
8/28
Mass Nouns un/non-countable noun No plural form singular, but plural for
kinds/varieties/relating to container
Westerners eat breadwith every meal.
Holland bakery serves several breads.
We need some foodfor lunch. The food court sells Asian foods.
Many words may be mass nouns in one context andcount nouns in a different context:
Westerners eat bread with every meal.
Holland Bakery serves many breads.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
9/28
Modifiers Count noun many
Mass noun much
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
10/28
Proper Nouns
names of particular/unique persons, places,and things
included in noun subclass because theyappear in noun positions
behaving like count noun with few
restrictions, i.e.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
11/28
Singular proper nouns usually appear without a determiner.
Decemberis a month for skiing.
We talked about Nico.
The inside ofGedung Kesenian Jakarta is hot.
However, a determiner is used with proper nouns whensuch nouns are restrictively modified, such as:
The Decemberin which she married was very cold.
It was a Decemberto remember.
The Nico I met had bird-nest-like hair.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
12/28
Proper nouns which are always plural are
normally accompanied by the, occasionallyby differentdeterminer.
The Appalachians are an old mountain chain. I like yourBahamas since they are beautiful.
We are going to visit the Hebrides.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
13/28
Certain proper nouns are usually singular and
take the. The Museum of Fine Arthas a new exhibition.
The Atlantic Ocean is rough in winter.
We stayed at the Goldiana.
However, they can also be used in the plural. Several Goldianas have been built in the capitals
of provinces.
There are two Atlantic Oceans in the NorthernHemisphere, the warm one of the tropics and thecold one toward the Pole.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
14/28
VERB PHRASES
a verb and all the words and word groups that
belong with the verb and cluster around
it.
headword/
head
auxiliaries, modifiers, complements
(DO, IO, OC, SC)
predicate
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
15/28
Example:
arrived
soon arrived
arrived late
arrived just as the plane landed
was waiting at the doormay have been taken by the boy
built a hut
built his son a hut
seemed gloomy and dirty
became captain of his class
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
16/28
Some Syntactic Categories of Verbs
Transitive Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
Linking Verbs
Verbs followed by a complement
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
17/28
Transitive Verbsneed object
They ate some bread.
Intransitive Verbsdoesnt need object
They walked to school.
Linking Verbs introduce equivalency or
descriptive relationships They looked happy.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
18/28
Verbs followed by a complement
verb-ingbut not to infinitiveHe enjoyed fishing,
not He enjoyed to fish.
To infinitive but not verb-ingHe agreed to
come, not He agreed coming.
Eitherverb-ingorto infinitive I love eating, orIlove to eat.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
19/28
Verbs taking complements in ingand to- are
called catenatives because they can co-occurin chain.
- He wanted to stoptryingto postponeworking.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
20/28
Grammatical Function
functional elements
subject, object, direct object, indirect object,
complement
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
21/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Subject of verb That which performs the action
of a verb, is described or
identified, or about which an
assertion is made.
e.g. The lion stalked its prey.
The prince is happy.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
22/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Verb That which asserts an action
or state
e.g. Nico climbed the coconut tree.
Ibnu seemedupset.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
23/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Subjective
Complement
That which follows be or
verb like become andidentifies or describes the
subject.
e.g. My mom is a housewife.
You look happy.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
24/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Direct Object That which undergoes the
action of the verb.
e.g. She bought some cat food.
I saw him yesterday.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
25/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Indirect Object That person or thing to or for
whom an action is performed.
e.g. He brought me some flowers.
You send me a letter.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
26/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Objective
Complement
That which completes the direct
object and describes or identifies
it.
e.g. We consider him important.
The students elected him class
captain.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
27/28
Label of Function Grammatical Meaning
Object of
Preposition
That which is related to
another word by a preposition.
e.g. We believe inGod.They walked toschool.
-
7/30/2019 Noun & Verb Phrases & Grammatical Functions
28/28
Identifying Subjects