Noun and Verb Phrase

Khairun Nisa : An Analysis Of Noun And Verb Phrase In D.H. Lawrence’s Novel “Sons And Lovers”, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

AN ANALYSIS OF NOUN AND VERB PHRASE IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL “SONS AND LOVERS”

A THESIS

BY: KHAIRUN NISA NO REG : 070721003

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF LETTERS ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN 2009


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Analysis ..................................................... 1

1.2 The Problem of Analysis ................................................................ 4

1.3 The Objective of Analysis .............................................................. 5

1.4 The Scope of Analysis .................................................................... 5

1.5 The Significance of Analysis .......................................................... 6

1.6 The Method of the Analysis............................................................ 6

1.7 Review of the Related Literature .................................................... 8 2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK

2.1 Noun .............................................................................................. 10

2.1.1 Classification of Noun ........................................................... 11

2.2 Verb ............................................................................................... 16

2.2.1. Classification of Verb ........................................................... 18

2.3 Phrase ............................................................................................ 24

2.3.1 Noun Phrase ....................................................................... 28

2.3.2 Verb Phrase ........................................................................ 31

3. THEORY OF TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR 3.1. Transformational Generative ......................................................... 37

3.2. Bibliography of Noam Chomsky .................................................. 44 4. METHODOLOGY............................................................................... 46

4.1 Data collecting Method .................................................................. 48


4.2 Data Analysis Method .................................................................... 48

5. AN ANALYSIS OF NOUN AND VERB PHRASE IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL “SONS AND LOVERS”

5.1 An Analysis of Noun Phrase ........................................................... 50

5.2 An Analysis of Verb Phrase............................................................ 52

6. CONCLUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS58

6.1 Conclusions .................................................................................... 56

6.2 Suggestions .................................................................................... 58

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX


ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul “AN ANALYSIS OF NOUN AND VERB PHRASE IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL “SON AND LOVERS”. Sons and Lovers merupakan salah satu karya yang fenomenal, meceritakan kisah cinta antara seorang ibu dengan kedua anak lelaki kandungnya. Novel yang dikemas dalam 15 bab ini akan ditelaah dari aspek linguistik. Dalam analisis ini, permasalahan yang dibahas dalam novel tersebut adalah Noun Phrase dan Verb Phrase. Frasa merupakan satuan linguistic yang lebih besar dari kata dan lebih kecil dari klausa, yang memiliki inti kata (head). Noun phrase (fraseanominal) adalah kumpulan kata yang head (inti kata) berupa kata benda. Verb phrase (Frasa verbal), kata kerjanya bertindak sebagai predikat yang menjelaskan si subject. Tujuannya adalah untuk mencari dan menelaah jenis frase di dalam novel yang didasari oleh sebuah teori Grammatik Strutur Frasa atau Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) yang diperkenalkan oleh Noam Chomsky. Metode Deskriptif kuatitaif dengan menggunakan purposive sampling (sample bertujuan) diaplikasikan dalam skripsi ini agar bisa menentukan jumlah NP dan VP, dimana bab-bab dalam novel telah terseleksi.


AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, KHAIRUN NISA, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where

references is made in the test of this thesis, this contains no material published

else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified

for award another degree.

No other persons work has been used without acknowledgment in this main text

of this thesis, this thesis has not been submitted for award of another degree I any

tertiary education.

Signed :

Date :


COPRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : KHAIRUN NISA

Title of the thesis : AN ANALYSIS OF NOUN AND VERB PHRASE IN

D.H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL “SON AND LOVERS”

Qualification : S-I EXTENTION/ Sarjana

Study Program : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reference at the library of

English Department Faculty of Letters USU, and understanding about the topic of

the thesis for other English students.

s

Signed :

Date :


1. INTRODUCTION

“Language learning starts with basic language units like word, and then moves on the

complex structure”.

1.1 Background of the Analysis

UsingEnglish.com (English Grammar Glossary)

The languages which are interpreted into writing is one of the great God’s

bestowals for human. Through the writing, people recognize the history, literature,

and science. Writing is a concrete material that can be seen, touched, reread,

reminded, and analyzed. It has the legality form which is responsibility and

everlasting. One of the known everlasting of writing form and likely by readers is

novel.

In recent times, novel is not only as a reading material to spend leisure

time or to love the story, but also as a means of entertainment that contain full of

knowledge. Novel has been discussed in several of linguistic and literature

analysis. Because novel is one of the written grammatical, this can be analyzed

from structure and literary works.

A language of the novel can be analyzed into small parts by linguists,

students, or common people who are interesting in it, if it is supported by

knowledge. The analyzed language aspects discuss about: part of speech (verb,

noun, adjective), sentences building (phrase, clause and sentence), and micro-

linguistic (morpheme, phoneme, and affixation). The aspect that is analyzed in

this thesis is Noun and verb phrase in D.H. Lawrence’s novel Sons and lovers.

Phrase learning is still rare studied, not because it is less important in sentence


unit, but scholars consider that the phrase learning is complicated grammatical

structure. Therefore, to relearn noun and verb phrase, this analysis is going to give

simple understanding about them in the novel through Chomsky’s theory. Phrase

consists of a single word or a group of words that function as a single unit in

syntax of a sentence. Phrase and can be identified by substitution, movement test,

and constituent- that are replacing one expression with another. But discussion

about them is not included into this thesis. This thesis specifies phrase in

Chomsky’s theory: Phrase Structure Rules. Phrase has form, function, and

category to be analyzed.

Noel Burton (1986:34) says that the students need to distinguish between the

category and the function of a constituent, because most category of phrase has a

variety of different function. Although subject is always noun phrase, this does

not mean that all noun phrase function as subject.

For example: Some doctors examine patients S P O

(Noun Phrase) (Verb Ph) (Noun Ph)

In this thesis is going to analyze noun and verb phrase by using theory of

Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG). The Transformative Generative

Grammar is a generative grammar that approach towards language, inaugurated in

1957 by Noam Chomsky. He published syntactic structure by TGG, the function

is to develop the idea and to specify transformational grammar in each sentences

in a language which has two level representations: a deep structure and a surface

structure. When a deep structures are generated by a set of phrase structure rules.


Noam Chomsky was born on Born 7 December 1928 in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania. His Best Known theory is a generative grammar. Noam Chomsky

is a leading linguistic scientist and a longtime professor at the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (MIT). His book is Syntactic Structures (1957) outlined

his theories of transformational generative grammar

.

Grammatika adalah pernyataan yang jelas daftar kalimatnya dan

grammatika seharusnya bias menurunkan kalimat-kalimat baru (Ramalan,

1986:39). Ramlan defines this term above is a gramatika generative (Generative

Grammar).

A grammatical structure must have purpose 1). To interpret a sentence

entirely from function, category, and nucleus of a word, 2). Create a sentence

becoming simple structure (by diagram tree), 3). Can be clarified into micro unit

(modifier or determiner).

Term such as “transformation” can give the impression that theories of Transformational Generative Grammar are intended as a model for the process through human mind constructs and understand sentences. (Chomsky)

The structure of TGG is analyzed by using diagram tree, which the Phrase-

markers are initial symbol (S, P, and O), auxiliary symbol (NP, VP, PP, Ad.P),

and terminal symbol (micro element of grammatical structure, divided into small

lexicons.


