Notes taken from: Object Oriented Software Engineering text; Art of Software Architecture (Stephen Albin)Use Case Analysis (Bittner and Spence); Use Cases – Requirements in Context (Kulak and Guiney)Some notes from Rational Software Corporation slidesOther personal notes

Non-Functional Requirements

Supplement the Use-Case Descriptions For each use-case realization

Find Classes from Use-Case Behavior Distribute Use-Case Behavior to Classes

For each resulting analysis class Describe Responsibilities Describe Attributes and Associations Non-Functional Requirements – Now we

have a pretty good understanding of the analysis classes, their responsibilities, and the collaborations required to support the functionality described in the Use Cases.

Now we need to address the non-functional requirements in some detail.

Rational calls these analysis mechanisms.

Use-Case Analysis Steps – Here’s where we are:

Non-Functional Requirements

The purpose of “identifying non-functional requirements” is to get a handle on these absolutely necessary requirements that are normally not ‘functional.’

During Analysis, this information is speculative and will be refined later. Capture now; realize later…

(Don’t want to miss these important points in design…)

Non-Functional Requirements – OOSE Text p.115-

Types of Requirements

Functional requirements Describe what the system should do

Non-functional requirements Constraints that must be adhered to during development (design and implementation)

Operative word: ‘Constraints.’

Functional requirements

What inputs the system should accept

What outputs the system should produce

What data the system should store that other systems might use

What computations the system should perform

The timing and synchronization of the above

Non-Functional requirements

Mostly not unique to a single use case. Generally thread themselves throughout

some use cases Transcend locality

Some of these conflict with each other Some support ‘efficiency’ of code and

‘inefficiency’ in maintenance…

Non-functional Requirements – Verifiable; Measured

All must be verifiableIf not ‘verifiable’ then there is no indications that these requirements have been accommodated.

Some must also be measured. Some requirements are measurable, such as response time; availability time, etc.

Some may be measured directly; some via simulation.

We parse the non-functional requirements into categories…

Categories of Non-Functional Requirements – Quality Non-Functional Requirements

1. Quality Requirements – All constrain the design to meet these desired quality levels of usability, efficiency, reliability, maintainability and reusability Discuss!!!

Response time – particularly important for processes that process a lot of data or use networks a great deal.

Might be after < two second response or Timing bar indicating progress of a search or computation… For some ‘real time systems,’ this should be considered as a functional

requirement.

Throughput – for computationally-intensive applications or for heavy transaction-oriented systems, the ‘number of transactions per minute or number of computations per minute can/must be measured.

Resource usage – Application cannot use more than X MB of memory…Very practical in a large multiprogramming / multiprocessing system.

Reliability – typically MTBF (number of failures per week; define ‘failure.’)

Categories of Non-Functional Requirements – Quality Non-Functional Requirements

Availability – Measures the time application is ‘up’ and the period of down time, when down.

Recovery from failure – MTTR – critical to some applications; not so for others; checkpoint restarts; auto-saves, etc. If you specify the detailed procedure to follow, then this is a functional requirement.

Allowances for Reusability – may specify that a certain percentage of the system must be designed generically to support reusability…

Categories of Non-Functional Requirements –

2. Environment and Technology Constraints

Platform What hardware / software the software must

be able to work on. Normally indicate ‘least’ platform

e.g. Windows 95; 25 MB free disk space….

Technology to be used  Programming language; database system. All

individuals are familiar with these languages/database nuances.

Reduces need to train people

Categories of Non-Functional Requirements –

3. Project Plan and Development Methods

Development Process / Methodology SDLC; RUP; particular approaches to

testing (done by separate group). References to these must be included;

not the details Cost and Delivery Dates

A Bigee!! Usually a very important constraint. Usually found in the Contract for the

system or in a separate project plan.

Thoughts - Non-functional requirement

Not always clear that a requirement is non-functional and functional.

If requirement is a fundamental part of the application’s functionality, then it should be stated as a functional requirement;

If requirement is a ‘constraint’ on design or some kind of restriction on design, then the requirement is ‘non-functional.’

Certainly the presented list is not exhaustive!

Quality Models – Many and Varied

From Art of Software Architecture…p. 70-72 Criteria for (N.B. Different categories…) Product Operation Quality are:

Accuracy Reliability Efficiency Integrity Usability Product Revision Quality are:

maintainability, flexibility, testability Product Transition quality are:

Interface facility, reusability, transferability

More attributes…

Overall quality (Boehm) as a function of these metrics: Validity, clarity, understandability,

modifiability, modularity, generality, economy, resilience, documentation

Laurence Best’s Application Architecture identifies: Accuracy and comprehensiveness; simplicity

of use, operational flexibility, easy of development, maintenance, and extension, security and control, resource efficiency, recovery

And there are numerous other ‘lists’…..

