Notes W4-W14.ppt

8/9/2019 Notes W4-W14.ppt

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INETRPERSONAL

COMMUNICATIONDEFINED


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Interpersonal Communication is aDistinctive Form of Communication

Interpersonal Communication InvolvesMutual Inuence !et"een In#ivi#uals

Interpersonal Communication $elpsIn#ivi#uals Mana%e T&eir Relations&ips

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONDEFINED


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Interpersonal versus Impersonal Communication'

T&in( of all &uman communication) "&et&er me#iate#or face*to*face) as ran%in% on a continuum fromimpersonal to interpersonal communication'

Impersonal communication occurs "&en +ou treatot&ers as o,-ects or respon# to t&eir roles rat&er t&anto "&o t&e+ are as uni.ue persons'

/&en +ou as( a server in a restaurant for a %lass of"ater) +ou are interactin% "it& t&e role) notnecessaril+ "it& t&e in#ivi#ual' 0ou1re &avin% animpersonal conversation rat&er t&an an interpersonal

one'

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IS ADISTINCTI2E FORM OF COMMUNICATION


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Interpersonal 2ersus Ot&er Forms ofCommunication'

Previousl+) "e #e3ne interpersonalcommunication as a uni.ue form of &umancommunication' T&ere are ot&er forms ofcommunication) as "ell'



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Mass communication occurs "&en one personcommunicates t&e same messa%e to man+people at once) ,ut t&e creator of t&e messa%e is

usuall+ not p&+sicall+ present) an# listeners &avevirtuall+ no opportunit+ to respon# imme#iatel+to t&e spea(er' Messa%es communicate# via ra#ioan# T2 are e4amples of mass communication'

Public communication occurs "&en a spea(era##resses an au#ience in person'



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Small group communication occurs "&en a%roup of from t&ree to 3fteen people meet tointeract "it& a common purpose an# mutuall+

inuence one anot&er' T&e purpose of t&e%at&erin% can ,e to solve a pro,lem) ma(e a#ecision) learn) or -ust &ave fun' /&ilecommunicatin% "it& ot&ers in a small %roup) it isalso possi,le to communicate interpersonall+

"it& one or more in#ivi#uals in t&e %roup'



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Intrapersonal communication iscommunication "it& +ourself' T&in(in% is per&apst&e ,est e4ample of intrapersonal

communication' T&is t+pe of communication alsoinvolve relations&ips ,et"een +our t&ou%&ts an#+our interpersonal communication "it& ot&ers'



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Ever+ interpersonal communication transactioninuences us' Mutual inuence means t&at allpartners in t&e communication are a5ecte# ,+ atransaction'

Interpersonal communication ma+ or ma+ notinvolve "or#s' T&e #e%ree of mutual inuencevaries a %reat #eal from transaction to transaction'

0ou pro,a,l+ "oul# not ,e a5ecte# a %reat #eal ,+a ,rief smile t&at +ou receive# from a travelin%companion on a ,us) ,ut +ou "oul# ,e %reatl+a5ecte# ,+ +our lover tellin% +ou &e or s&e "asleavin% +ou'

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN2OL2ESMUTUAL INFLUENCE !ET/EEN INDI2IDUALS


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Sometimes interpersonal communication c&an%esour lives #ramaticall+) sometimes in small "a+s'

Lon%*lastin% interpersonal relations&ips aresustaine# not ,+ one person %ivin% an# anot&erta(in%) ,ut ,+ a spirit of mutual e.ualit+'

!ot& +ou an# +our partner listen an# respon# "it&respect for eac& ot&er' T&ere is no attempt tomanipulate ot&ers'

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN2OL2ESMUTUAL INFLUENCE !ET/EEN INDI2IDUALS


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A relationship is a connection esta,lis&e# "&en+ou communicate "it& anot&er person'

0ou initiate an# form relations&ips ,+communicatin% "it& ot&ers "&om +ou 3n#attractive in some "a+'

0ou are increasin%l+ li(el+ to use social me#ia toconnect "it& frien#s an# mana%e +ourrelations&ips' Researc& &as foun# t&at instantmessa%es 6inclu#in% te4t messa%es7 &ave an

overall positive e5ect on +our relations&ips'

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION $ELPSINDI2IDUALS MANA8E T$EIR RELATIONS$IPS


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Improve# Relations&ips "it& Famil+

Relatin% to famil+ mem,ers can ,e a c&allen%e'

T&e #ivorce statistics in t&e Unite# States#ocument t&e #i9culties t&at can occur "&enpeople live in relations&ips "it& ot&ers:

A,out &alf of all marria%es en# in #ivorce' /e#on1t claim t&at +ou "ill avoi# all famil+ conictsor t&at +our famil+ relations&ips "ill al"a+s ,e&armonious if +ou learn principles an# s(ills of

interpersonal communication'

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION1SIMPORTANCE TO 0OUR LIFE


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0ou can) &o"ever) #evelop more options forrespon#in% "&en famil+ communicationc&allen%es come +our "a+'

0ou "ill ,e more li(el+ to #evelop creative)constructive solutions to famil+ conict if +ouun#erstan# "&at1s &appenin% an# can promote

true #ialo%ue "it& +our spouse) partner) c&il#)parent) ,rot&er) or sister'

Furt&ermore) famil+ relations&ips pla+ a ma-or

role in #eterminin% &o" +ou interact "it& ot&ers'



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Improve# Relations&ips "it& Frien#s an#Lovers

For unmarrie# people) #evelopin% frien#s&ips an#fallin% in love are t&e top*rate# sources ofsatisfaction an# &appiness in life'

Conversel+) losin% a relations&ip is amon% life1smost stressful events' Most people ,et"een t&ea%es of ;< an# => report t&at t&e+ &ave &a# from3ve to si4 romantic relations&ips an# &ave ,een

?in love@ once or t"ice'



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Stu#+in% interpersonal communication ma+ notunravel all t&e m+steries of romantic love an#frien#s&ip) ,ut it can o5er insi%&t into ,e&aviors'



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Improve# Relations&ips "it& Collea%ues

Several surve+s #ocument t&e importance of

.ualit+ interpersonal relations&ips in contri,utin%to success at "or('

T&e a,ilities to listen to ot&ers) mana%e conict)

an# #evelop .ualit+ interpersonal relations&ips"it& ot&ers are usuall+ at t&e top of t&e list of t&es(ills emplo+ers see( in to#a+1s -o, applicants'



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Improve# P&+sical an# Emotional $ealt&

Positive interpersonal relations&ips "it& ot&ers &ave

#irect ,ene3ts for +our overall &ealt& an#&appiness'

Researc& &as s&o"n t&at t&e lac( or loss of a closerelations&ip can lea# to ill &ealt& an# even #eat&'

P&+sicians &ave lon% o,serve# t&at patients "&oare "i#o"e# or #ivorce# e4perience more me#icalpro,lems suc& as &eart #isease) cancer)

pneumonia) an# #ia,etes t&an #o marrie# people'



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Elements of t&e Communication Process

SourceSource MessageMessage ChannelChannel ReceiverReceiver

NoiseNoise Feedback Feedback ContextContext

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND T$E COMMUNICATION PROCESS


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Elements of t&e Communication ProcessSource T&e source of a messa%e is t&e ori%inator of t&e

i#eas an# feelin%s e4presse#'

T&e source puts a messa%e into a co#e) a processcalle# enco#in%'

T&e opposite of enco#in% is t&e process of#eco#in% t&is occurs "&en t&e receiver interpretst&e "or#s or nonver,al cues'



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Elements of t&e Communication ProcessMessageMessages are t&e "ritten) spo(en) an# unspo(en

elements of communication to "&ic& peopleassi%n meanin%'

0ou can sen# a messa%e intentionall+ 6tal(in% to

a professor ,efore class7 or unintentionall+6fallin% asleep #urin% class7 ver,all+ 6?$i' $o"are +ouB@7) nonver,all+ 6a smile an# a&an#s&a(e7) or in "ritten form 6t&e ,oo(7'



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Elements of t&e Communication ProcessNoiseNoiseNoise is an+t&in% t&at interferes "it& t&e

messa%e ,ein% interprete# as it "as inten#e#'Noise &appens' If t&ere "ere no noise) all of ourmessa%es "oul# ,e interprete# accuratel+'

!ut noise is al"a+s present' It can ,e literal *

suc& as ,eeps comin% from an iPa# or iP&one t&atsi%nal incomin% e*mail * or it can ,e ps+c&olo%ical* suc& as competin% t&ou%&ts) "orries) an#feelin%s t&at capture our attention'



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Elements of t&e Communication ProcessFee#,ac(' Fee#,ac( is response to t&e messa%e' T&in( of a Pin%*

Pon% %ame' Li(e a Pin%*Pon% ,all) messa%es ,ounce

,ac( an# fort&'

/e tal( someone listens an# respon#s "e listen an#respon# to t&is response'

T&is perspective can ,e summarie# usin% a p&+sicalprinciple: For ever+ action) t&ere is a reaction'