Sons and Lovers is one of the most engrossing works of a world-famous

novelist, D.H. Lawrence. David Herbert Lawrence (11th September 1885) was

born in Eastwood Nottinghamshire, England. This novel is dedicated to Garnet.

Garnet, as the literary advisor to the publishing firm Duckworth, was an important

figure in leading Lawrence during 1911-1912. He began working this novel in the

period of his mother’s ill. The idea of the novel is love and torment with major

themes is Oedipus complex. It is an absorbing story of a son’s struggle to escape

from the inviting devotion of his possessive mother. Sons and Lovers was the first

portrayal of a phenomenon, become easily recognizable as the Oedipus complex.

It is interesting thing if the students or the literature lovers desire to analyze

some syntactic structures from a novel. We can get much information about the

both structures in novel; deep and surface structures. From one sentence, the

student can recognize micro-linguistic of a language, it is same with phrase

grammar structure. The clarification of noun is formed by its head and preceded

by determiner, pre-determiner and post-determiner.

1.2 The Problem of Analysis

Based on the description in the background of analysis above, the problem

that will be analyzed are:

1. How many noun and verb phrase are found in D.H. Lawrence’s novel

Sons and Lovers? (by selected chapter)


2. Which syntactic structure does present in D.H. Lawrence’s novel Sons

and Lover?

3. How is the Transformation Generative Grammar applied in D.H.

Lawrence’s novel Sons and Lovers?

1.3 The Object of Analysis

The objective in this thesis based on the problem of analysis. The

objectives of analysis are:

1. To find the number of Noun and Verb phrase by the selected

chapter in D.H. Lawrence’s novel Sons and Lovers?

2. To understand and to determine syntactic structure (Phrase

structure) of Noun and Verb Phrase in D.H. Lawrence’s novel Sons

and Lovers?

3. To describe the usage of Noun and Verb Phrase in Transformation

Generative Grammar.

1.4 The Scope of The Analysis

I try to limit NP and VP with Phrase Structure grammar by following of

Theory TGG. Then, the capture of both phrases: noun and verb phrase from the

novel is scoped by purposive sampling, which the each chapters of the novel will

be selected. I only take the data from the first to the eight pages each of the

selected chapter for Noun and Verb phrase. The scope of the analysis in this thesis

is to analysis two types of phrase, they are Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase in D.H.


Lawrence’s Sons and Lover. Both noun and verb phrase are the united structure

into a sentence and re-explained into small category of Phrase Structure Grammar,

by following the theory of Transformation Generative Grammar.

1.5 The Significant of The Analysis

I hope this analysis can give many advantages in linguistic learning,

understanding about Phrase Structure Grammar and more important thing; it can

be used as a reference in doing the next thesis. The student of English Department

is also interested in practicing this theory because I consider that the theory of

TGG is easy to be understood.

A grammar is finite, but the sentences which people produce are theoretically infinite in length and number. Thus, a grammar must generate, from finite means, all and only the infinite set of grammatical sentences in a language (Chomsky: 1970).

1.6 The Method of The Analysis

This research uses a descriptive quantitative analysis method. Descriptive

quantitative method is a method of research which is limited counted data and

numbering. First, I choose the novel that will be analyzed, that is Sons and Lovers

D.H. Lawrence. Then, I read the novels are structured in phrase unit. After that, I

list some sentences by selected chapter that support both noun and verb phrase

and start to count them by some formulas. Applying the library research is

relevant doing to complete this thesis. And the last, I read some supporting books

and references that related to this thesis.


To collect this thesis, I will apply a purposive sampling which the chapters

of the novel will be selected. Amounts of the chapter are 15 chapters; I divide

them into two parts: odd number (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15) and even number

(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14). I choose 3 chapters from odd number (3, 7, and 11)

and 2 chapters from even chapter (4 and 10). So, amounts of the chapter which is

selected are 5 chapters.

Following the accounting formula of quantitative analysis method that is

published by Nawawi (1991: 150)

X : Number of Type Noun /Verb phrase

Y : Total number of all data

N : Percentage of type of Noun / Verb Phrase

Examples of Verb Phrase

“…make him stop drinking…” (

S

VP VP

P. 64: line: 20)

V N V V

Make him stop ing V

drink

X x 100% + N Y


“She wanted to see what the boy would do”

S

(P. 64,Line:34)

NP AUX VP

Pron. VP CL.

V V inf. to

She past want see what the boy would do

1.7 Review of Related Study

In supporting the idea of this analysis, I collect some books and references

which relevant to the topic of analysis. I also use some theories from the linguists

and some the similar research study. Following the reference in the discussion:

Jawasi Naibaho (2006 : 9) state that the simplest grammar will consist of

both the phrase structure rules, which directly generate a limited a set of

underlying strings, and transformational rules, which perform permutation,

deletion, and addition operation of these strings to produce all possible sentences.

Chomsky defines language as the infinite set of grammatical sentences in a

language and grammar as a set rules that generate the infinite set of grammatical

sentences, non sentences. (Jawasi, 2006:8). In Syntactic Structure, Noam

Chomsky defines a grammatical transformation as a rule that “operate on a given

strings with a given constituent structure and converts it into a new string with a

new derived constituent structure”. (1957:44)


Ramlan (1986:39) states that “Grammatika sebenarnya ialah suatu

pernyataan yang jelas tentang daftar kalimat yang ada itu. Grammatika haruslah

dapat menurunkan kalimat-kalimat baru dan Gramatika yang mampu

menurunkan kalimat-kalimat baru disebut gramatika generative”.

Diane D. Bornstein (1977:37) assumes a Transformational Grammar has

two levels for each sentence, a deep structure that represents the meaning, and a

surface structure that represents the sound.

John Lyon (1981:125) terms that Generative grammar and transformational

grammar are frequently treated as synonyms. A generative grammar is a set rule

which operating upon a finite vocabulary of units generates a set (finite or infinite)

of syntax (each syntax is being composed of a finite number of units).

Doughlas Biber, at all (2002:41) states that Syntactic role: Phrase can be

described according to their function or syntactic role in clause (e.g. subject,

object). In generally; meaning of phrase is to specify and or elaborate the meaning

of the head word and its relation to other elements in clause.


CHAPTER II

2. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. NOUN

In linguistic, a noun is a member of a large lexical category whose

members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a

verb, or the object of a preposition. Noun also can occur with article and

attributive adjective and can function as the head of a noun phrase.

Noun is a word which: a) can occur as the subject or object of a verb or the object

(complement) of a preposition, b) can be modified by an adjective, c) can be used

with determiner. Nouns typically refer to people, animals, places, things, or

abstractions. (Jack Richard: 1985, P.196)

For example: Children play kites in the garden.

A noun clarifies the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. In this chapter

will explain several things that include a forming of noun phrase, where noun

phrase refer to classification of noun unit. The functions of noun are as subject,

direct object, indirect object, objects of preposition, and subject complement.


2.1.1 Classification of Noun:

1. Proper Noun

Proper noun (proper name) is a noun representing the specific noun, person,

place, or thing, which is capitalized. Proper noun is not preceded by an article or

modifier, it is used to donate a particular person, place, or thing without regard

any descriptive meaning or phrase. The specific names are days of week, month,

historical document, institution, organization, religion, holy text and adherent.

For example: Indonesia, London, Richard, Islam, March, United State, etc. For

Examples: On April, Susilo Yudhoyono is going to participate on election.

