Notes - Springer978-0-230-37421-8/1.pdf · Notes 1NTRODUCT10N 1. David McLellan, The YoungHegelians...

Notes

1NTRODUCT10N

1. David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (London, 1969).2. Leszek Kolakowski, Gt6wne nurty marksizmu: pmostanie-rouooj-rozklad,

3 vols (Paris, 1976); Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents 0/Marxism: ItsOrigins, Growth and Dissolution, translated by P.S. Falla , 3 vols (Oxford,1981).

3. Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge, 1975).4. E.g. G.R.G. Mure, A Study of Hege!'s Logic (Oxford, 1950); W.T. Stace,

ThePhilosophy 0/Hegel (New York, 1955) ; Manfred Baum, DieEntstehungder Hegelschen Dialektik (Bonn, 1986) .

5. Times Literary Supplement, 21 October 1984.6. Robert C. Solomon, In the Spirit of Hegel (Oxford, 1983) .7. 1bid., pp . 166 ff.8. CharIes Taylor's standard account of Hegel's thought makes only the

following short reference to the terms in connection with the discussion of the Concept: 'The universal is shown here to be in inner relation to the particular (das Besondere). Sometimes, however, it is reIatedto the individual (das Einzelne) ; and sornetimes to both; for Hegel usesthis analysis of the universal in a host of contexts: like many Hegelianterms it expresses a therne with many variations.' CharIes Taylor, Hegel(Cambridge, 1975) , p. 113.

9. Ryszard Panasiuk, Filozofia i pansuoo: Studium mysli polityczno-spofecznej!ewicy heglowskiej i miodego Marksa 1838-1843 (Warsaw, 1967).

10. Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, Georg Lukäcs Werke, Vol. II, pp. 39, 165,314, 320, 325, 337, 341, 345, 598, 607.

11. 1bid., p. 314.12. Georg Lukäcs, 'Moses Hess und die Probleme der idealistischen Dia

lektik', Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und derArbeiterbewegung,Vol. XII, 1926.

13. 1bid., pp. 111 ff.14. 1bid., pp. 107, 109.15. KarlMarx FrederickEngels Werke (MEW) (BerIin, 1956- ), Vol. II, p . 147.16. Moses Hess, Philosophische und sozialistische Schriften 1837-1850, Heraus

gegeben und eingeleitet von Auguste Cornu and Wolfgang Mönke(Berlin, 1961), pp. 75 ff.

17. 1bid., p. 223.18. A. von Cieszkowski, Prolegomena zur Historiosophie (Berlin, 1838);

J. Frauenstädt, Hallische jahrbücher für WISsenschaft und Kunst, 1839,pp. 476-88.

19. K. Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Reuolution in Nineteenth-CenturyGerman Thought, trans. David E. Green (London, 1965).

20. H. Stuke, Philosophie der Tat (Stuttgart, 1963) .21. WJ. Brazill, The Young Hegelians (Yale University Press , 1970).

368

Notes to Introduction 369

22. D. McLellan, The Young Hegeliens and Karl Marx (London, 1969).23. Auguste Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels: Leur vie et leur oeuvre,

Vol. I (Paris, 1955), p. 242.24. Moses Hess, Philosophische und sozialistische Schriften 1837-1850, pp. XVIII,

XXI.25. Ibid., p. 463.26. Horst Stuke, Philosophie der Tat (Stuttgart, 1963), p. 85.27. Panasiuk, p. 116.28. David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, p. 11.29. Ihid. , pp. 11-12.30. G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen überdie PhilosophiederGeschichte, Herausgeben

von Dr, Eduard Gans (Berlin, 1837).31. Ibid., pp. 10-11.32. D. Lukach, Molodoy Gegel' i problemy kapitalisticheskogo obshchestva

(Moscow, 1987) , p. 3.33. Lukäcs, Werke, Vol. VIII, p. 138.34. G. Lukäcs, Derjunge Hegel: Über die Beziehungenvon Dialektik und Ökonomie,

GeorgLukäcs Werke, Vol. VIII (Neuwied, 1967), p. 29.35. Ibid., p. 138.36. GeorgLuluics Werke, Vol. VIII, p. 9.37. Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, GeorgLukäcs Werke, Vol. IX, p . 162.38. H. Steffens, Christliche Religionsphilosophie (Berlin 1839), p. 140.39. H. Steffens, Anthropologie, Vol. I (Breslau, 1822), pp. 15, 184-5.40. Istvän Meszäros, Marx's Theory 0/Alienation (London, 1970), P: 14.41. Georg Lukdcs Werke, Vol. VIII, p. 658.42. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents 0/Marxism, Vol. I1I (Oxford, 1981), p.

297.43. Kolakowski, Gl6wne nurty marksizmu, Vol. 1, p. 75, original emphasis;

Main Currents 0/Marxism, Vol. 1, p. 70.44. Ghiwnenurtymarksizmu, Vol.l, p. 89; Main CurrentsofMarxism, Val. 1,p. 85.45. Gl6wne nurty marksizmu, Vol. 1, pp. 90, 145; Main Currents 0/Marxism,

Vol. I, pp. 86, 144.46. Gloume nurty marksizmu, Val. I, pp. 91-2; Main Currents 0/Marxism.

Val. I, p. 88.47. Gl6wne nurty marksizmu, Vol. I, p. 88; Main Currents 0/Marxism, Val. I,

p.84.48. Alain Besancon, The Intellectual Origins 0/ Leninism (Oxford, 1981),

p.90.49. Laurence S. Stepelevich, 'Between the Twilight of Theory and the

Millennial Dawn: August von Cieszkowski and Moses Hess', in LaurenceS. Stepelevich and David Lamb (eds), Hegel's Philosoph» 0/Action (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1982), p. 220.

50. Michael Löwy quoted in CJ. Arthur, Dialectics oj Labour: Marx and hisRelation to Hegel (Oxford, 1986), p. 105.

5!. Nicholas Churchich, Marxism and Alienation (London, 1989), p. 181.52. MEW, Vol. XXXII , p. 52.53. Georg Lukacs Werke, Vol. II, pp. 18, 410.54. A. Schmidt, Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Marx (Frankfurt am

Main, 1962) , pp. 9, 57.

370 Notes to Chapter 1

55. Ibid., p. 20.56. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA2

) (Berlin, 1975- ),1/2, p. 295.

57. See, for example, N. Geras, Man: and Human Nature: Refutation. 0/aLegend (London, 1983).

58. E.g. Roman Rosdolsky, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte desMarxschen 'Kapital',2 vols (Frankfurt am Main, 1974); Ernest Mandel, The Formation 0/theEconomic Thought0/Karl Marx (London, 1971); V.S. Vygodsky, K istoriisozdaniya 'Kapitale' (Moscow, 1970).

59. Wada Haruki, Marukusu, Engerusu to kakumei Roshia (Tokyo, 1975) .60. T. Shanin (ed .), Late Man: and the Russian Road (London, 1984).61. Richard Pipes, 'Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry', Slavic Review,

Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, September 1964.62. Andrzej Walicki, The Controversy ouer Capitalism (Oxford, 1969).63. Filozofia spoleana narodnictwa rosyjskiego: Y\»b6r pism, ed. Andrzej Walicki,

2 vols (Warsaw, 1965).64. N.K. Karataev (ed.), Narodnicheskaya ekonomicheskaya literatura (Mo5

cow, 1958).65. Filozofia spoleczna narodnictuia rosyjskiego, p. xxix; The Controversy ouer

Capitalism, p. 36.

CHAPTER 1 THE ROMANTIC HERITAGE

1. Quoted in Hans-joachim Mähl, Die Idee des goldenen Zeitalters im Werkdes Novalis (Heidelberg, 1965), p . 350.

2. J.G. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, ed. LH. Fichte, 8 vols (Berlin, 1845-46) .Vo!. I, pp. 40-60.

3. Ibid .4. 1. Kant, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. V (Berlin, 1908), p. 30.5. Ibid. , p. 179.6. J.G. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. I, pp. 332-3.7. Schelling, Schellings sämmtliche Werke, ed. K.FA Schelling, 10 vols (Stutt

gart and Augsburg, 1856-61), Vo!. III, p. 628.8. R. Haym, Die romantische Schule (Berlin, 1870), p. 352.9. K. Rosenkranz, 'Ludwig Tieck und die romantische Schule ', Hallische

Jahrbücher, Nos. 155-163, 1838, pp . 1233-1302, esp. pp. 1291-2.]0. Athenaeum 1789-1800, Herausgeben von August Wilhelm Schlegel und

Friedrich Schlegel, reprint (Stuttgart, 1960), P: 203.11. H. Steffens, Was ich erlebte, Vol. IV (Breslau, 1841), pp. 122-3.12. Hans Werner Arndt, 'Einführung', Christian Wolff, Gesammelte Werke,

Vol. I (Hildesheim, 1965), p. 19.13. Christian Wolff, 'Vernünftige Gedanken von den Kräften des rnenshch

liehen Verstandes und ihrem richtigen Gebrauche in Erkenntnis derWahrheit', op. cit., p. 123.

14. G.SA Mellin, Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der kritishchen Philosophie,ve; I (Züllichau and Leipzig , 1797), p. 486.

15. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, A 320, B 377.16. Ibid ., B 307.

Notes to Chapter 1 371

17. Schelling, Werke, Vol. IV, pp. 353-4.18. Werke, Vol. TII, p. 506.19. lbid.20. Kant, Kritik der reinen Yernunft; B 446.21. Kant , Gesammelte Schriften, Val. V (Berlin, 1908), p. 421.22. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 314.23. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. I, pp. 412-13.24. Friedrich Schiller, Werke, Nationalausgabe, eds L. Blumenthai and

B. von Wiese (Weimar, 1943- ), Vol. XX, pp. 316-17.25. First published in Die Horen in 1795.26. Schiller, Werke, Vol. XX, p. 394.27. Schelling, Werke, Vol. TII, p. 18.28. Ibid., p. 19.29. A. Cobban, In Search 0/Humanity: The Role0/theEnlightenment in Mod

r:rn History (London, 1960), p. 75.30. J. Erhard, L 'idee deNatureen France dans la premiere motitiidu XVIII' siecie

(Paris, 1963), p. 70.31. For Steffens the whole history of the earth's development was 'the

inner transformation from fluidity to rigidity, from water into me tal ,.H. Steffens, Anthropologie (Breslau, 1822), p. 57; H. Stcffens, Beyträgezur innr:rn Naturgeschichte der Erde (Freiberg, 1801), p . 16. Schubertthought that the earth had evolved from an 'amorphous fluid stateto an increasingly solid condition'. G.H . Schubert, Ansichten von derNachtseite der Naturwissenschaft (Dresden, 1808), p. 105.

32. Schelling, Werke, Vol. I, p. 443.33. P.C. Erb (ed.), Pietists: Selected Writings (London, 1983), pp. 35-6.34. Ibid., p. 60.35. Ibid., p. 37.36. I. Kant, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. V, p. 429.37. ].G. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 302.38. Ibid., p. 306.39. Ibid.40. Ibid.41. Ibid., p. 323.42. Ibid., p. 318.43. Ibid.44. Ibid., p. 420.45. Ibid., pp. 13-14.46. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion (Berlin, 1799), P: 12.47. Friedrich E.D. Schleicrmacher, Werke, eds Otto Braun and Johannes

Bauer (Aalen, 1967), Val. IV, p . 437.48. In English both Entäußerungand Entfremdungare habitually translated

as 'Alienation '. This is in accordance with the idea put forward byGeorg Lukäcs and accepted by modern writers that the two terms aresimply German translations of the English word 'alienatiori' . See CJArthur, Dialectics 0/ Labour: Man: and his Relation to Hegel (Oxford,1986), p. 147. This is clearly wrong, since it dissociates Entäußerungfrom außer, and from the contrast between Inner and Outer.

49. H. Steffens, Christliche Religionsphilosophie (Berlin, 1839), pp. 45-6.


50. There is considerable dispute about whether the 'Systemprogramm'should be attributed to Schelling or Hege!. The main arguments forboth sides are collected in Jamme, C. and Schneider, H. (eds), Mythologie der Vernunft: Hegets 'ältestes SY.ltemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus'(Frankfurt am Main, 1984). I am inclined to believe that Schelling wasthe author, because the ideas contained in the 'Systemprogramm'were characteristic of his intellectual biography. It was he who originated the conception that the State was an Idea. Thus, even if Hegeldid compose the 'Systemprogramm', he could only have been elaborating on a conception which belonged to Schelling.