/it&out fee#,ac() communication is rarel+ e5ective'



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Elements of t&e Communication ProcessFee#,ac(Li(e ot&er messa%es) fee#,ac( can ,e

intentional 6+our mot&er %ives +ou a &u% "&en+ou announce +our en%a%ement7 or

unintentional 6+ou +a"n as +ou listen to +ouruncle tell &is stor+ a,out ,ears a%ain7

ver,al 6?T&at1s a pepperoni pia) ri%&tB@7 or nonver,al 6,lus&in% after ,ein% as(e# to #ance7'



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Conte4tConte4t is t&e p&+sical an# ps+c&olo%ical

environment for communication'

All communication ta(es place in some conte4t'As t&e clic& %oes) ?Ever+one &as to ,e

some"&ere'@



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Conte4tA conversation on t&e ,eac& "it& +our %oo#frien# "oul# li(el+ #i5er from a conversation t&et"o of +ou mi%&t &ave in a funeral &ome'

Conte4t encompasses not onl+ t&e p&+sicalenvironment ,ut also t&e people present an#t&eir relations&ips "it& t&e communicators) t&ecommunication %oal) an# t&e culture of "&ic& t&ecommunicators are a part'



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Mo#els of t&e Communication Process



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Communication as Action :

Messa%e Transfer

MODELS OF T$E COMMUNICATIONPROCESS


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Communication as Action :Messa%e Transfer

T&e ol#est an# simplest mo#el) s&o"n in Fi%ure;';) is communication as actiona transferrin%of meanin%' ?Di# +ou %et m+ messa%eB@

T&e sentence reects t&e communication*as*action approac& to &uman communication'

Communication ta(es place "&en a messa%e issent an# receive#' Perio#'



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Communication as Interaction:

Messa%e E4c&an%e



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Communication as Interaction:Messa%e E4c&an%e

T&e perspective of communication asinteraction a##s t"o elements to t&e actionmo#el fee#,ac( an# conte4t'

As s&o"n in Fi%ure ;'=) t&e interactionmo#el is more realistic t&an t&e actionperspective) ,ut it still &as limitations'



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Alt&ou%& it emp&asies fee#,ac( an#conte4t) t&e interaction mo#el #oes not .uitecapture t&e comple4it+ of simultaneous&uman communication'

T&e interaction mo#el of communication stillvie"s communication as a linear) step*,+*step process'

!ut in interpersonal situations) ,ot& t&esource an# t&e receiver sen# an# receivemessa%es at t&e same time'



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Communication as Transaction:

Messa%e Creation



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Communication as Transaction:Messa%e Creation

To#a+) t&e most sop&isticate# an# realisticmo#el vie"s communication as transaction) in"&ic& eac& element inuences all of t&e ot&erelements in t&e process at t&e same time'

T&is perspective ac(no"le#%es t&at "&en +outal( to anot&er person face to face) +ou areconstantl+ reactin% to +our partner1sresponses'



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In t&is mo#el) all t&e components of t&ecommunication process are simultaneous'

As Fi%ure ;' in#icates) even as +ou tal()+ou are also interpretin% +our partner1snonver,al an# ver,al responses'



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Di5erences !et"een Electronicall+Me#iate# Communication 6EMC7 an#

Face to Face 6FtF7 Communication

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONAND TEC$NOLO80


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Di5erences !et"een Electronicall+Me#iate# Communication 6EMC7 an#Face to Face 6FtF7 Communication

Time

2ar+in% De%rees of Anon+mit+

Potential for Deception

Nonver,al Cues Role of t&e /ritten /or#

Distance

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONAND TEC$NOLO80


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Time /&en +ou interact "it& ot&ers usin% EMC) +ou

can #o so as+nc&ronousl+'

As+nc&ronous messa%es are not rea#) &ear#)or seen at t&e same time t&e+ are sent t&ereis a time #ela+ ,et"een "&en +ou sen# suc& amessa%e an# "&en someone else receives it'

A te4t messa%e sent to a frien#1s p&one or tosomeone "&o is not monitorin% Face,oo( or avoicemail messa%e are e4amples ofas+nc&ronous messa%es'

DIFFERENCES !ET/EEN EMC AND 6FTF7COMMUNICATION


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Time

S+nc&ronous messa%es are sent an# receive#instantl+ an# simultaneousl+'

Face*to*face conversations are s+nc&ronoust&ere is no time #ela+ ,et"een "&en +ou sen# amessa%e an# "&en t&e ot&er person receives it'