Many people take long vacation on Saturday and Sunday.

2. Common noun

A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a

general sense, it is not capitalized. Common noun is preceded by article or

determiner. Form of common noun can elaborated in singular and plural form.

Examples: book/ books, computer/computers, floor, people, etc.

For example: All students of second class are in big hall, they are preparing for a


school seminar about drug addicted.

The salesman has been promoting some product to customers.

3. Concrete Noun

A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that

perceive physical sense of human, such as: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell.

For example: The judge handed the files to the clerk.

The book agent promotes science books to schools.

4. Abstract Noun

An abstract noun is a noun which names anything that can not perceive

trough the five physical sense of human. Sometime, an abstract noun does not

have physical form and a person cannot touch them. The form is singular form.

There are some abstract nouns: anger, beauty, courage, education, help,

luck, research, poverty, justice, heath, love, honesty, fun, experience, time,

violence, hate, intelligent, etc.

For example: In the childhood, they need to know about kindness and justice.

We had a lot of fun on the picnic.

Hate and anger are a bad behavior.


5. Countable Noun

A countable noun is a noun with both singular and plural form can

combine with numerals or quantifier (one, several. every, most) and article. The

nouns can be counted. Nouns have a plural form: -s or –es.

For example: A painter painted two tables, five chairs and a wall.

6. Uncountable Noun

A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a

plural form, which refers to something that can not be counted. A non-countable

noun is not preceded by article (a/an), number (one, two, and six).

SINGULAR PLURAL 1). In singular, they can be precede by a/an 1). They have a plural form: -s/-es.

COUNTABLE

NOUN

A book

One book

Books Two books

Some books Several books A lot of books

Many books A few books

UNCOUNTABLE

NOUN

History Some history A lot of history Much history A little history

¥ 1). They are not immediately by a/an 2). They do not have plural form(no final –s)

Noun and Uncountable noun can be preceded definite article “the”. To show the exact noun. “The book is mine”. Or “The history tells about Greek”.

Some common non-countable nouns:

A. Clothing

Equipment

Food

Garbage

Hardware

Machinery

Makeup

Money

Cash

Change

Postage

Scenery


Stuff

B. Grammar

Slang

Vocabulary

C. Advise

Information

News

Change

Postage

Scenery

Stuff

D. Grammar

Slang

Vocabulary

E. Advise

Information

News

F. Corn

Dirt

Dust

Fluor

Grass

Hair

Pepper

Rice

Pepper

Rice

Salt

Sand

Sugar

Wheat

G. History

Literature

Music, poetry

H. English,

Arabic,

Chinese, etc

I. Housework,

Work,

Homework

J. Water,

Oil,

Milk,

Cream,

Honey,

Juice,

K. Smog,

Pollution,

Oxygen,

Wood,

Butter,

Tea, etc.

For example: Air, water and soil are the natural resources for creature in the

earth.

I get much information from news.

International schools make some new language programs for

Arabic, French, and Dutch.

7.CollectiveNoun


A collective noun is a noun that refers to group consisting of more than one

individual or entity. The names are inflected for singular, but collective noun can

be plural form, depending on the form of the group in a sentence. It can count and

generate the individual members of the group, its mean that collective noun has

groups in specific units, such as: of the group, its mean that collective noun has

groups in specific units, such as:


• Faculty (letters, economy, science),

Faculty of letters, faculty of science

• Class (music, business, etc),

Class music, class business.

• Committee (stand committee, fund

committee),

• Flock (geese, goat),

Flock of geese

• School (business school, religious

School, school of music),

• Public (public transportations),

• Council (British council, council of

art)

The collective noun refers to non-countable noun, but not all are

included in. Some examples of collective noun: army, audience, board, cabinet,

class, committee, company, corporation, council, department, faculty, firm, group,

jury, majority, minority, navy, public, school, team, and troupe.

For example: The flock of geese ate grass in the field.

Vegetable is a good nutrient for body and skin.

A singer is singing to entertainment all audiences.

8. Material Noun

A material noun is a noun that consists of raw material, it refers to

singular noun. Such as: gold, silver, oil, powder.

For example: A ring is made by precious gold.

The basic ingredient of making cake and bread is powder.


2.2. VERB

In syntax, a verb is a part of speech that always donates an action, an event

and varies in including tense, aspect, mood, and voice.

Verb is a word which, a) occur as a part of the predicate of a sentence, b)

carries marker of grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, person, number, and

mood, and c) refers to an action or state. (Jack Richard: 1985, p. 305)

For example: A secretary typed documents two last days.

The verb is important in sentence, express action, event, or state of being. In sentence,

verb functions as a predicate which show the meaning and mention feeling of the

sentence. Verb has argument that can classify kinds of verb; the argument is called

valiancy or valence. Verb can be classified according to its valence.

1. Intransitive (valence 1): the verb only has a subject.

For example: “they learn” and “she sings”.

2. Transitive (valence 2) : the verb has a subject and a direct object.

For example: “they learn English”

3. Ditransitive (valence 3) : the verb has a subject, a direct object and an indirect

or secondary object

For example: “My mother gives me money”.

English verb are often flexible with regard to valence. A transitive verb can

change its object and become intransitive, or intransitive verb can take an object and


become transitive. A transitive verb is a verb which needs object and if the sentence

does not place the object, it will appear question, because the sentence is not

completed. For example: “my mother made“, this sentence does not give information

clearly so it will ask more “what was made by my mother?”. Correct sentence is “my

mother made cake”. Verb “make” shows an activity or doing where the action is to

make cake. Because, one of the function of verbs is to inform the action or event of

subject. Therefore, to write down a sentence, need to choose the particular verb.

Sometime, a transitive verb can be independent without an object, compare

She washed (Intransitive)

She washed the dress. (Transitive)

In the first sentence, the verb washed has no grammatical object and in

valence 1. But, there may be a hidden object that understood by subject. The second

is completed sentence; the verb washed expresses what the subject has done, “washed

the dress” (Obj.). Its mean, the object completes the news.

For further information, there are some transitive verbs: make, eat, drink,

visit, invite, type, allow, obey, write, read, love, do, kill, tell, desire, want, call,

take, bring, join, ride, meet, listen, give, send, order, etc.

For example: “Jackson loves Diana”, Obj.

“They desire money”, Obj. A boy gave flower to a girl, a strange man killed somebody, Obj. Obj Obj. .


Intransitive verbs are: go, run, walk, dream, fly, sleep, and flow. These verbs

only need adverb or complement to inform about the subject. For examples:

Arya went (to school),

The birds fly (above the sky),

A robber run (quickly on the road),

They walk (every morning)

The baby sleeps (on the bed)

A river flows (slowly)

2.2.1. Classifications of Verb

1.

VERBAL NOUN

Verbal Noun and Verbal Adjective

VERBAL ADJECTIVE Definition: describe the action of the

verb.

Types: Gerund, infinitive, and supine.

Reading is my hobby” (Gerund)

“I want to see sea” (infinitive

to)

Definition: generally called participle.

Types: English has active and passive.

Active participle (present

participle)

Passive participle (past participle)

Example: “ I saw the paying children”

(active participle)

“ I saw the played game”

(passive participle)

English has gerund that verb is top up by “ing” and function as a noun

(Cooking, reading, swimming, signing, writing). Infinitive is to generate information


of the sentence. The active participle describes noun that perform the action given in

the verb e.g. “the playing children”, it means that children as a doer, playing is a

progressive verb- “children are playing”.