Looking down on these…

Functional models such as use cases, typically drive object-oriented projects.

Attributes such as modifiability are not easily expressed in purely object-oriented terms and need supplemental text descriptions to represent the design.

Each attribute MUST be considered during design and usually requires the architect to make multiple passes as a design. Class design: start by addressing functionality only Second pass to incorporate modifiability constraints

while making sure that the functionality is not compromised.

Sometimes, multiple passes are needed to incorporate various requirements and to evaluate the design tradeoffs.

Looking down on these…

Many competing non-functional requirements. Architect must find a design that realizes a

balance among them. Example: modifiability and performance are often

commonly competing requirements because modifiability design techniques usually have extra levels of indirection (interfaces) and incorporate stricter encapsulation of data and services to make modifications more local and less pervasive.

Performance design techniques, however, usually incorporate fewer levels of indirection and optimizations to data structures in order to improve operation execution times.

Cost is usually competing with everything else and it is common that usability is sacrificed first!

Where do they go?

Use Case Modeling – Bittner and Spence – p. 43 In the RUP, we place the non-functional requirements in

the Supplementary Specifications Consider: (N.B. again, different categories!!!)

Legal and Regulatory Requirements The customer must be of legal age ot purchase alcohol.

Application Development Standards The system must be developed in accordance with the

Rational Unified Process Quality attributes of the system to be built must include

usability, reliability, performance, supportability requirements

The system must be available at least 90% of the time. Constraints placed on the design and implementation of the

system such as operating system, environments, … The system must be written in Java

Others…

Supplementary Specifications

Very misleading to think ‘supplementary specs’ are inferior or lesser than functional specs.

Many projects have run amuck because they did not consider these requirements.

May have formed a major part of the overall critical success criteria. E.g. System must support 300-500 simultaneous

users; On entry into user acceptance testing, system supported eight simultaneous users; Developers had concentrated on the user interface and completely ignored this supplementary spec item. Upon further review, it was noticed that the developer did not investigate any of the requirements beyond the scope of the most basic flow of events. “Not surprisingly, the system was never deployed.”

Supplementary Specifications

Should complement the use cases. Note that use cases can capture non-functional requirements

especially those that apply only within the context of a single use case.

Use the Supplementary Specifications to capture those non-functional requirements that are global in nature or do not vary from one use case to the next.

Typically, if the amount of interaction in use cases is large, the majority of requirements will be captured here and there may be just a few, global, non-functional requirements; conversely, if the amount of interaction in the use case is small, then the majority of requirements may be captured as non-functional requirements and found in the Supp. Specs.

Keep a balance between using the use cases and the non-functional requirements.

We need both if the overall objectives of the requirements are to be accommodated.

Non-Functional Requirements – the Process

Use Cases – Kulak and Guiney… Identify the non-functional requirements Validate with appropriate stakeholders Document the requirements

Capture its name, its effect, both the system and business degradation that would result if the requirements are not satisfied

Best time to capture them is when exploring the functional requirements

Document it right away from your sources of information (interviews, questionnaires, …)

Ask users about response times, what bothers them now; what is fine.

Be certain to differentiate between business-related concerns which can often be added to a use case description, with non-functional requirements.

Non-Functional Requirements – the Process

Rank them. VIP Sometimes accommodating non-functional requirement

may cost more than implementing the use case. There is no free lunch, and somethings are not worth the

cost to accommodate. E.g. Infinite availability; levels of performance. “Don’t

let [a users] initial assumptions drive you into an architectural nightmare.”

Use a template to document the non-functional requirements, as found in our Use Case book, p. 79.

Non-FunctionalCategory*

Number Non Functional Requirement Name

Description Applies to Use Cases:

Exceptions

Use something like the table below.You may add column attributes as needed.

•You may wish to categorize these (or not). If not, omit column. You may also wish to add columns.

Non-FunctionalCategory*

Number Non Functional Requirement Name

Description Applies to Use Cases:

Exceptions

1 Persistency Student objects need to be persistent

Where Student Objects are

Updated

None

2 Security System Administrator actor needs to be

authenticated

Those Use Cases that access the

Profile Database

None

3 Availability The Profile Database must be available 95%

of the time

All Use Cases that require

authentication

None

Examples

Supplementary Specifications

These tables need to be inserted into a new document called the Supplementary Specifications.