51. F.wJ. Schelling, Briefe und Dokuments, Vol. I, 1775-1809, ed. Horst Fuhrmans (Bonn, 1962), pp. 69-70; c.Jamme and H. Schneider, Mythologieder Vernunft: Hegels 'ältestes Systemprogramm des deutschen. Idealismus' (Frankfurt am Main, 1984), pp. 11-12.

52. Schelling, Werke, Vol. V, p . 232.53. Ibid ., pp. 260-1.54. Ibid ., p. 258.55. G.S. Ford, Stein and theEra of Reform in Prussia, 1807-1815 (Gloucester,

Mass ., 1965), p. 203.56. Ibid., p. 20.57. A. Müller, Schriften zur Staatsphilosophie, ed. Rudolf Kohler (Munieh,

1923), p. 85.58. Ibid. , pp. 94, 105-6.59. A. Müller, Elemente der Staatskunst, ed.Jakob Baxa (jena, 1922), Vol. I,

p.155.60. Ibid., p. 160.61. Ibid., p. 265.62. A. Müller, Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, ed. Jakob Baxa (Jena, 1921),

pp. 104-5.63. Ibid. , p. 267.64. Ibid., p. 351.65. Ibid ., p. 405.66. Ibid.67. Ibid., p. 35.68. Müller, Elemente der Staatskunst (jena, 1922), Vol. II, p. 27.69. Müller, Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, p. 90.70. Ibid ., p. 87.71. Ibid., p. 89.72. Ibid.73. Hamann, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. H, p. 197; R.G. Smith, JG. Hamann

1730-1788: A Study in Christian Existence (London, 1960), p. 70.74. R. Haym, Herder nach seinem Leben und seinen Werken (Berlin, 1880) ,

Vol. I, pp. 139-40.75. .J.G. Herder, Samtliehe Werke, Vol. I, ed. B. Suphan (Berlin, 1877), p. 153.76. F.WJ. Schelling, 'Uber Mythen, Sagen und Philosopheme der ältesten

Welt', Schelling, Werke, Vo!. I, pp. 33-4.77. F. Creuzer, Symbolik und Mythologie, Vol. I (Leipzig and Darmstadt,

1843), pp. 563-4.


78. F. von Savigny, Vom Berufunsrer Zeitfür Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft(Heidelberg, 1814), pp. 9-10.

79. Ibid ., pp. 10-11.80. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VII, pp. 175-7.81. Ibid., pp. 179-84.82. Ibid ., pp. 188, 210.83. Ibid., pp. 195-6.84. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. II, p. 265.85. Ibid., p. 271.86. Ibid., p. 272.87. H. Levin, Die Heidelberger Romantik (Munieh, 1922), p. 92.88. R. Saitschick,joseph GörYes und dieabendländische Kultur (Breisgau, 1953),

pp. 26, 101-2.89. ]. Baxa (ed.), Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse (Munich, Paderborn,

Vienna, 1966), Vol. II, p. 277.90. ]. Görres, 'Teutschland und die Revolution', Gesammelte Schriften, Vol.

IV (Munich, 1856), pp. 150-1; G. Mann , The History of Germany since1789 (Penguin, 1974), pp. 106-8.

91. 'Wachstum in Historie',]. Görres. Gesammelte Schriften (Cologne, 1926),Vol. III, p. 379.

92. Ibid ., p. 405.93. Görres, 'Teutschland und die Revolution', p. 209.94. Ibid ., p. 215.95. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Selected Works (Moscow, 1969), Vol. 1, p. 36.96. Görres. 'Teutschland und die Revolution', pp. 206-9,97. Görres, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. III, pp. 374-402.98. Görres, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. IV, pp. 217-18.99. F. Baader, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. V, p. 290.

100. F. Baader, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 15.101. F.B.Artz, Reaction andRevolutionin Europe 1814-1832 (NewYork, 1934),

pp. 7-11.102. Ibid., p. 142.103. Saitschick, op. cit., pp. 39, 44.104. Baxa, op. eit., Vol. II, pp. 735, 789.

CHAPTER 2 HEGEL

1. G.W.F. Hege! , Phänomenologie des Geistes, Gesammelte Werke, eds FriedrichHogemann and Walter jaeschke (Hamburg, 1981- ), Vol. IX, pp. 312.

2. Ibid ., p. 10.3. Ibid., p. 27.4, Ibid., p. 48.5. Hege!, Wissenschaft der Logik, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XII, pp. 16-17.6. Ibid., p. 19.7. Hege! , Philosophie des Rechts, Sämtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 14.8. Ibid., p. 22.


9. Wissenschaft der Logik, p. 175.10. Ibid., p. 247.11. Ibid ., p. 250.12. Ibid. , p. 249; Phänomenologie, p. 41.13. Wissenschaft der Logik, p. 252.14. Phänomenologie, pp. 19-22.15. Encyclopädie, § 209; Wissenschaft der Logik (2nd edn, 1832), Gesammelte

Werke, Vol. XXI, p. 332.16. Gesammelte H-erke, Vol. XI, pp. 215-20.17. Naturphilosophie, Werke, ed. P. Marheineke et al., Vol. IX, Part 1, p. 28.18. Ibid., pp. 20-1; GegeI', EntsiklopediyafilosoJskikh nauk, Vol. II, Filosofiya

prirody (Moscow, 1975), pp. 627-8; D.R. WiswalI, A Comparison of Selected Poetic and Scientific Works oJAlbert von Haller (Berne, 1981), pp.163-8.

19. Wissenschaft der Logik, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XII, p. 11.20. Ibid ., pp. 18-19.21. Hege!, Encyclopädie, § 249.22. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems (Königs-

berg, 1840), p. 101.23. Hege!, Encyclopädie, § 539.24. Ibid .25. Ibid.26. Ibid., § 433.27. K. Rosenkranz, Hegels Leben (Berlin , 1844), p. 86.28. Hege! , Philosophie des Rechts, Sämtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 159.29. Ibid ., § 183.30. Ibid., § 256.31. Ibid. , § 245.32. Ibid. , § 236.33. Ibid., § 260.34. Ibid., § 273.35. Ibid ., § 272. See also § 31.36. Ibid ., § 301.37. Ibid. , § 302.38. Ibid ., p. 13.39. Ibid ., p. 17.40. Encyclopädie, § 552.41. M. Riede! (ed.). Materialen zu Hegels Rechuphilosophie; Vol. I (Frankfurt

am Main, 1975), p. 64.42. Philosophie des Rechts, p. 7.43. Ibid., § 346.44. Ibid., § 352.45. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems, p. 156.46. August Cieszkowski, Prolegomena zur Historiosophie, Berlin , 1838. It was

reviewed in Hallischejahrbücher (1839), No. 60.47. Ibid .48. Hege!, Philosophie derGeschichte Werke, ed . P. Marheineke et al., pp. 19

20.49. Ibid., p. 41.


50. Ibid., p. 21.51. Ibid., p. 41.52. Ibid ., p. 26.53. Ibid. , p. 28.54. Ibid., p. 21.55. Ibid., p. 446.56. W. Kaufmann, Hegel: AReinterpretation (Notre Dame , Indiana, 1978) ,

p.232.57. Carl Miehelet, Geschichte der letzten Systeme in Deutschland von Kant bis

Hege~ Vol. I (Berlin, 1838) , p. 60.58. A.L. Blaekwell, Schleiermacher'sEarly Philosophy of Life (Furrnan Univer-

sity, Greenville, 1982), pp. 199, 226.59. Encyclopädie, § 552.60. Encyclopädie, p. 24.61. Hege!, Sämtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 8.62. R. Haym, Hegel und seine Zeit: Vorlesungen über Entstehung, Wesen und

Werth der Hegel'schen Philosophie (Berlin, 1857), pp. 359-89.63. K. Rosenkranz, Von Magdeburg bisKönigsberg (Berlin, 1873), pp. 134-5.

CHAPTER 3 THE YOUNG HEGELlANS

1. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems (Königsberg,1840) , pp. XI-XII.

2. Th. Eehterrneyer, 'Die Universität Halle', HallischeJahrbücher für deutscheWissenschaft und Kunst, 1838, pp . 666-71.

3. Ibid., pp. 675-6.4. F. Liehtenberger, History of German Theology in the Nineteenth Century,

trans. W. Hastie (Edinburgh, 1889), p. 214.5. Echtermeyer, op. cit., p. 672.6. Ibid., p. 676; R. Panasiuk, FilozoJia i panstua (Warsaw, 1967), p. 25.7. G.W.H. Hegel, Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, ed.

J Hoffmeister (Leipzig, 1949), p. 24.8. JF. Sandberger, David Friedrich Strauß als theologischer Hegelianer

(Göttingen, 1972), p. 55.9. Rosenkranz, op. eit., pp. 348-50, VIII; Panasiuk, op. cit., pp. 27-8.

10. JE. Toews, Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 18051841 (Cambridge, 1980), p. 243.

11. Panasiuk, op. eit., p. 29.12. 'Doktor Strauss charakterisirt von Fr.Vischer', HalliseheJahrbücher, 1838,

p. 1096.13. lbid., p. 1095.14. Ibid., pp. 1104-7.15. D.F. Strauss, Das Leben jesu, kritisch bearbeitet, Vol. I (Tübingen, 1835),

pp . 71-2.16. Ibid., p . 19.17. D.F. Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, Vol. II (Tübingcn, 1836), pp. 734-5.18. Vischer, op. cit., pp. 1099-100.19. Ibid ., pp. 1100-1.


20. Ibid., p. 1102.21. Lichtenberger, op. cit., p. 383 .22 . B. Bauer, Kritik derevangelischen Geschichte derSynoptiker, Vol. 1 (Leipzig,

1841), p. XIV.23. Ibid., p. 71.24. Ibid. , pp. XV, 71.25. Ibid. , p. XX.26. J. Schaller, Der historische Christus und die Philosophie. Kritik derGrundidee

des Werkes: Das Lebenjesu von Dr D.F.Strauß (Leipzig, 1838). Review byW. Vatke , Hallischejahrbücher, 1838, pp. 2271-6.

27. L. Feuerbach, Sämtliche Werke, cds F. Jodl and W. Bolin, Vol. VI, p. 78.28. Ibid., p. 41.29. Ibid ., p. 297 .30. Ibid., pp. 309, 320.31. F. Schnabel, Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten [ahrhundert, Vol. IV

(Freiberg, 1937) , pp . 133-42.32. Hallischejahrbücher, 1838, p. 1.33. Ibid.34. Amold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter aus den[ahren 1825-1880,

cd , Paul Nerrlich, Vol. 1 (Berlin, 1886), pp. 179, 187,233; H. Rosenberg,'Arnold Ruge und die "Hallischen jahrbücher'", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Val. XX, No. 3, 1930, pp. 284-5.

35. K. Rosenkranz, Review of G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die PhilosophiederGeschichte, Herausgeben von Dr, Eduard Gans, Berlin, 1837, Hallische[ahrbiicher, 1838, pp. 132-156; Emil von Meysenbug, 'Die Philosophieder Geschichte in ihrer gegenwärtigen Ausbildung. Eine positive Kritikdieser Disciplin', Hallischejahrbücher, 1839, pp. 2414-47.

36. J. Schaller, Review of GW.F. Hege! Vorlesungen über die Geschichte derPhilosophie. Herausgeben von Dr . K.L. Michelet. 3 Bde . Berlin, 183336, Hallischejahrbücher, 1838, p. 662.

37. K. Rosenkranz, Von Magdeburg bis Känigsberg (Berlin, 1873), p. 186.38. K. Rosenkranz, 'Ludwig Tieck und die romantische Schule', Hallische

[ahrbiicher, 1838, p. 1299 .39. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems (Königs

berg, 1840), p. 9.40. P.F. Stuhr, Review of]. Görres, Athanasius, Regensburg, 1838, Hallische

[ahrbiicher, 1838, p. 483.41. A. Ruge, 'Sendschreiben an]. Görres von Heinrich Leo', Hallische

[ahrbiicher, 1838, pp. 1169-204.42. A. Ruge, Preussen und die Reaktion: Zur Geschichte unserer Zeit (Leipzig,

1838).43. Ibid ., p. 144.44. Ibid., pp. 32, 34, 41.45. Amold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, p. 73; Panasiuk, op. eit.,

p. 44; Rosenberg, op . eit., p. 287.46. H. Leo, Die Hegelingen: Actenstücke und Belege zu der s.g. Denunziation der

ewigen Wahrheit (Halle, 1839), pp. 2-3.47. Arnold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, p. 167.48. A. Ruge, 'Der Pietismus und die Jesuiten', Hallischejahsbiicher, No. 31

(5 February) - No. 36 (11 February), 1839, pp. 241-288.