2.

The verb is reflected to the subject (person, number, or genre). English shows

distinctive agreement in the third person singular in present tense form. Verb on the

third person in present tense must be added “-s” or “-es”. For example:

“She goes to school” and “Mariam likes to listen the radio”.

Agreement

3.

Auxiliary verb is called helping verb or verbal auxiliary. Auxiliary is a

helping verb that does not have meaning. Its function is to give further semantic and

syntactic about main verb and always accompanied by main verb.

PARTS OF AUXILIARY

Auxiliary Verb

• Be (is, am, are, was ,were, been, being)

• Do, Does, Did

• Have, Has, Had

• Modal (Can, Could, Will, Would)

• Shall, Should, May, Might, Ought to, Must,


Following is part of auxiliary verb that is very important to make and classify

sentence in each tense because English has different and specific form to arrange the

sentence.

In English, every clause has a finite verb which consists of full verb (a non –

auxiliary verb) and optionally one or more auxiliary verb. There is syntactic different

between an auxiliary verb and full verb: each has a different grammatical function

within the sentence. In English, some verbs can acts as auxiliary or as full verb. Some

example about above explanation

A. I am reading a book.

B. I am a reader.

C. I have read a book

D. I have a book

In sentence A and C, auxiliary verb BE and HAVE as a pure auxiliary (helping

verb), but in sentence B and D are full verb that has meaning.

A. I eat bread (zero auxiliary)

B. I have eaten bread ( 1 auxiliary = have)

C. Bread has been eaten (by) me ( 2 auxiliaries = has + been)

D. I have been being eaten bread ( 3 auxiliaries = have +been +being)

Auxiliary is classified into three part: BE auxiliary, DO auxiliary, and MODAL

auxiliary.

P R E -

BE Positive Unconstructed negative

Contracted negative

Helping Verb

1st person singular

Am, ‘m

Am not Aren’t, aim’s DO


S E N T

3rd person singular

Is, ‘s Is not Isn’t DOES

2nd and 1st person plural

Are, ‘re Are not, Aren’t DO

P A S T

1st and 3rd person singular 3rdperson singular

Was were

Was not Were not

Wasn’t Weren’t

All subject DID

P E R F E C T


Been been

HAVE/HAS HAD

P R O G


Was/ being Were/ being

Was not Were not

Wasn’t Weren’t

M O D A L

All pronouns Cannot Could not Will not Would not

Can’t Couldn’t Won’t Wouldn’t

Can_ could Will_ would May_ might

Following is the usage of Auxiliary:

1. Tense ( present, past, )

Using DO/ DOES /DID in negative and interrogative sentence.

“All managers do not present on meeting”.

“Does nurse write a receipt?”

“They did not take vacation last summer”


(Perfect): Using HAVE/ HAS/ HAD + VERB PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) in

all sentence form: positive, negative, and interrogative.

“All managers have not presented on meeting”

“Has nurse written a receipt?”

“They had not taken vacation on last summer.

(Progressive): Using BE + VERB +ING in all sentence form.

“All managers are not presenting on meeting”

“Is a nurse writing a receipt?”

“They were not taking vacation on last summer”?

2. Passive sentence

Using BE + VERB PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) in all sentence forms.

“A receipt was written down by doctor”

3. Question Tag

Auxiliary is used to repeat at the end of a sentence, with negation a tag question

form. POSSITIVE SENTENCE, NEGATIVE TAG?

OR

NEGATIVE SENTENCE, POSITIVE TAG?

For Examples:

You study English, don’t you?

Rizma sold her ring, didn’t she?

They have not gone to hall, have they?

Students are lazy, aren’t they?


She is not singing, is she?

4. Elliptic Sentence or Ellipsis

Auxiliaries can appear alone where a main verb has been omitted, but is understood.

Example: I will go, but he won’t

Sisca never says honestly to me, but Susi does.

5. Inversion

Auxiliaries invert to form question.

For example: You will come?

Will you come?

6. Emphasis

The dummy auxiliary do is used for emphasis in positive statement.

For Example: I do love you and do need you.

4.

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition, adverb and a adverb,

or verb with both adverb and preposition. It is part of the syntax of the sentence, and so is

a complete semantic. Phrasal verbs are particularly frequent in the English language.

Then, a phrasal verb has a different meaning from the original verb. For example:

Phrasal Verb

look


(to see) → “look + prepositio

Phrasal verb that contains adverb and preposition is called particle verb. Phrasal

verb is used in informal speaking because the listener or reader will easily understand a

phrasal verb in a literal sense with preposition. Like a “crunch language”. The large usage

of phrasal verb is in literal and idiomatic usage. The construction of phrasal verb:

n” has different meaning → look for = find something, look

out = aware, look after = keep, look into = investigate, look about = stare

For example: “A man is looking for a job”.

“He picked the plates up carefully”.

2.3. Phrase

In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the

syntax of a sentence (Wiktionary: 2009). In Longman dictionary defines: phrase is a

group of word which from a grammatical unit. A phrase does not contain a finite verb

and doses not have a subject – predicate structure. (Jack Richard: 1985, p. 39).

A phrase is a group of words that makes sense but not complete sense. A clause is a group of words which forms part of sentences and contains a subject and predicate”. (Wren and Martin: 1984, p. 3)

VERB+PREPOSITION/ ADVERB

OR

VERB+ PRONOUN+PREPOSITION


For example: The rich man sold his expensive classic car.

Bruce love working in the luxurious office.

Sometime, a phrase may consist of a single word or a group of word. Phrase can

be identified by substitution by replacing one unit or expression with other, to see how

the word fits into the structure. Then, phrase also can be identified by movement test. Its

mean, a phrase is moved as a unit to a different position. In concise that, this thesis does

not explain more about them, because they need more data and reference, so the next

analysis will be researched for other level.

Most phrases have a central word which defines the type of phrase; the central

word is called the “head”. Phrase always has Head in each word, it can be analyzed, if

knows about types of phrase and knows how to form it. For example: “the rich man”,

“his expensive new car” and “working in luxurious office” head of them is man, car

(noun phrase), and work (verb phrase)

The types or classifications of phrase by using head are:

1. Noun Phrase

2. Verb Phrase

3. Adjective Phrase

4. Adverbial Phrase

5. PrepositionPhrase


The important thing, this thesis only analyzes two types of phrase: noun and verb

phrase. Explanations about noun and verb have been summarized above, for further

classification about phrases, noun and verb, this chapter will generate clearly about them.

In linguistic aspect, all structures of the language must tend to the rules; in order

the reference or data of linguistic is valuable. Therefore, he learner should know about

the main factor in phrase. Following the main factors are recognized as procedure:

a). Form/ Structure: the main test for classification of phrase is structure.,

especially the word class of the head of phrase and other elements contained in the

phrase. It is analogous to the morphological structure of word.

b). Syntactic role: Phrase can be descried according to their function or syntactic

role in clauses (e.g. subject, object).

c). Meaning: the semantic nature of structure is to specify and elaborate the

meaning of the head word and its relation to other element in the clause.

There are identifications of usage of phrase.