A live vi#eo conference or a p&one conversationare ot&er e4amples of s+nc&ronous messa%es'



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0ou ma+ not al"a+s (no" precisel+ "it&"&om +ou are communicatin% "&en +ou

receive an e*mail messa%e or are?frien#e#@ or ?po(e#@ ,+ someone +ou#on1t (no"'

/&en +ou are frien#in% someone onFace,oo() t&at person ma+ not (no"precisel+ "&o +ou are'



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!ecause +ou can ,e anon+mous) +ouma+ sa+ t&in%s t&at are ,ol#er) more

&onest) or even more outra%eous t&an+ou "oul# if +our au#ience (ne" "&o+ou "ere'

!ein% anon+mous ma+ also tempt +ou tosa+ t&in%s t&at aren1t true'



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Potential for Deception

!ecause "it& man+ forms of EMC +oucan1t see or &ear ot&ers) it1s eas+ to lie'

$ere1s evi#ence t&at people are#eceptive "&en usin% EMC: G; percent of

people lie# a,out t&eir &ei%&t) "ei%&t) ora%e in a #atin% pro3le



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Potential for Deception Online #eception is almost as eas+ as

t+pin%' /e sa+ ?almost)@ ,ecause +ou

can assess t&e content of a "rittenmessa%e for clues to #eceit'

In a stu#+ ,+ Hat&erine Cornetto) colle%estu#ent respon#ents reporte# t&e mostcommon in#icator of #eception "assomeone1s ma(in% an implausi,lestatement or ,ra%%in%'



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Potential for Deception One researc&er su%%ests loo(in% for t&ese top l+in% cues

"&en rea#in% online pro3les:

Liars often use fe"er 3rst*person pronouns 6suc& as I orme7'

Liars are more li(el+ to use more ne%ative terms li(e ?not@an# ?never'@

Liars use fe"er ne%ative emotions "or#s suc& as ?sa#@an# ?upset'@

Liars "rite ,riefer online personal essa+s' T&e aut&ors oft&e stu#+ su%%este# t&at it1s easier not to %et cau%&t l+in%if +ou use fe"er "or#s



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Nonver,al Cues

/or#s an# %rap&ics ,ecome more importantin EMC t&an in FtF interactions) ,ecause "&en

communicatin% electronicall+) +ou must rel+solel+ on "or#s to carr+ nonver,al messa%es'

Of course) a 0ouTu,e or S(+pe vi#eo #oes

inclu#e nonver,al messa%es) ,ut even "&enusin% vi#eo some cues ma+ ,e limite#) suc&as t&e surroun#in% conte4t an# reactions fromot&ers'



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Nonver,al Cues T&ere are some ,asic t&in%s te4t users #o to a##

emotion to t&eir messa%es) inclu#in% CAPITALIIN8 T$E MESSA8E 6"&ic& is consi#ere#

?+ellin%@7) ma(in% letters ,ol#) an# insertin% emoticonsa smile+ face :-) a fro"nin%

face "it& %lasses !-") an# so on'

In FtF communication) "e lau%& an# smile in#irect response to "&at "e or ot&ers are sa+in%'In t&e EMC conte4t) "e use emoticons to provi#eemotional punctuation in our "ritten messa%es'



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Role of t&e /ritten /or# T&e reliance on t&e "ritten "or# also

a5ects EMC interactions'

One sc&olar su%%ests t&at a person1s t+pin%a,ilit+ an# "ritin% s(ills a5ect t&e .ualit+ ofan+ relations&ip t&at is #evelope#'

Not ever+one is a,le to enco#e t&ou%&ts.uic(l+ an# accuratel+ into "ritten "or#s'



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Role of t&e /ritten /or#

/ritin% s(ills not onl+ a5ect +our a,ilit+to e4press +ourself an# mana%e

relations&ips) t&e+ also a5ect &o" ot&ersperceive +ou'

0our "ritten messa%es provi#e insi%&tsto ot&ers a,out +our personalit+) s(ills)sense of &umor) an# even +our values'



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Distance Alt&ou%& "e certainl+ can an# #o sen# te4t

messa%es to people "&o live an# "or( int&e same ,uil#in% "e1re in 6or even t&esame room7) t&ere is t+picall+ %reaterp&+sical #istance ,et"een people "&o arecommunicatin% usin% EMC'

/&en usin% t&e Internet or a smartp&one)"e can -ust as easil+ sen# a te4t or a vi#eomessa%e to someone on t&e ot&er si#e oft&e %lo,e as "e can to someone on t&eot&er si#e of t&e room'


Notes W4-W14.ppt

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