49. A. Ruge and Tb. Ecbtermeyer, 'Der Protestantismus und die Romantik.Zur Verständigung über die Zeit und ihre Gegensätze. Ein Manifest',Hallischejahrbücher, No. 246 (14 Oetober), 1839, p. 1961.

50. Hallische jahrbücher, 1839, p. 2152.51. Hallischefahrbiicher, 1839, pp. 1963-4, 1968.52. Hallische jahrbücher, 1840, p. 446.53. Ibid., p. 511.54. Rosenberg, op. cit., p. 304.55. F. Köppen, 'Zur Feier der Thronbesteigung Friedrich H', Hallische

jahrbücher, 1840, pp. 1169-97.56. C.F. Köppen, Friedrich der Grosse und seine Widersacher: Eine[ubelschrift

(Leipzig, 1840).57. Ibid ., p. 2.58. F. Schlegel, Kritische Ausgabe, Val. VI, pp. 252-3.59. Köppen, op. cit., p. 41.60. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA2

) (Berlin, 1975- ),1/1, p. 47.

61. Ibid., p. 53.62. Ibid., pp. 55-6.63. GW.F. Hege!, Geschichte derPhilosophie, Werke, Vol. XIII, p. 99.64. On 31 May 1858 Marx wrote to Ferdinand Lassalle in eonnection with

the latter's book on Heraclitis: '... about eigbteen years ago I attempteda similar work on ... Epieurus - namely the portrayal of a eompletesystem from fragments, a system whieb I am convinced ... was .. . only irnplicitly (an sich) present in his work, not conseiously as a system.' Karl Marx Frederick Engels Werke (MEW) (Berlin, 1956- ), Val.XXIX, p. 561.

65. Köppen, op. cit., pp . 171-2.66. G. Mayer, 'Die Anfinge des politischen Radikalismus im vorm ärzliehen

Preussen', Zeitschrift für Politik, No. 6 (1913), pp. 12-14.67. Amold Ruges Briefuiechsel und Tagebuchblauer. p. 154.68. Mayer, op. cit ., p. 14.69. J.E. Toews, Hegelianism, p. 88.70. Panasiuk, op. cit., pp. 142-3.71. Ibid., p. 143.72. F. Mehring, Karl Marx: The Story of his Life, trans. Edward Fitzgerald

(Ann Arbor, 1973), pp. 35-6.73. Marx to Ruge , 27 April 1842, MEGA2 IIl/1, p. 26.74. This was not of course anthropology in the modern sense . It included

Steffens's ideas on the formation of the earth, the Natural seiences,and Soeiety based on Individuality. The publisbed version of his lectures is H. Steffens, Anthropologie, 2 vols (Breslau, 1822) .

75. S. Prawer, KarlMarx and Warld Literature (Oxford, 1978), pp . 3, 9; KarlMarx Friedrich Engels Collected Works, Vol. I, p. 703.

76. Panasiuk, op. cit., p. 109.77. 'Kar! Streckfuß und das Preußenthum. Von einem Würtemberger',

Hallische jahrbücher, 1839, pp. 2100-1.78. lbid., p. 2093.79. Ibid., p. 2100 .80. Ibid.


81. Arnold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, p. 177.82. A. Ruge, 'Zur Kritik des gegenwärtigen Staats- und Völkerrechts',

Hallisehe jahrbücher, 1840, pp. 1211.83. Ibid., p. 1204.84. A. Ruge, 'Friedrich von Florencourt und die Kategorieen der poli-

tischen Praxis', Hallische jahrbücher, 1840, p. 2254.85. Deutsche jahrbücher, 1841, p. 5.86. MEGN I/I, pp . 89-90.87. MEGA2 III/1, pp. 58-9.88. L. Feuerbach, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. II, p. 222.89. L. Feuerbach, 'Kritik der Hegel'schen Philosophie', Hallischejahrbücher,

1839, pp. 1724-6.90. L. Feuerbach, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. II, p. 304.91. Ibid., p. 239.92. Ibid ., p. 280.93. Ibid., p. 288.94. Ibid., p. 233.95. Marx to Ruge, 13 March 1843, MEGA2 III/1, p . 45.96. A. Ruge, 'Die Hegeische Rechtsphilosophie und die Politik unsrer

Zeit', Deutsche jahrbücher, 1842, p . 762.97. A. Ruge, 'Die wahre Romantik und der falsche Protestantismus, ein

Gegenmanifest' , Deutsche jahrbücher, 1842, P: 677.98. A. Ruge, 'Der christliche Staat. Gegen den Wirtemberger über das

Preußenthum', Deutschejahrbücher, 1842, pp. 1065-6.99. Ibid., p. 1067.

100. Ibid., pp. 1067-8.101. Ibid. , p. 1068.102. Ibid, pp. 1070-2.103. B. Bauer, 'Der christliche Staat und unsere Zeit', Hallische jahrbücher,

1841, pp. 537-58.104. MEGA2 III/1, pp. 22, 24.105. MEW, Vol. I, p. 216.106. Ibid., pp. 212-13, 217.107. 1bid., pp. 222, 248-9.108. Ibid., p. 285.109. Ibid., p. 250.110. Ibid., p. 266.llI. Ibid ., pp. 233-4.112. Ibid., pp. 355-6.113. Ibid., p. 370.1I4. Ibid., p. 390.115. Ibid., p. 391.116. Ibid., p. 508.117. Ibid., p. 515.118. Ibid., p. 513.1I 9. Ibid ., p. 515.120. Ibid., p. 505.121. Panasiuk, op. cit., pp. 198-9.122. E. Bauer, DerStreitderKritik mit Kirche und Staat (Berne. 1844), p. 214.

Notes to Chapter 4

123. Ibid., p. 204.124. Ibid., p. 264.125. Ibid., p. 268.126. MEW, Vol. 11, p. 126.127. Ibid., p. 138.128. MEW, Vol. IlI, pp. 5-6.

CHAPTER 4 MARX

379

1. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA2) , (Berlin, 1975- )

1/2, p. 376.2. Ibid., p. 374.3. MEGA2

, 1/2, p. 322.4. Ibid., p. 389.5. MEGN, I/2, p. 396.6. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Werke (MEW), Vol. 11, p. 138.7. Ibid., p . 296.8. MEW, Vol. 11, p. 132.9. MEGA2

, 1/2, pp. 275.10. Ibid., p. 267.11. Ibid.12. Ibid., p. 377.13. Ibid ., p . 254.14. Ibid. , p. 296.15. Ibid.16. The ward 'only' here is important, It implies that although Feuerbach

was wrong to conceive human essence entirely in terms as speciesbeing, this element was nevertheless present.

17. MEW, Vol. IlI, p. 6.18. Ibid.19. Ibid., p . 7.20. Ibid. , pp. 5-6.21. Ibid. , p . 27.22. Ibid ., p. 402.23. Ibid., p. 26.24. Ibid. The metaphor of the camera obscura is used by Ruge and

Echtermeyer, who speak of 'the camera obscura of the Romantic viewpoint'. (Hallische jahrbücher, 1839, No. 270, p. 2157.)

25. Ibid., p. 21.26. Ibid ., pp. 29-30.27. Ibid., pp. 32-3.28. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Collected

Works (MECW), Vol. VI, p. 165.29. Ibid., p. 27.30. Marx to Lassalle, 12 November 1858, MEW, Vol. XXIX, p. 566.31. Marx to Lassalle, 22 February 1858, ibid., p. 550.32. Ibid., p. 551.33. Ibid., p. 550.

380

34.

35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.

45.

46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.

Notes to Chapter 4

F.T. Vischer, Aesthetik oder WissenscluLjt des Schönen, 3 vols (Reutlingen,Leipzi~ and Stuttgart, 1846-1854).MEGA II/l.l, pp. 151-2.MEGA2 II/l.l, pp. 320-1.MEGA2 II/3.6, p. 2269.MEGN II/l.l, p. 187.Ibid., p. 199.MEGA2 II/3.4, p. 1505.MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 42.MEGA2 II/3.4, p. 1302.MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 89.K. Marx, Zur Kritik dRY Politischen Oekonomie (Berlin, 1859), p. 7; MEGA2

II/2, p. 107.Here and e1sewhere in his writings prior to 1872 Marx regarded theterms 'value' and 'exchange value' as synonymous. He made this explicit in the second draft of his 'Critique of Political Economy'. Therehe explained: 'If we employ the word ualue without further designation, it is always to be understood as exchange ualue' (MEGA2 II/3.1,p. 9) . In the first edition of Capital there is a note to this effect:'Hereafter when we use the word "value" without any further qualification, what is meant is always exchange value' (Das Kapital; Hamburg,1867, p. 4; MEGA2 II/5, p. 19). In the second edition of Capital Vol.I (1872) Marx attached a somewhat different meaning to the terrn'value '. He indicated that his earlier statements to the effect that acommodity was a combination of use value and exchange value werenot strictly true, since exchange value was the relationship of onecommodity to another, and could not exist in isolation. Consequently,what each separate commodity consisted in was a combination of usevalue (which could exist by itself) and 'value' - 'the Appearance formof the commodity distinct from its Natural form' (MEGA211/6, p. 92).MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 76. My emphasis j .w.Ibid., p. 81.Ibid. , p. 147.Ibid., p. 38.Ibid., pp. 134 ff.~EGA2 II/2, p. 164.~EGA2 II/l.l, p. 176; II/2, pp. 67-8.~EGA2 II/2, p. 64.MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 178.Ibid. , p. 414.Ibid.MEGN II/1.2, p. 415.In Schelling's system each pair of relative opposites along with thehigher unity in which they found their identity formed a triad whosemembers were termed 'powers' or Potenzen. The primary set of Potenzenwas that comprising Reflection, Subsumption and Reason. By this triad,Schelling incorporated in his system the concept to which the Speculative method owed its existence. Schelling defined Subsumption asthe opposite of Reflection: '[ust as the first Potenz. is the presentation


of Essence in Form, so we designate the one which illuminates Formand presents it as Essence as the second Potenz. This one is characterised by the presentation of Form in Essence by the taking up of thefinite into the infinite, and which, in contrast to the first Potenz, weshall call Subsumption' (Schelling, WerkeVol. IV, p. 420). Since Marxregards human Social Nature as the thing to which all else is ultimately Subsumed, and the driving force of human history, he - likeSchelling - sees Subsumption as the counter to Reflection.

59. Ibid., p . 168. See also MEGN II/2, p. 60.60. MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 91.61. MEGN H/1.2, p. 438.62. Ibid.63. Ibid ., pp. 320-1.64. Ibid., p. 323.65. MEGA2 H/1.2, p. 624.66. Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Politischen OekonomieErstes Heft, Berlin, 1859.67. MEGN H/3.1, pp. 167-8.68. K. Marx, Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie, p. V; MEGA2 II/2, p. 100.69. Zur Kritik, p. V; MEGA2 H/2, p. 101.70. Zur Kritik, p. VI; MEGN H/2, p. 101.71. MEW, Val. 111, pp. 24-5.72. Marx to Engels, 14 June 1853, MEW, Vol. XXVIII, p. 267.73. MEGA2 II/l.l, pp. 380-1.74. MEGA2 n/i.i, p. 40.75. MEGA2 II/3.6, p. 2269.76. MEGN II/1.2, p. 379.77. Ibid., p. 406.78. Ibid. , pp. 397-8.79. MEGN H/2, p. 101.80. Zur Kritik, p. 10; MEGN H/2, p. Il3.81. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI (Leipzig, 1880), pp. Il9-20.82. A. von Haxthausen, Ueber die Agrarverfassung in Norddeutschland und

deren Conflicte in der gegenwärtigen Zeit (Berlin, 1829), pp. 50-1.83. Ibid. , p. 188.84. A. von Haxthausen, Studien über die inneren Zustände, das Volksleben und

insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands, Vol. I (Hannover,1847), p. XII.

85. Ibid. , p. 83; Studien , Vol. H (Hannover, 1847), pp. 554-5.86. Haxthausen, Studien , Vol. III (Hannover, 1852), p. 3.87. A.I. Gertsen, Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. H, p. 288.88. A.I. Gertsen, Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. VII, pp. 274-5.89. Ibid ., pp. 301-2.90. MEW Vol. XXIX, p. 360.91. MEGA2 II/5, p. 625.92. Marx to Engels, 9 December 1861, MEW Vol. XXX, p. 207.93. MEGA2 H/3.1, pp. 48, 56.94. Ibid., p. 77.95. Ibid, pp. 162-90.96. MEGA2 II/3.6, p. 2144.