A. Word makes up phrase which behave like unit.

B. A phrase can consist of either one word or more that one word.

C. Differences in phrase structure show up in differences of meaning.

D. Phrase can be embedded, its mean that one phrase can be part of structure to

another.

E. Phrase structure can be represented by tree diagram.


F. The real identification is a phrase put determiner.

G. To separate into small elements of phrase structural rules.

H. Each phrase has a central word or “head”.

I. The forming of phrase follows its aspect, such as: noun, verb, adjective,

adverb, or preposition.

2.3.1. Noun Phrase

Noun phrase is a participle (participle) or infinite phrase which could be replaced

by a noun or pronoun. (Jack Richard: 1985, p. 197). All noun and pronoun that function

as subject is a noun phrase. Noun phrase or NP is a noun whose head is a noun and

pronoun, optionally accompanied set of modifier. Noun phrase can use an opposition

structure, its mean that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier

relationship, but in relation equality. For example: “I and Rose study “, where I and Rose

do not modify each other (zero modifier). Moreover, noun phrase can be headed by

elements other tan nouns, for instance,

“He came” (pronoun), “I’ll take these” (determiners).

Noun and verb phrase know about Category and Function of a constituent,

because most categories of phrase have a variety of different function. But not all

categories in noun phrase have similar function. Its means that from the definition above,

all noun phrase have function as subject, but part of noun phrase structure function as

object or adverb or complement, If the sentence contains noun categories. For example:

“The policeman arrested the mad smuggler who had stolen money in a bank.”


S /NP/ V O / NP /

Subject and object have similar function as a noun phrase but category is

different, subject and object which has large clause.

Noun phrase needs a basic structural in Transformational grammar which consists

of the head. The head can be precede by determiner (consist one constituent in sentence),

pre-determiners (which precede noun), and post-determiners (which follow it) as

modifiers.

1. Determiner (DET)

Determiners are function word used to specify the kind of reference a noun has.

Determiners vary in the kind of noun head, and noun phrase normally consist of a

head noun, which is optionally modified into determiner.

Article (Art.)→ (the, a/an),

Demonstrative (DEM)→ (this, that, these, those),

Numeral (NUM) → (one, two, third),

Possessive (POSS) → (my, her, our, their, mine, etc),

Quantifier (Q) → (some, several, any, many, much, a tot of, a little, a few, neither, either,

The WH- determiner→ (which, whose, whichever, whatever, whoever whether as

relatives, indentified relatives, or interrogatives. These determiners are always followed

by noun, or sometimes elaborated with adjective. Look at the simple form of using

determiners:


DET + NOUN

DET + ADJECIVE + NOUN

For examples in diagram tree,

NP

“My new book”

DET NP

ART Adj. N

My new book

“Some old bottles

NP

“

DET NP

Q Adj. N

Some old bottles

2. Pre-determiner (PRE-DET)

Pre-determiners form preceded those central determiners and having quantification. It is

placed before the noun and usually either as noun. Parts of pre-determiners are

a). All, both, half

b). The multipliers.

All occur with plural count noun and with non-count nouns, for example: all the

computers, all computers, all the music, all music.

Both occur with plural count noun, for example: both the computers, both

computers.

Half occur with singular and plural count noun and with non-count nouns, for

example:

half the book(s), half a book, half the music,


As well as being pre-determiners: all, both, half can like demonstratives, be used

pronominally. Look at the examples:

All and all passed

Both the students read the test for their exam both

Half but half failed

3. Post-determiners

Post-determiner take their place immediately after determiner just as pre-

determiner take their place before determiners. Post-determiner has two classes:

a) Ordinal: first, fourth, last, other.

b) b). Quantifier: seven, many, few, plenty of, a lot of.

For example: The first two poems

My last few examinations

My other many businesses.

General form of noun phrases by using diagram tree

S

The white feather cat ate fish

NP VP

Det NP V N

Adj NP

N N


The white feather Cat

S

All the new smart students are in class

NP VP

Det. NP Aux. be PP

Det. NP P N

Adj. N

Adj. .

All the new smart students are in class

eat fish


2.3.2. Verb Phrase

Verb phrase or VP is a syntax structure composed of the predicative

element of a sentence and function in providing information about the subject of

the sentence. All verbs that function as predicate is verb phrase. The head of

phrase is a verb and constructed from a single verb, however, the verb phrase will

consist of various combinations of the main verb and any auxiliary verb, plus

optionally specifier, complement, and adjunct. According to Jack Richard in book

Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistic, he defines that verb phrase is in

generative transformational grammar, is the part of a sentence which contains the

main verb and also any object, complement, and adverbial. (1985: 306).

For example:

“John sent a package to me” → all word s are verb p hrase, excep t “Joh n” as

noun.

Verb phrases have a lexical verb or primary verb as their head or main

verb. The main verb can stand alone or be preceded by one or more auxiliary

verbs. Finite verb phrases show distinction of tense (present/past) and can include

modal auxiliaries, in spite of, Non-finite verb phrase do not show tense and cannot

occur with modal auxiliaries.

Verb phrase is essential part of a clause, referring to type of state or action.

The main verb determiner can occur in the clause and can be interrupted by

adverb or other adverbials.


General form of verb phrase

“The policeman arrested the mad smuggler who had stolen money in a bank

S

.”

NP VP

DET N V past NP

NP CL

DET Adj. N

CL

DET VP NP

AUX V participle N PP

P NP

DET N

General Form of Noun Phrase

NP

PRE-DET NP

DET N

ART. N


All the men

CHAPTER III

3. THEORY OF TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

In this chapter, the analysis will focus about theory of Transformational

Generative Grammar which tends to structure rules of both phrases: noun and

verb. A language which is expressed into sentence can refer to grammatical

structure and theory. A theory is developed by linguists who understand about

language aspects. Therefore, one of the famous theories from syntax is Chomsky’s

theory: Transformational Generative Grammar. In linguistic, a transformational

grammar or Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) is a generative

grammar which analyze particularly of a natural language, it has been developed

in Chomsky’s idea. The purpose of Transformational grammar is to specify a

generative grammar.

“A grammatical transformation as rule that operates on a given string with a given constituent structure and convert it into a new string derived constituent structure” (Chomky:1957, p.44).

A string is a representation of the abstract structure of a sentence. A

transformation requires a string with a particular structure. For example: in active

transformation of an active sentence will change the structure, if it is transferred


into passive sentence: “Robby sells a book” (active) → “ A book is sold (by)

Robby” (passive).