These constitute an additional artifact that we will be using.

Note also that in some cases, the non-functional requirements are called ‘mechanisms’ (RUP) Have ‘persistency mechanism’; security

‘mechanism,’ etc. Means that there will be some process to accommodate persistency, security, etc.

Analysis Class to Non-functional Requirements map

• As analysis classes are identified, it is important to identify the non-functional requirements that might apply to them

• Classes that must be persistent are mapped to the Persistency Mechanism and tagged as persistent

• Classes that are maintained with the Legacy Course Catalog system are mapped to the Legacy Interface mechanism;

• Classes for which access must be controlled (like who can read and modify instances of the class) are mapped to a Security mechanism., etc.

• Distributed classes mapped to a Distribution mechanism, etc.) (Often ‘control classes’ are distributed.)

Supplement the Use-Case Descriptions For each use-case realization

Find Classes from Use-Case Behavior Distribute Use-Case Behavior to Classes

For each resulting analysis class Describe Responsibilities Describe Attributes and Associations Qualify Analysis Mechanisms

Unify Analysis Classes We have a pretty good understanding of the analysis classes,

their responsibilities, the analysis mechanisms / non-functional requirements that they need to implement (persistence, security, legacy, …) and the collaborations required to support the functionality described in the use cases.

Now lets review everything to ensure it is complete and consistent before moving on….

Checkpoints

Use-Case Analysis Steps

<<control>>

<<boundary>>

<<entity>><<entity>>

Unify Analysis Classes

The purpose of “Unify Analysis Classes” is to ensure that each analysis class represents a single well-defined concept, with non-overlapping responsibilities.Name of analysis class should capture role; (e.g.EnrollmentForm) Description of class should capture role played by class in the system. Merge classes that define similar behavior or represent the same thing. Merge entity classes that define the same attributes Aggregate behaviors of merged classes.If you do any of these things, make sure you update any supplemental use case descriptions where necessary.

SupplementarySpecification

Glossary

Use-Case Model

Analysis Classes

Evaluate Your Results

Evaluating and Verifying

Now, verify analysis classes meet functional requirements of the system.

Verify the analysis classes and their relationships are consistent with collaborations that they may support.

Very important that you evaluate your results at the conclusion of Use Case Analysis.

The ‘formality’ and ‘when’ you do this verification is up to the project.

Use-Case Analysis Steps

Supplement the Use-Case Descriptions For each use-case realization

Find Classes from Use-Case Behavior Distribute Use-Case Behavior to Classes

For each resulting analysis class Describe Responsibilities Describe Attributes and Associations Qualify Analysis Mechanisms

Unify Analysis Classes Checkpoints - Check the ‘quality’ of the model

against criteria that the Designer looks for…

(continued)

Checkpoints: Analysis Classes

Are the classes reasonable? Does the name of each class clearly reflect the

role it plays? Does the class represent a single well-defined

abstraction? Are all attributes and responsibilities functionally

coupled? Does the class offer the required behavior? Are all specific requirements on the class

addressed?

Checkpoints: Analysis Classes Note: All checkpoints should be evaluated with

regards to the use cases being developed for the current iteration. The class should represent a single well-defined

abstraction. If not, consider splitting it. The class should not define any attributes and

responsibilities that are not functionally coupled to the other attributes or responsibilities defined by that class.

The classes should offer the behavior the use-case realizations and other classes require.

The class should address all specific requirements on the class from the requirement specification.

Remove any attributes and relationships if they are redundant or are not needed by the use-case realizations.

Checkpoints: Use-Case Realizations

Have all the main and/or sub-flows been handled, including exceptional cases?

Have all the required objects been found? Has all behavior been unambiguously

distributed to the participating objects? Has behavior been distributed to the right

objects? Where there are several interaction

diagrams, are their relationships clear and consistent?

Checkpoints: Use-Case Realizations

Note: All checkpoints should be evaluated with regards to the use cases being developed for the current iteration. The objects participating in a use-case

realization should be able to perform all of the behavior of the use case.

If there are several interaction diagrams for the use-case realization, it is important that it is easy to understand which interaction diagrams relates to which flow of events.

Make sure that it is clear from the Flow of Events description how the diagrams are related to each other.

Review: Use-Case Analysis

What is the purpose of Use-Case Analysis? What is an analysis class? Name and describe the

three analysis stereotypes. What is a use-case realization? Describe some considerations when allocating

responsibilities to analysis classes. Describe the role of non-functional requirements in

complementing functional requirements. Describe the tie-in of non-functional requirements to

use cases.