97. MEGN 11/3.1, p. 286.98. Ibid., p. 233.99. MEGA2 11/3.1, p. 286.

100. MEGN 11/3.6, p. 2142.101. Ibid., p. 2144.102. MEGA2 11/3.6, p. 2173.103. Ibid., p. 2180.104. MEGA2 11/3.5, p. 1862.105. MEGN 11/3.4, p. 1499.106. MEGN 11/3.6, p. 2299.107. Marx to Kugelmann, 28 December 1862, MEW, Vol. XXX, p. 639.108. Marx to Engels, 29 May 1863, MEW, Vol. XXX, p. 350.109. MEGA2 11/3.5, pp. 1861-2.110 . Arkhiv K. Marksa i F Engel'sa, Vol. 11 (VII), pp . XIII-XIV.111. Ibid., p. 466.112. Ibid., p. 182.113. Ibid., p. 178.114. Ibid., p. 184.115. Ibid., p. 170.116. V. Vygodsky, L. Mis'kevich, M. Ternovsky, A. Chepurenko, '0 period

izatsii raboty K. Marksa nad "Kapitalom" v 1863-1867 gg.', Voprosyekonomiki, 1981, No. 8, p. 142; Ocherki po istorii "Kapitala" K. Marksa(Moscow, 1983), p. 102.

117. Marx to Kugelmann, 13 October 1866, MEW, Vol. XXXI, p. 534.118. MEW, Vol. XXV, p. 33.119. MEGN 11/3.5, p. 186.120. Ocherki, pp. 151-2.121. MEGA2 11/4.2, p. 225; V. Vygodsky, L. Mis'kevich, M. Ternovsky, A.

Chepurenko, '0 periodizatsii raboty K. Marksa nad "Kapitalom" v 18631867 gg.', p. 104.

122. A.Yu. Chepurenko, 'Iz istorii vtoroy knigi "Kapitala" Marksa', Ocherki,pp. 206-48.

123. MEGA2 11/4.1, p. 178.124. Ibid ., p. 178.125. Ibid., p. 205.126. Ibid., p. 208.127. Ibid., p. 163.128. Ibid., p. 353.129. Ibid., pp. 172-3.130. Ibid., pp . 190, 208.131. Engels to Marx, 16June 1867, MEW, Vol. XXXI, p. 303.132. Marx to Engels, 22 June 1867, MEW, Vol. XXXI, p. 306.133. Das Kapital (Hamburg, 1867), pp. VII-VIII; MEGA2 11/5, pp. 11-12.134. See MEGN 11/5, pp. 136, 140, 160.135. Ibid ., p. 136.136. Ibid ., p. 132.137. Ibid., p. 435.138. Ibid., p. 143.139. Ibid., pp. 461-2 .


140. Ibid., p. 575.141. MEGA2 1I/4.1, p . 412.142. MEGA2 1I/5, p. 609.143. Ibid., pp. 609-10.144. Ibid., p. 12.145. Marx to Engels, 2 April 1858, MEW, Vol. XXIX, p. 315.146. V.G. Veber, lstariograficheskie problemy (Moscow, 1974), pp. 37-41.147. MEGN 11/1.2, pp. 387-8.148. A. Dopsch, The Economic and Social Foundations 0/European Civilisation

(London, 1937), p. 13.149. Ibid.; Veber, op. cit., p. 45.150. G. Maurer, Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark-, Hof, Dorf, und Stadt

Verfassung und der öffentlichen Gewalt (Munieh, 1854), p. 3.151. At the time this letter was written the works by Maurer which Marx

had read were Einleitung zur Geschichte derMark-, Hof, Dorf, und StadtVerfassung und deröffentlichen Gewalt (Munieh, 1854) and Geschichte derMarkenverfassung in Deutschland, 2 vols (Erlangen, 1865-66). See H.Harstick, Karl Man: überFormen vorkapitalistischer Produktion (Frankfurt!New York, 1977), p. 246.

152. Their tillage is separate and apart.153. They do not layout their villages with the buildings connected and

joined together, as is our custom; each surrounds his dwelling with aclear strip of land.

154. In clans and kinship groups, which settled together.155. MEGA2 11/7 contains a full textual comparison of the second German

edition and the French translation of Capital.156. K. Marx, Le Capital; traduction de MJ. Roy, entierernent revisee par

I'auteur (Paris, 1872-5), p. 220; MEGA2 1If7, p. 855.157. Le Capital, p. 315.158. MEGA2 1I/5, p. 576.159. Le Capital, p. 315; MEGA2 11/7, p. 634.160. Ibid.161. K. Marx, Das Kapital; 2nd edn (Hamburg, 1872) , p. 822; MEGN

11/6, p. 709.

CHAPTER 5 MARX AND THE RUSSIANS

1. B.N. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskva sorokouykh godov (Moscow, 1929),p. 172.

2. 'Pis'rno k izdatelyu', Golosa iz Rossii, Vol. I (London, 1856) (ReprintMoscow, 1974), p. 23.

3. RN. Chicherin, '0 krepostnom sostoyanii', Golosa iz Rossii, Val. 1I(London, 1856), p. 177.

4. Ibid ., p. 180.5. Ihid ., p. 144; NA Tsagolov, Ocherki russlwy ekonomicheskoy mysliperioda

padeniya krepostnogo prava (Moscow, 1956), pp. 282-4.6, 'Ob osvohozhdenii krest 'yan v Rossii', Golosa iz Rossii, Vol. V (London,

1858) , p. 49; Tsagolov, op. eit., pp. 220, 225.


7. Quoted in Tsagolov, ap. cit., p. 226.8. Ibirl., p. 226.9. A. Skrebitsky, Kresi'[anskoe delo v tsarstuooanie Imperatora Aleksandra H,

Val. I (Bann, 1862), pp. 1-11.10. Ibirl.11. Ibid., pp. IlI-IX.12. B.N. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskovsky universitet (Moscow, 1929),

p. 12.13. 'Peasant Proprietors', Quarterly Review, Val. 151, No. 302, 1881, p. 441.14. Ibid., p. 439.15. Ibid., p. 437.16. VA Aleksandrov, Sel'skaya obshchina v Rossii (XVII-nachalo XIX v.),

(Moscow, 1976), p. 3.17. B.N. Chicherin, 'Obzor istoricheskogo razvitiya sel'skoy obshchiny v

Rossii', Opyty po istorii russkogo prava (Moscow, 1858), p. 4.18. B.N. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskva sorokovykh godov, pp. 262-3.19. Chicherin, 'Obzor .. .', p . 24.20. VA Kitaev, Ot jrondy k okhranitel'stvu: Iz istorii russkoy liberal'noy mysli

50-60 kh godov XIX veka (Moscow, 1972), p . 78.21. Ibid., p. 78.22. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskoa sorokovykh godov, pp . 264-5.23. YU.F. Samarin, Sochineniya, Vol. II (Moscow, 1878), p. 171.24. Samarin, Sochineniya, Vol. III (Moscow, 1885), p . 454.25. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. V, p. 362.26. Chemyshevsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. IX, p. 155.27. Ibid., p. 87.28. Ibid. , p. 403.29. Ibid ., p. 403.30. Arkhiv K. Matksa i F. Engel'sa, Val. XI, p. 178.31. Ibid ., pp . 181-94.32. K. Marks, F. Engel's i revolyutsionnaya Rossiya [hereafter MERR) (Mos

cow, 1967), pp. 158-9.33. B. Nikolaevsky, 'Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa',

ArkhivK. Marksa iF. Engel'sa, Vol. IV (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929), p. 391.34. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Izbrannye sochineniya, Vol. II (Moscow-Leningrad,

1937), p. LXIII.35. Ibid., p. XX.36. Ibid., p. XV. Marx's emphasis.37. Ibid., p. XXXIV. Marx's emphasis.38. Ibid., p. XLVIII.39. Das Kapital, 2 edn (Hamburg, 1872), pp. 816-17.40. German Aleksandrovich Lopatin (1845-1918) (Petrograd, 1922), p. 71.41. MERR, p. 281.42. Ibid., p. 278.43. Pis'maKarlaMarksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolasu-onu, trans. GA Lopatin

(St Petersburg, 1908), p. 1.44. MERR, p. 158.45. Ts.1. Grin, Pereoodchik i izdatel' 'Kapitala' (Moscow, 1985), pp . 66-9.46. OA Saykin, Pervy russkyperevodchik 'Kapitaiß' (Moscow, 1983), pp. 14

20.


47. Marx to Engels, 5 July 1870, Karl Marx Fredenck Engels Werke (MEW),Vol. XXXII, p. 520 .

48. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Coltected Works (MECW), Vol. 44, p. 386.49. V.F. Antonov, Russky drug Marksa (German Aleksandrovich Lopatin)

(Moscow, 1962), p. 37.50. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. II.51. MERR, p. 233 .52. Ibid., p. 240.53. Details of Sieber's life can be found in L.M. Kleynbort, Nikolay lvanovich

Ziber (Petrograd, 1923).54. N.I. Sieber, Teoriya tsennosti i kapitalaD. Rikardo v svyazi s pozdneyshimi

dopolneniyami i raz'yasneniyami. Ojryt kritiklrekonomicheskogo issledovaniya(Kiev, 1871), pp. 10-11 .

55. Ibid., p. 13; Adam Smith, The Wealth ofNations, Everyman, Vol. I, p. 13.56. Sieber, op. cit., p. 3.57. Ibid., p. 52 .58. Ibid., p. 261.59. Ibid., pp. 169-70.60. Das Kapital, 2 edn (Hamburg, 1872), pp . 818-19.61. MERR, pp. 278-9.62. Das Kapital, 2 edn (Hamburg, 1872), p. 818.63. MEW, Vol. 19, p. 358.64. MERR, p. 311.65. N.I. Sieber, DavidRikardo i KarlMarksv ikh obshchestocnno-ekonomicheskikli

issledovaniyakh (Moscow, 1937), p. II.66. Letopisi marksizma, 1927, No. IV, p. 61.67. Yu. Zhukovsky, 'Karl Marks i ego kniga 0 kapitale', Vestnik Evropy,

Vol. V, 1877, pp. 67-72.68. Ibid. , pp. 75-7.69. Ibid ., p. 103.70. Ibid., pp. 103-4.71. N.!. Sieber, lzbrannyeekonomic1l.eskieproizvedeniya, Vol. I (Moscow, 1959),

p .562.72. Ibid., p. 564.73. Ibid., p. 568.74. Ibid. , pp. 583-4.75. Marx to Danielson , 15 November 1878, Letters of Marx and Engels.

Presented by N.F. Danielson. The British Library, Department of Manuscripts: MECW, Val. 45, p. 343; Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikh Engel'sak Niholayu-onu, p. 16; MERR, p. 352 .

76. N.K. Mikhailovsky, 'Karl Marks pered sudom g. Yu. Zhukovskoga',Otechestvennye zapiski, No. X, 1877, pp. 322-4.

77. Ibid ., pp. 325-6.78. Ibid., p. 326. _79. 'Leure sur le Developpernent Econornique de la Russie ', Le mouuement

socialiste, Val. VII, No. 93, 1992, p. 970; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 199.80. 'Lettre sur le Developpernent Economique de la Russie', p. 971; MECW,

Vol. 24, p . 199.81. 'Lettre sur le Developpement Economique de la Russie', p. 971; MECW,

Vol. 24, p. 200.


82. Ibid., pp. 200-1; 'Lettre sur le Developpernent Economique de laRussie', pp. 971-2.

83. OchIJYki po istorii 'Kapitala'K. Marksa (Moscow, 1983), pp. 336-7; Pis'maKarla Marksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. 113.

84 . Danielson to NA Kablukov in Moscow, 4June 1888, Ocherki po istorii'Kapitala ' K. Marksa, p. 366.

85. Pis'ma Karla Matksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Nikolay-onu, p. 114.86. Ts.I. Grin, op. eit., p. 132.87. MERR, p. 339.88. N.K. Mikhaylovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. VII (St Petersburg,

1909), p. 327.89. Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa (Moseow, 1979). p.

XVII; Karl MarksFridrikh Engel's Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. L, pp. 375-81.90. MERR, p. 339.91. Marx to Danielson 22 Mareh 1873, Letters of Marx and Engels, British

Library Department of Manuscripts.92. Copy in International Institute of Soeial History, Amsterdam (IISG).93. Nikolaevsky, op. cit., p. 403.94. Ibid., pp. 407-10; Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh K. Marksa i F. Engelsa,

pp. 34-5.95. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 163.96. K.D. Kavelin, 'Obshehinnoe vladenie'. Offprint from Nedelya, Nos.