“Transforrmasi adalah suatu mekanisme atau alat untuk mengubah suatu konstruksi menjadi konstruksi yang lain” (Samsuri: 1980, p. 266)

In theoretical linguistics, generative grammar refers to a particular

approach to the study of syntax. A generative grammar of a language attempts to

give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words of

forming grammatical sentences. In most approaches to generative grammar, the

rules will also predict the morphology of a sentence. The Chomsky approach

towards syntax, it is termed a generative grammar. Chomsky has maintained that

much of this knowledge is innate, implying that children need only learn certain

parochial features of their native languages. There are a number of different

approaches to generative grammar. The term generative grammar has been

associated with at least the following schools of linguistics:

• Transformational grammar (TG)

o Standard Theory (ST)

o Extended Standard Theory (EST)

o Revised Extended Standard Theory (REST)

Beginning in the late 1950s, generative grammar originates of Noam

Chomsky’s work, there is a number of competition versions of generative

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grammar currently that is practiced within linguistics. Chomsky's theory is known

as the Minimalist Program. Other prominent theories include or have included

Head-driven phrase structure grammar, Lexical functional grammar, Categorical

grammar, Relational grammar, and Tree-adjoining grammar. Noam Chomsky

has also argued that many of the properties of a generative grammar arise from an

"innate" universal grammar (basic grammar universally), Proponents of generative

grammar are not the result of communicative function and is not simply learned

from the environment generative grammar but takes a point of view different from

Cognitive grammar, functional and behaviorist theories.(Chomsky:1960)

Chomsky defines a grammar is finite, but that the sentences which people

produce are theoretically infinite in length and number. Thus, a grammar must

generate, from finite means, all and only the infinite set of grammatical sentences

in a language. Chomsky has further argued that all languages have the same

underlying, abstract structure--universal grammar. The hypothesis is adequately to

describe the grammar of a human language, because each sentence has two

different structures, called "deep structure" and "surface structure", the both

structures are called .transformations.

Structural grammar is an approach to the written and spoken language that

focuses on the mechanics and construction of sentences. A structural grammar is

not concerned with the implications of the words that is used to create the

sentence, but with the construct of the sentence itself. This concern with sentence

structure provides a basis for the creation of most written documents, and makes

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an assumption that what is seen on the surface is also the straightforward meaning

behind the words of the sentence. The function of structural grammar can be

contrasted with that of transformational grammar, or known by TG grammar. The

transformational approaches to grammar towards the surface structure in the

sentence. TG grammar is also usually considered to be the logical progression of

the written and spoken word, taking the process of analysis boundaries of

structural grammar. More information about transformational grammar will be

discussed next explanation.

3.1. Transformational Generative Grammar

Before the theory of Transformational Generative Grammar is published, Noam

Chomsky in 1957 publishes two seminal books on linguistic theory--Syntactic

Structures (1957) and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965). Syntactic Structures

introduces ideas about language that transform the study of linguistics, human

language, and communication. Several important works expand Chomsky’s

views. They are included in Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (1964), Aspects of

the Theory of Syntax (1965), Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar (1966),

and Sound Patterns in English (1968).

Syntactic Structure developed the idea that each sentence in a language has

two level representations: a deep structure and surface structure.

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“Transformational grammar assumes that there are two levels for each sentence: deep structure that represents the meaning, and surface structure that represents the sounds” (Bornstein:1997, p. 37)

In Bornstein’s statement, surface structure relates to more than one deep

structure, it is ambiguous case. Transformation is also mechanism which connects

to deep structure with surface structure in a sentence. Moh. Adnan Latief is a

linguist of Indonesia, gives definition about transformation which is referred to

two level structures.

” Transformation adalah proses yang terjadi dari deep structure menjadi surface structure”. (Moh. Adnan Latief:1980, p. 220)

The deep structure represents the semantic relation whose concept plays an

important role in transformational grammar. In early transformational syntax,

deep structure is derivation trees of the context free language. Deep structure

concerns to the meaning of a sentence. The deep structure of a linguistic is a

theoretical construct that the aim is to unify several related structures. Surface

structure corresponds to actual spoken sentence or proper phonology information,

and represents to the syntax. Surface structure concerns to context. To study of

syntax, there are main elements involved a sentence; there are deep and surface

structure. For example, “Joe hates Clara" and "Clara is hated by Joe” (deep

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structure), compare with these sentences “Joe kissed Clara” and “Clara was

kissed by Joe” (Surface Structure).

The role and significance of deep structure change a great deal as

Chomsky’s theory since the mid 1990’s, and then change into transformational

grammar. Some linguists, in particularly Noam Chomsky, have tried to similar by

making positive of two sentences, although they are distinct surface forms that

derive from a common deep structure.

Chomsky argued that the grammar of human language is a formal system

consisting of abstract logical structures systematically, then rearranged by all

components of linguistic description. The purpose is to generate all possible

sentences of a language. Chomsky's theory is applicable to all components of

linguistic description (phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics). In

phonology, Chomsky argues that the sound system of a language consists of a set

of abstract binary features (phonemic level) which are combined and recombined

by means of phonological processes to produce the sounds which people actually

say (phonetic level). (Chomsky and Halle's: 1968).

Deep structure generate surface structure

trough some transformational rules, the distinction between deep and surface

structure are to explain about transformational rules in tense (present, past, perfect

or future).

Chomsky's concept of

"transformational grammar", that it was possible to predict sentence combinations

in a language and to describe their structure.


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Chaedar Alwasilah has ideas that is important to know about

Transformational analysis, these are conclusion (Chaedar: 1993, p.167)

A. Language as symbol of communication

B. To explain the exact rules of grammar

C. To differ between the principles sentence (simple, active, statement)

with the transformational sentence (compound, passive, statement).

D. To explain that every one born with favors innate ability

E. A deep structure is the principle structure which does not

supervise the inner thinking of a speaker or listener and its

competence they transform into surface.

F. To explain the important of meaning to construct analysis of

language grammar.

In syntax, the theory specifies a set of abstract phrase-structure rules in

deep structures, which reveal in transformations grammar in surface structures in

order to produce or result a context of sentences. Therefore, Geoffrey Samson has

some ideas that concise about generative grammar, he states that the language

should be treated from the syntactic point of view, as a particular subject of the

class of all possible sequence of item in the dictionary of that language. In brief,

some points about generative grammar deal with the noun phrase of the grammar

generally (Geoffrey: 1970)


1). Every normal native speaker has his own competence in his language.

The competence can produce new sentence and understand the

sentence that he/she never heard it before. The competence is different

from the performance.

2). The grammar is a set of sentence. Every sentence consist of a set basic

elements which has certain structure, such as: word and phrase which

has function as subject, predicate, object, complement, and formed into

noun and verb phrase, clause or complex sentence.

3).Every language has its surface and deep structure. The deep structure is

not always reflected in the surface structure.

4). The structure of the sentence consists of some components:

• Base component consist of:

a. a set of category as a S, NP, VP

b. Lexical component

• Transformation Component directs the change of one structure to

another structure

• Semantic component determines the meaning of surface structure

of a sentence.

These ideas will be helpful to show a diagram tree how this grammar

out line. Theory of Syntactic Structure that is published in 1957 has also

discussed about three main parts of a transformational grammar:


1. Phrase Structure rules

2. Transformational rules

3. Morphophonemic rules

1. Phrase Structure Rules

To find the form position and function of noun phrase depends on

transformational Generative Grammar’s theory, this term have to define clearly.

Phrase structure rules are a way to describe a language syntactically. They are

used to break a natural sentence down into its constituent part (syntactic category).

These rules are usually of the form, means that the constituent A is separated into

the two sub constituents B and C.

Look at the first rules: This rules begins with a single symbol “S”

(Subject). A Sentence (S) consists of NP + NP. This means sentence A consist of

a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase determiner. A NP consists of a

determiner followed by a noun. General form that is constructed by Noam

Chomsky, it can be generated into diagram tree:

A. S, Det, NP, VP, AP, PP or

B. S

NP VP

DET N V NP

DET N


Syntactic category has two categories: phrasal and lexical category

Prep → to

For

By

At

About

.