3-7, 1876. Marx's copy in IISG, p. 4 (Marx's emphasis).97. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XI, pp. 18-20.98. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 5.99 . A. von Haxthausen, Die ländliche Verfassung Russlands (Leipzig, 1866) .

100. A.I. Skrebitsky, Kresi'yanskoe delo v tsarstvovanie Aleksandra II, 4 vols(Bonn, 1862-8).

101. R. Stupperieh,jurij Samarmund dieAnfängedI!Y Bauetbefreiung in Russland,2nd edn (Wiesbaden, 1969), pp. 41-2, 102.

102. Skrebitsky, op . cit., Vol. I, p. A; Haxthausen, Die ländliche VerfassungRußlands (Leipzig, 1866), P: VI; R.P. Konyushaya, Karl Marks irevolyutsionnaya Rossiya (Moscow, 1985), p. 103.

103. Arkhiv K. Marksa i f~ Engel'sa, Vol. XII (Moseow, 1952), p. 3.104. Skrebitsky, op. cit., pp. LXXXVIII, XCVIII.105. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 4.106. MERR, p. 25.107. Ibid.108. N. Flerovsky, Polozhenie rabochego klassa v Rossii (St Petersburg, 1869),

p.45.109. Ibid., p. 46.11O. Ibid., p. 48.111. Ibid., pp. 82-4.112. Ibid., p. 79.113. Ibid., p. 303.114. Ibid., p. 58.115. Marx to Engels, 12 February 1870, MEW, Vol. XXXII, p. 443.116. Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh. K. Maiksa i F. Engel'sa, p. 29.117. MERR, p. 324.


118. Arkhiv K. Marksn i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XVI, p. 8.119. Ibid., p. 45.120. Ibid.121. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 15.122. Ibid., pp . 140-1.123. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XI, p. 54.124. Ibid., p. 113.125. Ibid., p. 107.126. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 81.127. Ibid., p . 80.128. Briefe über 'Das Kapital', p. 256; MERR, p. 437.129. Nikolay-on (N.F. Daniel'son), 'Ocherki nashego poreformennogo

obshchestvennogo khozyaystva', Slovo, October 1880, p. 79.130. Ibid., p. 80.131. Ibid., p. 85.132. Ibid., p. 96.133. Ibid., p. 103.134. Arkhiv K. Marks i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, pp. 23-5.135. Ibid., pp. 25-8.136. Konyushaya, Karl Marks i revolyutsionnaya Rossiya, pp. 156, 177, 180,

215, 234, 240, 242, 243-4.137. N.K. Karataev (ed.), Narodnicheskaya ekonomicheskaya literatura (Mos

cow, 1958), pp. 475-81.138. Ibid., p. 472.139. N.!. Sieber, Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya, Vol. 2 (Moscow, 1959),

p.673.140. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Moya zhizri', Istoriya i istoriki. Istoriograficheskyezhegodnik

1973 (Moscow, 1975), p. 277.141. Ocherk istorii raspadeniya obshchinnogo zemlevladeniya v kantoneVaadt (Lon

don, 1876); Umriss einer Geschichte der Zerstückelung der Feldgemeinschaftim Kanton Waadt (Zurich, 1877).

142. Ocherk istorii raspadeniya obshchinnogo zemlevladeniya v kanunie Vaadt,p. !.

143. i. Ivanovsky, M.M. Kovalevsky (Petrograd, 1916), p. 7; BA Kaloev M.M.Kovalevsky i ego issledovaniya gorskikh narodov Kavkaza (Moscow, 1979) ,p. 10.

144. M.M. Kovalevsky, Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, prichiny, khod i posledstviyaego razlozheniya (Moscow, 1879).

145. M.M. Kova1evsky, 'Moe nauchnoe i literaturnoe skital'ehestvo', Russkayamysi', No. 1, 1895, p. 71.

146. A.P. Kazakov, Teoriya progressa v russkoy sotsiologii kontsa XIX ueka(Moscow, 1979), p. 100.

147. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Dve zhizni', Vestnik Evropy, No. 7, 1909, p. 19.148. Karl Marks Fridrikh Engel's Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. L, pp. 379-80.149. Ivanovsky, op. eit., p. 12.150. B.N. Chieherin, Vospominaniya, pp. 69-71; Kaloev, op. cit., p. 14.151. Maksim Kovalevsky 1851-1916. Sbomik statey (Petrograd, 1918), p. 17.152. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 409; I\1.M. Kovalevsky, 'Dve zhizni', Vestnik Evropy,

No. 7, 1909, p. 11.


153. Kovalevsky, Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, p. IlI .154. 1bid., pp. VI-VII.155. Ibid ., pp. 29-30.156. Ibid., pp. 27-32.157. Ibid., p. 34.158. Ibid., p. 27.159. Ibid., p. 75.160. Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, pp. 85-7.161. Ibid ., p. 81.162. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Le passage historique de la propriete eolleetive ä la

propriete individuelle ', Annales de l'Institut International de Sociologie,Vol. II, Paris, 1896, p. 181.

163. Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, pp . 129, 132.164. Ibid., p. 149.165. Ibid., p. 153.166. Ibid ., p. 153.167. See his Sovremenny obychay i drevniy zakon, Vol. I (Moseow, 1886), p. 32;

Ekonomichesky rost Evropy do uozniknoueniya kapitalisticheskogo khozyaystva,Vol. I (Moseow 1898), pp. 384-6.

168. H .-P. Harstiek, Karl Marx über Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion:Vergleichende Studien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums 1879-80 (Frankfurt/New York, 1977), p. 76.

169. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA2) 1/2, p. 230.

170. International Institute of Soeial History, Amsterdam, Marx-EngelsNachlass B 134, p. 21; Harstiek, op. eit., p. 150.

171. Adam Müller, Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, ed.Jakob Baxa (jena 1921) ,pp. 104-5, 122.

172. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 136.173. Harstiek, op . cit., p. 69.174. D. Rjazanow, 'Vera Zasulic und Karl Marx' , Marx-Engels Archiv, Vol. I

(Frankfurt am Main, 1926), p. 324.175. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 21.176. Ibid., pp. 163-6.177. Ibid., pp. 193-4.178. Ibid., p. 184.179. Harstiek, op . cit., p. 88.180. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 196.181. Ibid., p. 225.182. Harstiek, op . cit., p. 107.183. Kovalevsky to Lavrov, July 1844, Russkie sovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F.

Engel'se, p. 206.184. L. Bazylow, Ostatnie lata Rosji carskiej: Rzqdy Stolypina (Warsaw, 1972),

pp . 219, 284.185. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 4.186. Rjazanow, 'Vera Zasulic und Karl Marx', p. 322.187. K. Marx, Ethnological Notebooks, ed. L. Krader (Assen, 1975) , p. 139.

Marx's emphasis.188. N.I. Sieber, lzbrannyeekonomicheskieproiwedeniya, Vol. 2 (Moscow, 1959),

p.206.


189. Russkiesovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel'se, p. 78.190. MECW, Vol. 46, p. 64.191. M.M. Kovalevsky, Sovremennye sotsiologi (St Petersburg, 1905), p. 308.192. Rjazanov, 'Vera Zasulic und Kar! Marx', pp. 34 1-2; MECW, Vol. 46,

p. 72-193. Rjazanov, pp. 320, 336; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 350, 366.194. Rjazanov, pp. 320, 326; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 350, 353-4.195. Rjazanov, pp . 332, 336, 320; MECW, Vol. 24, pp . 363, 366, 350.196. Rjazanov, pp. 332, 336; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 363, 366.197. Rjazanov, pp. 321, 333, 337; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 351, 363,367.198. Rjazanov, p. 321; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 351.199. Harstiek, op. eit., p. 47.200. Rjazanov, op. eit., p. 333; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 363.201. Rjazanov, p. 322; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 351.202. Rjazanov, pp. 322, 338; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 352, 367.203. Rjazanov, p. 320; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 359.204. ~azanov, p. 335; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 365.205. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Warks, Vol. I (Moscow, 1969),

pp . 498-9.206. Rjazanov, op. cit., p. 327; MECW, VOI. 24, pp. 354-5.207. Rjazanov, p. 328; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 357.208. Rjazanov, p. 327; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 354-5.209. Rjazanov, pp. 328-9; MECW. Vol. 24, p. 364.210. Rjazanov, p. 330; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 360.211. Rjazanov, p. 329; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 360.212. Rjazanov, p. 319; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 349.213. Rjazanov, pp. 332, 335; MECW, Vol. 24, pp . 362, 365.214. Rjazanov, p. 323; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 352-3.215. Rjazanov, p. 333; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 363.216. Rjazanov, p. 324; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 353.

CHAPTER 6 ENGELS

I. P. Lafargue, 'Persönliche Errinnerungen an Friedrich Engels', DieneueZeit, Vol. XXIII/2, p. 560. See also Engels's letter to FA Sorge of 29

June 1883, Karl Marx Frederick Engels Werke (MEW), Vol. XXXVI, p. 46.2. Pis'maKarla Matksa iFridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, trans. GA Lopatin

(St Petersburg, 1908), p. V.3. Karl Marx Fredenck Engels Collected Warks, Vol. 47, p. 88.4. Russkie sovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel'se, p. 206.5. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. V.6. Ochetki po istorii 'Kapitala' K. Marksa (Moscow, 1983), p . 363.7. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. V.8. MEW, Vol. XXV, p. 14.9. Engels to Bebel, 30 August 1883, MEW, Vol. XXXVI, p. 56.

10. Friederich Engels, DerUrsprung derFamilie, des Privateigenthums und desStaats, Vierte Auflage (Stuttgart, 1892), p. VII.


11. H.-P. Harstick, Karl Marx über Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion:VergleichendeStudien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums 1879-80 (Frankfurt/New York, 1977), p. XLVIII.

12. Ibid.13. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Selected Works, Vol. 1, pp. 108-9.14. MEW, Vol. XIII, p. 469.15. Ibid., p. 511.16. Marx interpreted Darwin in his own terms: 'It is notable that Darwin

recognises among the beasts and plants his own English society withits divisions of labour, competition, opening of new markets, "inventions" and Malthusian "struggle for existence". This is Hobbes's bellumomnium contra omnes, and it reminds one of Hegel in his Phenomenolog;y, where civil socie ty appears as a "spiritual anima! kingdom", whilethe anima! kingdom appears to Darwin as civil society .. . ' Marx toEngels, 18 June 1862, Briefe über 'Das Kapital', p. 105.

17. F. Engels, Herrn Eugen Diihring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, 2nd edn(Zürich, 1886), pp. 9-10.

18. Ibid., p. 6.19. Anti-Dühring, p. 133.20. F. Engels, Dialektik der Natur, MEGA2 1/26, p. 175.21. Anti-Dühring, p. 11.22. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen

Philosophie (Stuttgart, 1888), p. 17.23. Ibid., p. 43.24. Ibid., p. 11.25. Ibid., p. 12.26. Ibid., p. 25.27. P.N. Tkachev, Sochineniya, Vol. II (Moscow, 1976), pp. 18-23.28. Filozojia spoJeczna narodnictwa rosyjskiego: Wyb6r pism, ed. A. Walicki,

Vol. II (Warsaw, 1965) , pp. 496-500.29. MERR, p. 65; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 42-3.30. MERR, p. 70; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 48.31. Ibid. , MERR, p. 70.32. LN. Kurbatova, Nachalo rasprostraneniya marksizma v Rossii (Moscow,

1983), p. 35.33. MEW, Vol. XIX, p. 296.34. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. 114; Ts.l. Grin,

Perevodchik i izdatel' 'Kapitala' (Moscow, 1985), p . 133.35. MERR, pp. 500, 504.36. Ibid., p. 765.37. Vestnik Narodnoy Voli, No. 5, 1886, p. 214.38. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. XIII .39. Ibid., p. VI.40. Danielson to Engels, March 1892, MERR, p. 601.41. MEW, Vol. XXIV, p. 318.42. Danielson to Engels 7 July 1892, MERR, p. 619; Karataev, op. cit.,

p.569.43. Engels to Danielson, 15 March 1892, Briefe über 'Kapital', p. 339; ~ERR,

p.600.


44. Engels to Danielson, 22 September 1892, Briefe über 'Das Kapital',p. 354, original in English; MERR, p. 625.

45. Engels to Danielson, 24 February 1893, MERR, p. 645.

CHAPTER 7 PLEKHANOV

1. G.V. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, ed . D. Ryazanov, 24 vols (Moscow, 192327), Vol. III, p. 129.

2. P.N. Tkaehev, Sochineniya, Vol. I (Moseow, 1975), p. 100.3. E. Serebryakov, 'Obshehestvo "Zemlya i Volya"', Materialy dlya Istorii

Russkogo Sotsial'no-Revolyutsionnago dvizheniya, Vol. XI (Geneva, 1894),p.26.

4. S.H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father 0/Russian Marxism (Stanford, 1963),p. 50; Franz Mehring, KarlMarx: TheStory 0/His Life, trans. E. Fitzgerald(Michigan, 1962), p. 404.

5. Engels to T. Cuno, 24 January 1872, Karl Marx Frederick Engels Coll.ectedWorks, Vol. 44, pp. 306-7; Michael Bakunin, Statism and Anarchy (Carnbridge, 1990), esp. pp. 198-217.

6. V. Bogueharsky, Aktivnoe narodnichestvo semidesyatykh godov (Moscow,1912), p. 85.

7. Zemlya i Volya, 25 Oetober 1878, Revolyutsionnaya zhurnalistika semidesyatykh godov XIX veka (Rostov-on-Don , n.d.) , p. 70.

8. Ibid.9. Ibid., p. 72.

10. K. Sivkov, 'Deystvitel'nye raznoglasiya mezhdu gruppoy "Osvobozhdeniye truda" i partiey "narodnaya volya"', L. Deutsch (ed .), Gruppa'Osoobozhdenie Truda', Vol. V (Moscow, 1926), pp. 23-4.

11. Serebryakov, op. cit., p. 9; Ix programmnykh statey 'Chernogo Peredela'(Geneva, 1903), p . 3; O.V. Aptekman, 'Cherny Peredel', Pamyatnikiagitatisionnoy literatury, Vol. I (Moscow-Petrograd, 1923) , p. 99.

12. Revolyutsionnaya zhurnalistika, p. 147.13. N.I. Sieber, David Rikardoi KarlMarksv ikh obshchestoenno-ekonomicheskikh

issledouaniyakh. (St Petersburg, 1897), p. 395.14. Ibid., p . 396.15. Revolyutsionnaya zhumalistika, p. 150.16. G.v. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 82.17. Ibid. , p. 87.18. Revolyutsionnaya zhurnalistika, p. 74.19. Quoted in M.G. Sedov, Geroichesky period revolyutsionnogo narodnichestva

(Moscow, 1966), p. 71.20. MERR, pp. 353-4.21. G.V. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, pp. 114, 116.22. Literaturn sotsial'no-revolyutsionnoy partii 'Narodnoy voli' (1905) , p. 7.23. Ibid., pp. 78-9.24. Ibid ., p. 80.25. Ibid., p. 337.26. Ibid., p. 338.27. Ibid. , p. 338.


28. Ibid., p. 338; Karl Marx Frederick Engels Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 223.29. VA Tvardovskaya, 'GY Plekhanov i "Narodnaya volya" (K probleme

krizisa narodnicheskogo mirovozzreniya)', V.A. Laverychev (ed.),Gruppa 'Osuobozhdenie truda' i obshchestvenno-politicheskaya bor'ba v Rossii(Moscow, 1984), p. 101.

30. Tvardovskaya, op. cit., p. 95.31. W. Geierhos. Vera Zasulii und die russische revolutionäre Bewegung

(Munich-Vienna, 1977), p. 135.32. MERR, p. 457.33. Geierhios, op. cit., p. 248.34. Literature sotsial'no-revolyutsionnoy partii 'Narodnoy voli', p. 558.35. MERR, p. 504.36. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 151.37. Manifest kommunisticheskoy partii Karla Marksa i Fr. Engel'sa (Geneva,

1882), p. 48.38. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 151.39. It is significant that Plekhanov did not accept Zasulich's translation of

the crueial final sentence in the foreword. Zasulich had accuratelytranslated it as: 'If the Russian revolution becomes the signal for aproletarian revolution in the West, so that the two complement eachother, the present Russian communal (obshchinnoe for Gemein-) ownership of land may serve as the starting-point for a communist development' (Literatum sotsial'no-revolyutsionnoy partii 'Narodnoy voli', p. 558).Plekhanov's rendering was: 'If the Russian revolution becomes thesignal for a workers' revolution in the West, so that the one supplements the other, the present Russian ownership of land may serve asthe starting-point for a communist development' (Manifest kommunisticheskoy partii Karla Marksa i Fr. Engel'sa (Gen eva, 1882), p. VIII).Plekhanov had omitted the important word 'comrnunal' or 'common'.

40. Russkie sovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel/se, pp. 193- 4.41. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Val. 11, p. 48.42. Ibid., p. 27.43. Ibid., p. 39.44. Ibid., p. 71.45. Ibid ., p. 48.46. Ibid., pp. 52-3.47. Ibid., p. 41.48. L. Tikhomirov, 'Chto nam zhdat' at revolvutsii>', Vestnik Narodnoy Voli,

No. 2, 1884, p. 228.49. Ibid., p . 235.50. Ibid ., p. 240.51. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. II, p. 306.52. 1bid., p. 234.53. Ibid., p. 41.54. Ibid., p. 152.55. Vestnik Narodnoy Voli, 1886, No. 5. p. 40.56. Plekhanav, Sochineniya, Val. III, p. 3.57. Ibid., p. 82.58. G. Plekhanov, Novy zashchitnik samoderzhaoiya (Geneva, 1889), p. 3.


59. Ibid., p . 10.60. Hege!, Wissenschaft der Logik, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XI, p. 219.61. Hege! i!lustrates this passage by the example of aState which collapses

when the number of its citizens exceeded a certain number. Theexample given to illustrate the term the 'Cunning of the Concept' isaState which collapses when its territory exceeds a certain area.Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XXI, p. 332.

62. See Gegel' i filosofiya v Rossii (Moscow, 1974) , p. 235.63. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 34.64. Ibid., p . 36.65. Ibid., p. 40.66. Ibid.67. Ibid., p. 44.68. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 262.69. Ibid., pp. 51-2.70. Ibid., p. 50.71. Ibid., p. 47.72. MERR, pp. 648-9.73. K. Kautsky, 'Der französische Materialismus des 18. Jahrhunderts von

Kar! Marx', Die Neue Zeit, Jahrgang III, p. 385.74. F. Engel 's, Lyudvig Feyerbakh, trans. G. Plekhanov (Geneva , 1892),

p. 90; Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VIII, p. 376.75. N.K. Mikhaylovsky, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 379.76. Ibid. , p. 439.77. Ibid., p. 329.78. Ibid., p. 32.79. Ibid., p. 35.80. Ibid. , p. 150.81. Ibid., pp. 170, 183, 426.82. P.L. Lavrov, Filosofiya i sotsiologiya, Vol. I (Moscow, 1965), pp . 43-461.83. Ibid., pp. 575-634, esp. pp. 592, 619, 631.84. P.L. Lavrov, Filosofiya i sotsiologiya, Vol. 11, p. 46.85. Filozofia spdeczna narodnictwa rosyjskiego: Wyb6r pism,ed. Andrzej Walicki,

Vol. I (Warsaw, 1965), pp . 170-2.86. P.L. Lavrov, Filosofiya i sotsiologiya, Vol. 11, p. 122.87. Filosofsko-lieraturnoe nasledie G. V. Plekhanova, Vol. 11 (Moscow, 1973),

p. 147.88. A. Voden, 'Na zare "legal'nogo marksizrna": (lz vospominaniy)', Letopisi

marksizma, No. 4, 1927, pp. 94-5.89. Ibid., p. 91.90. Ibid., p. 93.91. Ibid., pp. 91-2.92. MERR, p. 722.93. A. Voden, 'Na zare "legal'nogo marksizma": (lz vospominaniy) ', Letopisi

marksizma, No. 4, 1927, p. 113.94. Ibid., p. 115.95. Ibid., p. 121.96. Engels to Plekhanov, 26 February 1895, Briefe über 'Das Kapital', p. 369;

MERR, p. 722. Original in French,


97. FridTikh Engel's 0 Rossii, 1) Otvet P.N. Tkachevu (1875) 2) Poslesloviek nemu, Perevod s nemetskogo V. Zasulich (Geneva, 1894); Kurbatova,op. cit., p. 64.

98. Fridrikh Engel's 0 Rossii, pp. III-IV; Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. IX,pp. 30-1.

99. Mikhaylovsky, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 327.100. Ibid ., p. 729.101. Ibid ., pp. 323-4.102. Ibid., p. 765.103. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Dve zhizni', Vestnik Evropy, No. 7, 1909, p. 10.104. Mikhaylovsky, op. cit., p. 327.105. Ibid., pp. 772, 896, 759-60.106. Ibid., p. 771.107. Ibid., p. 734.108. Ibid., p. 735.109. Ibid., p. 736.110. Ibid., p. 731.111. Ibid ., pp. 727, 773.112. Ibid., pp . 765, 897-8.113. Ibid., pp. 675, 677-8.114. Ibid., p. 672.115. Ibid., p. 683.116. Kurbatova, op. cit., p. 133.117. Literatumoe nasledie G.V. Plekhanova, Val. IV, p. 3.118. Ibid. , pp. 29-32 .119. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 245.120. Ibid., p. 156.121. Ibid., p. 95.122. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VI, pp. 75, 109, 114.123. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 186.124. Ibid., p. 140.125. Ibid., p. 160.126. See K. Timeryazev , 'Darwin and Marx', in D. Ryazanoff, KarZ Marx:

Man, Thinker and Revolutionist (London, 1927), pp. 163-75.127. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 197.128. Ibid., p. 208.129. Ibid., p . 163.130. Ibid., p. 160.131. MEW, Vol. XXIII, p. 192. There is a corresponding passage in the first

draft of the 'Critique of Political Economy' which reads as folIows: 'Inthe act af reproduction itself not only are the objective conditionschanged e.g. the village becomes a town, the wilderness a cIeared fieldetc ., but the producers change too, in that they bring out new qualities from within themselves, develop through production new powersand ideas , new modes of intercourse, new needs and new language'(MEGA2 II/1.2, p. 398) . Here it is clearer that the qualities in peoplebrought out by the changes in production had been there in the firstplace.

132. Ibid ., pp . 263-4.


133. Ibid., p. 298; N.!. Sieber, Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. 11 (St Petersburg,1900), p. 718.

134. Plekhanov, op. cit., pp. 298-9; Sieber, op. cit., p. 718.135. Plekhanov, op. cit., p . 299.136. P. Orlovsky [V.V.Vorovsky], K istorii marksizma v Rossii(Moscow, 1919),

pp. 15-16; A.L. Ruel', 'Ziber kak ekonomist', in N.!. Sieber, DavidRikardo i Karl Marks v ikh obshchestvenno-ekonomicheskikh issledovaniyakh(Moscow, 1937), p. UI; N.A. Tsagolov, 'Vydayushchiysya russky ekonomist N.!. Ziber', N.I. Sieber, Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya; Vol.I (Moscow, 1959), p. 21.

CHAPTER 8 STRUVE

1. R. Pipes, Struue: Liberal on theLeft, 1870-1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970),p.76.

2. Ibid., p. 59.3. P. von Struve, 'Zur Beurtheilung der kapitalistischen Entwickelung

Russlands', Sozialpolitisches Centralblatt, No. I, 1893, pp. 2-3; Pipes, op.cit., pp. 91-2. In fact, by the First World War, Russia's agrarian population was still above 80% It was only in the 1950s that the urbanpopulation of the Soviet Union rose above the 40% mark. See Russkykalendar' na 1916 g. (Petrograd, 1916), p. 84; D. Lane, Politics andSociety in the USSR, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1978), p. 592.

4. See Struve, 'Zur Beurtheilung . . .', p. 1.5. P. Struve, Kriticheskie zametki ob ekonomicheskoy razvitiiRossii (St Petersburg,

1894), p. 2.6. Ibid.7. Ibid ., p. 166.8. Ibid ., p. 132.9. V.I. Lenin, Polnoe so/n'anie sochineniy, Vol. I, p . 82.

10. P. Struve , Kritecheskie zametki, p. 44.11. Ibid., p. 45.12. Ibid., p. 42.13. Ibid., p. 180.14. See, for example, P. Nikolaev, Aktiunyprogress i ekonomichesky materializm

(Moscow, 1892) , p. 129; ~.v. Nechkina, Russkaya istoriya v osveshcheniiekonomicheskogo materializma (Kazarr', 1922), p. 26.