Phrasal verb includes noun phrase, verb phrase and prepositional phrase, lexical

category include part of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective,

conjunction, article, interjection, and number. Phrase structure rules are common

used in Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG). These are Phrase Structure

Rules:

S → NP + VP

VP → V (NP) (Prep P)

Prep P → Prep P

V → V1/__NP

V2/__NP for

V3/__NP by

V4__NP at

V5__NP about

V6__to

V7__for

V8__by

V9/__at

V10/__about

V11/__NP


V12

NP → Pronoun

(Det) N

That

N → N1/DET

N2

Det → Def

Indef

Following the other form of Phrase Structure Rules:

S → Det + N + Present + be+ ing + V + Det +N

NP → (Det) + (Adj) + N

3.2. Bibliography of Noam Chomsky

Noam Chomsky as a famous linguist who publishes about Syntactic

Structure theory that refers to this analysis: phrase. Studying about phrase will

involve this theory.

Noam Chomsky (December 7th, 1928) is an American linguist and

philosopher, responsible for the theory of transformational grammar. As a

political commentator he was critical of American foreign and domestic policy.

He studied at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his Ph.D. in linguistics in

1955. After that year, he taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,


where he was Institute Professor of Linguistics. Chomsky received international

acclaim for his work in linguistics, philosophy, and social/political theory. A

prolific writer, he revolutionized linguistics with his theory of transformational-

generative grammar. His work in epistemology and philosophy of mind is

controversial; his social and political writings were consistently critical of

American foreign and domestic policy.

Chomsky's assumption was that a grammar is finite, but that the sentences

which people produce are theoretically infinite in length and number. Thus, a

grammar must generate, from finite means, all and only the infinite set of

grammatical sentences in a language. Chomsky has further argued that all

languages have the same underlying, abstract structure - universal grammar

Chomsky's rationalism engendered a resurgence of work in faculty psychology,

the theory that the human mind consists of discrete modules which are specialized

for particular cognitive processes: vision and language, for example. One of his

statements in rationalist philosophy was Modular Approaches to the Study of

Mind (1984). Chomsky was also an ardent critic of American domestic and

foreign policy. His libertarian socialist ideas can be found in such works as

American Power and the New Mandarins (1969), For Reasons of State (1973),

The Political Economy of Human Rights (1979), and Towards a New Cold War

(1982). Chomsky's position was always that American international aggression is

rooted in the American industrial system, where capitalism, by its aggressive,

dehumanizing, and dominating nature, spawns a corresponding militaristic policy.

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CHAPTER IV

4. METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYSIS

The purpose of the methodology research is to solve the problem by

describing the facts and systematically based on the recent fact. This thesis will

use the library research. Library research is one of the methods, which is supplied

by collecting data or information from references which have been written, by

linguists or other experts.


In library research, I also use descriptive quantitative analysis method and

apply purposive sampling. This aim is to limit the chapter of the novel, in order

the analysis is easy to understand and get complex data.

Nawawi states, “Methode descriptive dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang diselidiki (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, pabrik, dll) sebagaimana adanya, berdasarkan, fakta-fakta yang actual pada saat sekarang “. (1995: 67)

After reading the novel and apply the purposive sampling, I choose five

chapters from the whole chapter in the novel (fifteen chapters). Then, from the

five selected chapters, I only take the data from the first to the eight pages each of

the selected chapter for Noun and Verb phrase. The data for the both phrases will

be analyzed from word by word and then classified into their phrase structure

rules.

After that, the data will be counted by using some instrument or formula. In

order to get the noun and verb phrase that occur mostly in the novel, the following

formula from Nawawi (1991; 150) will be used:

X = Number of type of Noun and verb Phrase

Y = Total number of all data

N = Percentage of type of Noun and Verb Phrase

X x 100% = N Y


This thesis will apply systematically, to describe and analyze noun and verb

phrase with their form and examples. Analysis of noun phrase needs more

explanation about its form than verb phase. Therefore, this analysis uses the

diagram tree as a way to determine element of phrases.

For examples:

She did all her sewing by hand, made all shirts, and children’s clothing

S

. (51:2)

NP VP1 VP2

V NP V NP

NP1 NP2 Det N

Pron Det Det N P N

NP

Conj. N pos N

Data Collecting Method

The collecting data is very important. The analysis of noun and verb phrases

use some references which has been selected trough the pattern of Chomsky’s

theory and phrase structure rules. The books that I use are Sintaksis by Pro. Drs.

M. Ramlan, Analyzing Sentences: An Introduction of English Syntax by Noel

Burton and Robert and Prosedur Penelitian by Prof. Dr. Suharsimi Arikunto.


In D.H. Lawrence’s novel “Sons and Lovers” has 15 chapters, then, I

divide them into two parts: odd number and even number. I choose 3 chapters

from odd number (3, 7, and 11) and 2 chapters from even number (4 and 10).

Data Analysis Method

I try to analysis the data by collecting some references which are related to

this thesis. There are some steps that I had done to analyze the data:

1. Collect the data

First of all, I collect the reference about Noun and Verb Phrase from some

references.

2. Select the data

Then, after collecting the reference, I select them.

3. Identify the Noun and Verb Phrase

I read the novel of D.H. Lawrence “Sons and Lovers” by selected chapter in the

novel by following procedure of purposive sampling.

4. Classify

Next, I classify the according to the Chomsky’s theory, Transformational

Generative Grammar (TGG)

5. Finally I analyze the form of Noun and Verb Phrase to find the

the most occur in the novel and the technique of the novel’s writer

and how the most dominant noun and verb phrase affect the novel.


CHAPTER V

5. AN ANALYSIS OF NOUN AND VERB PHRASE IN D.H.

LAWRENCE’S NOVEL SONS AND LOVERS


The description of the analysis is generated by following selected

chapter trough purposive sampling method. The analysis will generate the phrase

structure into two forms: noun phrase and verb phrase in sentences in each certain

selected chapter.

A. Odd Chapter (chapter 3, 7, and 11)

NOUN PHRASE

He was a greater lover of medicines, which strangely enough.. S

( 3/ 49:2)

NP Aux. VP

Pr be past NP1 NP2

Det Adj. N Prep N NP Art.

He a greater lover of medicines S

Which strangely enough

C H A P T E

The neighbors were very good to her S

(49:27)

NP VP NP

Det N Aux. Adv. Adj. NP Be past


R 3

P Det. Poss

The last child was also a boy, fair, and bonnyS

(51: 28)

NP VP NP

Det Adj. N Aux Adv. NP Be past

Det N Adj. Conj. Adj.

.These were the happy moment of her life now.(52:1)

He often put his hand to his head, pulled down the corners to his mouth..

(50: 11)

C H A P T E R 7

Paul had been many times up to WilleyFarm during autumn

. (142:1) S

NP VP

Aux. NP

N Perf. Be perf. Det. N NP

Adv. NP

P N NP

Prep. N

Paul many times up to Willey Farm during autumn.