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Index

Absolutein Fichte 30, 34in Hege! 71, 76-7, 79, 87, 92-3,

115, 124, 131-2in Schelling 30, 34, 36, 40, 43, 50,

182Abstraction 32-4, 57, 59, 106-7, 119,

129, 142-8, 151-3, 155-6, 160,163-4, 166-8, 181-2, 193-5, 197,199, 203, 207. 288, 324. 360, 352,355

in Feuerbach 130-2, 139in Hege1 71. 73, 74. 81, 87, 96. 129in Marx 123-4in Schelling 34. 35, 40, 58, 72, 74,

79Actuality 73, 76, 79, 85-6, 89-90, 92,

95-7,321-2Adequacy

in Hegel 72, 75, 78, 94, 95,in Marx 150, 168, 185

Agassiz,jean 284Akselrod, Pavel Borisovieh 307-8Alexander I 63Alexander II 212,214-15, 223. 246,

303Algeria 270Alienation (die Entfrnlldllng) 14. 16,

134.371in Feuerbach 130-2in Marx 124, 146-7, 154, 155, 160,

168, 176, 187, 190, 199, 267,359-60

in Steffens 14, 49Altenstein, Kar! von 117, 125Anderson, james 187Anti-Iriihring 286, 312, 320, 338-40,

348-9.364Appearance 14. 37,82.88. 123, 197,

380Aristotle 13, 97Arnim, Achim von 62, 115, 120Asiatic Society 174-5, 183. 267Atomism 41, 42, 65, 122, 124, 142

Baader, Franz Xaver 65, 106Babeuf, Gracchus 7Bachofen, johann jacob 272, 284

Bagehot , Walter 259Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich 9,

227, 260, 290, 296, 298, 311, 337Bancroft, Huben 284Base and Superstructure 173, 201,

297-8, 312, 323-5, 340, 345, 347,361

Bauer, Bruno 5, 6, 9, 13, 21. 26, 102,109, 110-11. 114, 126, 134-5, 137,140-3

Bauer, Edgar 140-3Baur, Ferdinand Christiart 109Bebel , August 283Becoming 40, 74, 78, 93, 129Being 40, 72-4, 78-9, 81, 93, 118,

132, 320-1Belinsky, Vissarion Grigor'evich 341Belyaev, Ivan Dmitrivich 218Bervi, VasilyVasil 'evich 247-9Black Repartition 304, 306-8, 310-11,

314. 316Böhme, jakob 106Boisguillebert, Pierre 249Botkin, V.P. 341Brazill, William 8, 9Brentano, Clemens 62. 115, 120Brusnev, M.1. 356Bursrhensrhnften 62-3, 101, 113, 116

Caesar, julins 206Capital 23-4, 159-60, 162, 167-72,

182, 184, 186-9, 191, 194-5, 199,202-3, 222, 225, 228, 232, 237,251, 278, 346

constant and variable 171-2, 182,184, 189

Cflpitfl[ 23-4, 152, 158-9, 161, 172,180, 189-91 , 193, 196-204,207-11. 225, 227-9. 232-5.237-43. 249, 258-61, 274.n9-84. 289, 293-4, 300-1, 307,309,313,330,333,336-7,339-40,342-3, 345, 348, 351-2, 362,364-5, 380

Categories 3, 19. 23, 67of philosophy 3. 19, 23, 50, 56-7,

68, 71, 74-5, 79-80, 92, 94, 114,129-30, 133, 135

408

Index 409

Categories - continuedof political economy 139, 145-7,

150, 154-6, 158, 160, 163, 166,171, 175, 181-2, 196, 198-9,207, 232, 235, 285, 358-60

Catholicism 44, 48-9, 66-7, 87-8,1O0, 112-13, 116-17, 119-20, 125,127, 133, 136

Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich211, 220-6, 228, 230, 240, 246,272, 318, 335, 345, 354, 363

Chicherin, Boris Nikolaevich 212-13,215, 217-19, 238, 244-5, 262, 265

Christian State 61, 133-5, 137, 141Christianity 60, 64, 83, 97, 99, 104,

106, 110-11, 133-4Christology 57, 117, 119Chuprov, Aleksandr lvanovich 262,

281-2, 292Cieszkowski, August 5-11, 13, 15, 18,

21,93Circulation of capital 166-8, 170,

172, 176, 181, 187-8, 190, 192,194-5, 199, 202, 232, 247, 251,253, 255-7, 278-80, 294, 339,361-2, 364-5

Civil Society 51in Hege! 46, 65-6, 83-6, 88-9, 94,

97, 100, 127, 136-8in Marx 146-8, 162, 165-7, 169,

184, 196, 199, 360, 390Clairvoyante 0/Preoorst 104Commodity 149, 159-60, 162-7,

169-72, 181-2, 183-4, 186,189-90, 192-200, 232, 255, 294,359,380

fetishism 197, 199Communism 142,147-9,316,360,392Communist Manifeste 284, 292, 295,

308-10, 313, 335-6, 352, 357,364-5,392

Competition 139-40, 171-2, 192Comte, Auguste 259, 300, 328, 330Concept (der Begriff) x, 4, 32, 35, 37,

42, 50-2, 57-60, 70, 107, 111, 114,120, 123-4, 128-36, 146, 153, 160,168-70, 172, 187,285,321-2,359

in Feuerbach 132in Hegel 4, 35-6, 70-84, 87-8,

90-1 , 93-6, 99in Kant 33, 37in Müller 52-5in Schelling 34-5, 40, 50-1,58-9in Wolff 32, 33

Condillac, Etienne 142Congress of Vienna 35, 62, 63, 66Contingency 16, 73, 78, 120Contribution to the Critique oj Political

Econ011lY 166, 172-3, 176-7,180-1, 186, 188, 191, 197,199-200, 232, 275, 284, 287, 289,297,342,352,361,364

Cornu, August 8-9Cornwallis, Char!es 268Corporations 86-7Creuzer, Friedrich 59, 120, 124Critique of Political Economy, A 23-5,

51, 189-90, 153, 155, 158-60, 186,358-9, 362, 364

First draft of 162, 163, 170-2, 175,190, 194, 196, 204, 279, 394

Second draft of 170, 172, 180-8,190, 196, 199-200

Third draft of 188Critique of judgement 29Critique 0/Practical Reason 29Critique 0/Pure Reason 29, 32, 37Crystallization 42, 359-60

in Marx 171, 187, 199, 253in Schelling 42

Cunning of Reason/of the Concept77, 89, 96, 141

Cuvier, Georges 206

D'Alembert, Jean 42Danielson, Nikolay Frantsevich 224,

226-9, 233-4, 238, 242-5, 247,249-50, 253-7, 262, 271, 273, 281,292-6,305,317,334-6,345,350,365

Darwin, Charles 41, 285, 288, 328,331, 346, 349, 350, 390

Daub, Kar! 104Deich, Lev 307Delyanov, lvan Davydovich 262Democritus 123Descartes, Rene 30Despotism 53, 63-6, 97, 174-5, 267,

279,314Deutsche jahrbücher 114, 126, 130, 133,

135, 150, 187Deutsdu-Fmnuisische jahrbücher 137,

139, 145Dialectic 74-5,82,96, 106, 135, 150-1,

153, 155, 198, 210, 236, 251, 285-6,289, 312-13, 321-2, 347-9, 355

Dialectical Materialism 13, 26-7,324-6, 343-4, 365-6

410 Index

Diderot, Denis 42Dilthey, Wilhelm 121Dmitr'ev, F. 252Droste-Vischering, Clemens August von

112, 116, 127Dühring, Kar! Eugen 286, 300, 326

Echtermeyer, Theodor 102-3, 112-13,115-16, 118-22, 126, 128, 379

Eckhardt, Master 17Economic materialism 340, 343, 351,

353, 355Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich

125, 178Encyclopedia 31, 41, 82, 90, 98-9,

104, 115, 353Engels, Friedrich ix, 4, 23, 137,

139-40, 142-3, 146-7, 150, 153,159, 174, 179, 181, 189, 192-3,196, 198, 203, 205, 227, 242,248-9, 272-5, 281-95, 297-8, 300,303, 308-10, 312-13, 316, 320,324-7, 332, 334-40, 342-3, 345-6,348-9, 353-5, 358, 363-4, 366

Enlightenment 51, 108, 116, 120,122-5, 150-1, 174, 204-5, 321,381

Epicurus 42, 122-4, 377Erdmann. Johann Eduard 103, 105Eriugena, Johannes Scotus 17Essence 36, 49, 110, 133, 139

in Feuerbach 111, 130-1,in Hegel 69, 72-3, 78-82, 95, 97in Marx 123, 137-8, 145-8, 150,

156, 160, 177, 195, 224Essmce 0/Christiamts 110Estate 51, 64-5, 87-8, 149, 218, 279Evangelische Kirchenzeitung 103, 105, 117Exchange Value, see untierValue,

ExchangeExternal 49, 51-2, 69, 113, 117, 119,

224in HegeI 75, 78, 80, 85, 92, 95in Marx 148, 185in Schelling 51in Schleiermacher 48in Steffens 14

ExternaIization (die Entäusserung) 14,16, 49, 346, 359, 360, 371

in Feuerbach 131-2, 140in Hegel 49in Marx 123, 145-7, 160, 165, 168,

171, 199,287in Steffens 49

Ferguson, Adam 51, 165Feudalism 51, 53, 55, 62, 64-5, 83,

97, 149-50, 174, 183, 186,207,259, 266-8, 301, 340, 361

Feuerbach. Ludwig 7, 13, 19, 21, 102,104-5,109-11, 114, 117, 128,130-4, 136, 139, 143, 145-6, 148,151-2, 207, 220, 285-8, 324, 359,362,379

Theses on 151, 326Fichte , Johann Gottlieb 3, 5-9, 11, 13,

15-18, 21, 28-31, 33-4, 38-40,45-6, 57, 60-1, 79, 81, 83, 89-90,97, 115, 131

Figner, Vera Nikolaevna 308Flerovsky, N" seeunder Bervi, V,V,Fourier, Char!es 142Francke, Auguste Hermann 43Frauenstädt, Julius 10Frederick the Great 52, 120, 122-5Freedom 7, 37-40, 40, 43, 53, 57, 61,

65, 79, 81, 87, 92, 95-6, II0,112-13, 118-19, 129, 134, 141,169, 173, 323, 325, 330

French Revolution 35, 51, 53, 62-6,83,94, 116, 125, 129, 205

Friedrich Wilhe1m 1II 125Friedrich Wilhelm IV 125, 126-7Fries, ]acob 99

Gabler, Georg Andreas 105Callitzin, Princess 120Gans, Eduard 93, 114, 125Gassendi , Pierre 42, 124Gmnan ldeology, The 64, 143, 151,

153-5, 160, 174,284,335Gesenius, Wilhelm 103Gneist, Rudolf von 259Goethe, Johann WoIfgang 79Görres, Johann Joseph 13, 17, 21, 44,

57,62-7,88,97, 100, 112, 115-17,120, 128, 156, 174

Cöschel, Kar! Friedrich 105Granovsky, T.N . 217Grimm, Brothers 62, 177, 205-6Grundrisse, see under Critique of Political

Economy, First draftGuerrier, V, 245, 262

Haller, Albrecht von 79Hallische [ahrbiuher 4, 7, 8, 10-11, 13,

18,21, 102, 107, 111-17, 122,126-7, 129, 135, 150, 157, 187

Hamann, Johann Georg 57-8

Index 411

Hanssen, Georg 205Hardenberg, Karl August von 51,

62-3, 100, 116Harstick, Hans-Peter 283Hartmann, Lev Nikolaevich 308Haxthausen, August von 177-8, 180,

208, 217, 246, 259, 284Haym, Rudolf 121Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 2-9,

11-13, 15-23, 26, 31-2, 34, 39,46, 48-51 , 57, 66-92, 101-21,124-38, 141, 145-8, 150, 153,155-6, 160-1, 168, 174, 197-8,207, 210, 220-1, 235, 261, 284-6,313, 319-26, 330, 338, 340-1,343-5, 349, 358-60, 365-6, 372,393

Heine, Heinrich 137Helvetius, Claude-Adrien 142, 343Hengstenberg, Ernst 103, 105, 112,

117, 120, 125Henning, Leopold von 114Herder, Johann Gottfried 58, 62Herwegh, Georg 137Herzen, Aleksandr 1vanovich 9, 10,