Her great companion was her mother/ (142: 115)

She beat up the sofa cushion for the youth

/ ( 144: 31)

They gave her feeling of life again, and vivified things which had meant


nothing to her. (151:42)

C H A P T E R 11

A good many of the nicest men he knew were like himself. S

(272: 3)

NP Pron. VP

Det Adj. NP VP V Det

Det NP V Aux

Prep. NP past be past

Det Adj. N

A good many of the nicest men he know like himself

Miriam killed the joy and the warmth in him.. (273: 6)

There was a great crop of cherries at the farm. (277: 21)

Cherries touched his ears and his sleek, cool fleshed fruit. (277:37)

VERB PHRASE C H A P T E R

He was sickening for an attack of an inflammation of the brain

VP NP

. (49: 18) S NP VP

Pron. Aux Pre. Part. NP1 NP2 NP3


3

Prep. Det N Prep. Det N Prep. Det N

He sicken for an attack of an inflammation of an brain

C H A P T E R 7

”She suddenly became aware of his keen blue eyes upon her taking her

all in.(145: 18)

She went into the scullery, blushing deeply. (145: 21)

The boy loathed the other cheek of jangle when it was presented to them

(147: 19)

” I didn’t know a bird was watching (150: 20)

# italic sentence is an adverb of the verb

C H A P T E R 11

He could not have faced his mother. S

( 271: 31)

NP VP

M VP. NP

Aux perf. V Det N

She looked at him with startled dark eyes. (274: 16)

B. Even Chapter (Chapter 4 and 10)

NOUN PHRASE C H A P

She had a big doll of which she was fearfully proud,. ( 61: 20)

A light came into his blue eyes almost like a laugh (62: 38)


T E R 4

They heard the water of the tap drumming into the kettle, which their

mother was filling for morning (64: 10)

The children, alone with their mother, told her all anything. (66: 16)

She always felt a mixture of anguish in her love of him. (69: 21)

# Italic sentence is an adverb of the noun.

C H A P T E R

10

They saw his tapped cap over the short curtain. (247: 17)

He poured out some of the black stuff. (254: 7)

The brown paint on the door was so old that the naked wood showed NP = Det+Adj.+N between the rents. (253:7) ↓ PP = P+NP ↓ Det + N # Italic sentence is an adverb of the noun.


VERB PHRASE C H A P T E R

Annie rushed up, uttered a loud wail, and sat down to weep a dirge.(61: 20) He seemed to hate the doll so intensely, because he had broken it. (62: 11)

They lay with their hearts in the grip of an intense anguish. (64: 1)

Darkness shut down over the valley. (64: 44)

The children felt secure when their father was in bed ( 68: 40)

# Italic sentence is an adverb of the verb.

C H A P T E R

10

He was beginning to grow ambitious. (247: 4)

He told her everything that took place, everything that was said. (249: 36) She passed her hand down his back to feel him. (249: 26)

He had shoveled away all beliefs that would hamper him. (250: 13) VP = Aux perf. + Vpast + prep. ↓ NP = Det + N → S (that) # Italic sentence is an adverb of the noun.

Following is the total of Noun and verb phrases are taken from the novel

that has been listed and selected. This method uses formula from Nawawi (1991;

150). This purpose is to show amount of NP & VP of the analysis from “Sons and

Lovers” novel.. This percentage is a quantitative sample that is limited.

Number of Noun Phrase ( X )

x 100% = Percentage of NP ( N ) Total number of all data ( Y )

22 NP X 100 % = 4, 4 %


5 Chapters 17 VP X 100% = 3, 4 %

5 Chapters


CHAPTER VI

6. COCLUSION AND SUGGESTUION

6.1. Conclusion

The writing of this analysis analyzes two types of phrase: Noun and Verb

phrases through of theory of Transformational Generative Grammar. This theory

was formally started in 1957 with the publication of Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic

Structure. Chomsky has argued that all languages have the same underlying,

abstract structure--universal grammar. Chomsky's assumption was that a grammar

is finite, but that the sentences which people produce are theoretically infinite in

length and number. (Chomsky:1957)

Thus, a grammar must generate and grammar can classify small units from

a sentences. One of generative grammar is Phrase Structure Grammar that can

generate elements of lexical category of a language.

Grammatika adalah pernyataan yang jelas daftar kalimatnya dan grammatika seharusnya bias menurunkan kalimat-kalimat baru (Ramalan, 1986:39).

Event, the scholars are able to understand some functions and categories of

phrase if it is learnt by generative grammar.


Noun and verb phrase have own explanation base on the theory and

syntax. The phrase can elaborate into one sentence, because one sentence includes

these phrases. Following is the general form of phrase.

S : Sentence NP :Noun Phrase VP :Verb Phrase V :Verb N :Noun Det : Determiner

In general pattern can be preceded into diagram tree, such as

S

Nuc

NP VP

Det N V NP

N N

In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in

the syntax of a sentence (Wiktionary: 2009). In Longman dictionary defines:

phrase is a group of word which from a grammatical unit. A phrase does not

contain a finite verb and doses not have a subject – predicate structure. Noun

phrase is a participle (participle) or infinite phrase which could be replaced by a

noun or pronoun. (Jack Richard: 1985:197). All noun and pronoun that function as

subject is a noun phrase. Noun phrase or NP is a noun whose head is a noun and

pronoun. Verb phrase or VP is a syntax structure composed of the predicative

element of a sentence and function in providing information about the subject of


the sentence. All verbs that function as predicate is verb phrase. The head of

phrase is a verb.(JackRichard:1985, 306).

Besides discussing the forms of the English noun and verb phrase, this

thesis also learns their position, function and category in the sentence. It is clear

that the nucleus off the sentence is formed by a noun and verb phrase. The two

syntactic structures firmly always are in each simple or complex sentence.

6.2 Suggestion

Understand about a theory of a linguist should need everlasting analysis. It

is important to get more information about the language which can be researched

from the semantic or syntax. Transformational Generative Grammar is one of

researchable theory of the great linguist, Chomsky. This theory has been applied

several thesis in collage. Transformational grammar can teach such individual to

use more complicated structure or pattern by the theory. For further research, this

analysis can develop.

The last discussion about noun and verb phrase is direction of using the

Chomsky’s theory. In general, knows about syntactic and generative grammar of

his idea. Finally, the scholars or teachers can understand a language from its

syntax; they are able to recognize the pattern of English Phrase.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arikunto, Suharsimi. 1998. Suatu Pendekatan Praktek: Prosedur Penelitian.

Jakarta: PT. RINEKA CIPTA.

Azzar, Betty Scrampfer. 1992. Fundamental of English Grammar. America:

Prentice Hal

Biber, Douglas. 2002. with Susan Conrad and Geoffrey leech. Student Grammar

of Spoken and Written English. England: Longman.

Burton, Noel and Robert. 1986. Analysis Sentences: An Introduction in English

Syntax. NewYork: Longman

Gaud art, Hyacinth. With Richard Hughes and Jessie Michael. 1996. Toward

Better English Grammar. England: Oxford University Press.

Hartono, John. S. 2003. Tata Bahasa Inggris. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya.

Lawrence, D.H. 1953. Sons and Lovers. America: A SIGNET BOOK.

Naibaho, Jawasi. 2006. A Contrastive Linguistic: A Course Material. Indonesia:

Unimed Press.

Ramlan. 1986. Grammatika dan Bahasa. Yogyakarta: CV. KARYONO

Rudolph, Quick., with Sidney Green Baum. 1990. A Student’s Grammar of the

English Language. England: Longman.


Richard, Jack. With John Patt and Heidi Weber. 1989. Longman Dictionary of

Applied Linguistics.( Edisi ke-tiga). England: Longman.

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