179-80, 208, 212, 239, 240, 248,260, 318, 335-6, 363

Hess, Moses 5-10, 13, 15-16, 18, 21,126, 137

Hinrichs, Hermann 103, 114Historical materialism 283, 353, 365History 5, 8, 56-7, 59, 61, 63, 82-3,

91-8, 114, 129-30, 132, 141-2,177, 285, 287, 312, 323-5, 331,340, 346, 348

History 0/Philosoph» (Hegel) 94, 98,114, 124, 142

Hobbes, Thomas 231, 390Ho!bach, Paul Heinrich 42, 343Hotho, Heinrich Custav 114Holy Family, The 124, 142-3, 326,

333-4, 344-5Hryniewicki, Ignacy 307Humanity 61,81,96, 139-40, 146,

149-50, 223, 225, 332, 340, 360Hutton, James 42

Idea 33-4, 50-5, 57, 128-9in Hege! 70, 74-5, 78-9, 81, 83-5,

88,96in Kant 33in Schelling 70

Idealism 131, 287-8, 323, 343-41ndia 264-70, 277

Individuality (das Einzelne) 4, 14, 132,178, 360, 368

in Hegel 4, 73-6, 78, 81,87, 98in Marx 123-4, 136, 138, 149, 151,

160-1, 166, 192, 199, 207in Schleiermacher 46-8in Steffens 49

Inner (das Innere) xi, 6, 7, 16, 44,48-9, 108, 111, 117-18, 185,321-3

in Hegel 69, 78, 82, 96in Schleiermacher 48

Inte lleemal Intuition 33-4, 43, 70,Intuition 57, 59, 72, 109, 323

in Hegc1 78in Kant 33in Schelling 35, 40

Irrationalism 12, 14, 21, 67-8, 104,109, 116, 125, 130

Ivanyukov , Ivan Ivanovich 262

Judaism 137, 167Judgement 35, 75-6, 131Jung-Stilling, Heinrich 120

Kablukov, Nikolay Alekseevich 272-3Kant, Immanuel x, 3, 17, 20-2, 28-9,

31-2, 37-9, 44-5, 47, 50, 57-9, 61,72, 78-9, 83, 115, 151, 324, 353,359

Kapp, Christian 93Karataev, N,K. 26Karlsbad Decrees 63, 100Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich 221Kaufmann, Illarion Ignat 'evich 211Kautsky, Karl 325-6, 333-4, 340Kavelin, Konstantin Dmitrievich 212,

219, 245, 252-3, 278Kepler , Johann 65Kerner, Justinus 67, 99, 104, 106, 120Khomyakov, Aleksey Stepanovich 179Kibalchich, Nikolay lvanovich 306-9,

311-13Kireevsky, I.V, 179Kolakowski, Leszek 2, 16-18Köppen, Kar! Friedrich 122-4Koshe1ev, Aleksandr Ivanovich 179,

252, 278Kotzebue, August von 63, 101Kovalevsky, I.M. 303Kovalevsky, Maksim Maksimovich 238,

243, 246, 258-65, 268-73, 276-8,280-1, 283-4, 302, 338, 354, 363,365

412 Index

Krasin, Leonid Borisovieh 351Kravchinsky, S.M. (Stepniak) 299, 303Kugelmann, Ludwig 188, 249

Labour 155, 163, 167, 171, 173,181-3, 185, 189-90, 193, 197,199-200, 202, 222, 225, 231-2, 293

abstract 146, 155, 163, 181, 199division of 45-6, 61, 85, 162,

183-4, 189, 195, 200, 236-7,239, 329-30, 332

power 200, 232, 234, 294Lafargue, Laura 283Lafargue, Paul 227Land and Liberty 298-9, 302-5, 311,

356Lanskoy, S.S. 215Lassalle, Ferdinand 289, 377Laube, Heinrich 114Lavrov, Petr Lavrovich 228, 253, 281,

289, 292, 296-8, 308-10, 327-8,330-3, 344, 350, 365

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 115Lenin, Vladimir ll'ich 5, 25-6, 351,

354-7Leo, Heinrich 112, 114, 116-17, 120Laveleye, Emile de 272Liberation of Labour 310-14, 316Liberation of the serfs

in Prussia 51, 267in Russia 223, 235, 246, 250, 253,

282, 348Locke, John 142Logie 72, 74-6, 78-9, 81, 84, 87-9,

93-4, 114, 129-30, 133, 135Lopatin, German Aleksandrovieh 224Löwith, Karl 8Lubboek,John 271Ludlllig Feuetbadi and the End 0/Classical

German Philosophy 286-8, 324,326-7, 343, 364

Lukäcs, Georg 5-9, 11-13, 15-18,21-2

Lunaeharsky, Anatoly Vasil'evieh 353Luther, Martin 113Lyubavin, Nikolay Nikolaevich 224,

227

MacCulloch , John Ramsay 187McLellan, David 2, 8-11McLennan, John Ferguson 260, 272Maine, Sir Henry Sumner 259-61,

263, 269-72, 277Malthus, Thomas 222, 225, 328, 390

Marheineke, Philipp 104-5, 114Marx, Jenny 249Marx, Kar! ix, x, 1-6, 11-16, 18-25,

36, 38, 42, 51, 64, 66, 122-4, 126,130, 132-3, 135-44, 145-73, 176,179-83, 189-201,204-7,211,220,222, 224-30, 232-49, 251, 253-58,260-2, 264, 267, 270-1, 273-82,285, 287, 288-93, 295; 297-302,307-13,318,322-4,326-7,332-42, 344, 346-9, 352-3, 355.357-8,360-1,363-7,381,390

Materialism 41, 122, 124, 142-3, 148,283-5, 287-8, 323-4, 326, 343-4,353, 355

Maurer, Georg Ludwig von 204-6,259, 267, 274, 383

Mendelsohn, Moses 210Meszäros, Isztvan 14Metaphysics 236, 285-6, 300, 324, 343Metternich, Prince von 67Mexico 270Meysenbug, Emil von 114Mezentsev, N,V. 303Miehelet, Karl Ludwig 99-100Middle Ages 53, 63-4, 97, 116, 120,

122, 137, 174, 205, 237, 266, 274Mikhaylovsky, Nikolay Konstantinovieh

238-41, 243, 274, 327, 328-33,337-45, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356,364-5

Mill, John Stuart 158, 221-3, 225-6,229, 231, 345

Miller, V.F. 262Milton, John 186Mind 17, 23, 43, 49-50, 78-9, 81,

83-4,90-7, 110, 118, 131-2,287-8, 323-4

Mir 213, 217-20, 223, 225, 230,244-5, 252, 257-8, 265, 274-5,278-9, 290-1, 309, 313, 318, 330,336-7, 363, 365

Mitskevich, S.l. 353-4, 356Moghul Empire 265-6, 268Money 54, 56, 63-4, 139, 147, 155,

161-5, 167, 170, 182, 189, 191,194-6, 199, 228, 232

Monist View 0/History. The Deoelopment 0/the 342-5, 347-9, 353-4

Mönke, Wolfgang 9Mörike. Eduard Friedrich 67, 106Möser, Justus 204Morgan, Lewis 260, 263, 271-2, 275,

280, 283-4

Index 413

Morley,John 259Morozov,:-l.A. 308Müller, Adam 12, 15, 17, 21, 51-7, 62,

65-7, 70, 83-5, 88-9Mythology 58-9, 106-7, 117, 124

Napoleon 35, 51,62, 66, 98, 116, 223Narodism xi, 5, 6, 25-6, 299-300,

304, 311-12, 318-19, 326-7, 334,341-2,345,350-1,354,356-7,365-6

Nature xi, 14, 22-4, 28, 35-43, 47,50, 107, 119, 140, 235-7,264,320,323-4, 327-33 , 341, 345-50, 360,365, 380

in Engels 140, 285-301in Feuerbach IIO, 130-3in Fichte 38-9, 60-1in Hege! 69, 77-83, 85, 88, 90-7in Kant 37-8in Marx 123, 136, 145-8, 150-1,

153-5, 160, 162-5, 170-1, 173,175-7,180,182,186,195,198,201-4, 207-8, 218, 381

in Schelling 40-3, 58-9in Schiller 39-40

Nazimov, Vladimir Ivanovich 214-15Negreskul, M.F. 224, 227New Testament 106, 134, 141, 288Newton, Isaac 65Nicholas I 178Nicholas of Cusa 17Novalis 12, 17, 21, 3D-I, 67, 89, II5,

II9, 122, 128, 360

Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph 28Olufsen , Dane 204Origin oJthe Family, Private Property and

the State 283-4, 289, 354, 364Otechestvennye zapiski 236, 240, 242-4,

253, 274, 291-2, 309, 327, 335-6,338, 342, 348, 352, 355, 364

Our Differmces 312, 316, 318-19,334,350, 354, 356

Outer, the (das Äussere) xi, 6, 7, 16,48-9,78,96, 108, 111, 117-18

Owen, Robert 142

Palgrave, Francis 266Panasiuk, Ryszard 4, 9, 18Paris Commune 307Paris Manusctipts oJ 1844 I, 11, 12, 14,

15, 24, 139-40, 145-51, 153, 155,158-9. 163-4, 267, 360

Particularity (das Besondere) x, xi, 4,19-23, 29-30, 32, 38, 47-8, 50, 57,lIl, 115, 119, 132, 136, 138, 139,358

in Hegel 4, 73-6, 78-9, 81, 85,87-9, 92, 95, 98, 368

in Marx 147, 149, 155, 160-4, 166,182, 192-3, 197-8, 207-8

Paulus, H.E.G. 90, 94, 106Peasant commune, see under MirPeople's Will 304-14, 316-19 , 334Perovskaya, Sof'ya L'vovna 307Peter the Great 218, 250Petty, Sir William 203-4Phear, Sir John Budd 271Phenornenology oJMint!, The 68, 71, 82,

98, 134-5, 152, 157, 390Philos&jJhy 0/History 93-5, 97-8, 108,

II2, II4, 118-19, 122, 129, 322Philos&jJhy 0/Nature 93, 98, 108Philos&jJhy oJReligion 98Philosoph» oJRight 84, 88-91, 93-5,

100, 115, 133, 135-8Pietism 28, 43-4, 64, 98, 103, II2-13,

117,120,128Physiocrats 195Pipes, Richard 25-6P1ato 59, 97P1ekhanov, Georgiy Valentinovich 5-6,

11,25,27,291,296,298-327,333-4,336-7, 341-50, 353-6, 365, 392

Plotinus 17Polyakov, Nikolay Petrovich 227Popullsm see NarodismPotenz 360-2

in Marx 169, 172-3, 177,348in Schelling 36,43, 380-1

Poverty oJPhilos&jJhy, The 154- 5Praxis 5, 6, 13, 17, 24, 27, 38, 129,

132, 151-2Priesthood 127, 136Private property 53-4, 140, 146, 149,

202, 221-2, 270Production 55, 153-4, 225, 237, 276,

340, 347, 352in Marx 156-7,170,173,176-7,

184-6, 188, 190, 192-6, 202, 208in Schelling 40-1

Protestantism 48-9, 90, 97, 104,112-13, 116, IIS, 127

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph 7, 206, 326Prussia 51, 62, 66, 89, IOD, 102,

III-13, 116, 122, 125-8, 130, 179,223-4, 267

414 Index

Prutz, Roben 114Pudovikov, P.E. 253Pugachev, Emilyan 296

Radowitz,Joseph Maria von 125Rationalism 35. 66Razin, Stenka 296Reason 31, 33, 37-9, 43, 45. 50-1.

56-7.59-60,70, 72-3.75-7,79.83-4, 86, 89-91, 93-7, 100, 112,118-20. 129-33, 136, 380

Reflection 7, 35-6, 134, 140, 144, 157,285-6, 323-4, 360, 380

in Feuerbach 111, 131-2in Hegel 70, 71. 77, 82, 85, 88-9in Marx 147-8, 152. 187in Schelling 35, 40-1in Schiller 40, 46

Reformation 63-4, 113, 116, 118-19,122, 129

Reproduction of capital 168, 176, 181,187-8, 195, 241, 339

Restoration 35, 99, 100, 102, 105, 125,344

Rheinische Zeitung 126Ricardo, David 84, 158, 187, 203-4.

229-34, 236Richter, Friedrich 104-5, 117Rodbertus:Jagetzow, Johann Kar! 300Roman Catholicism, see under

CatholicismRome 209, 242, 266-7Romantics 12-13. 17, 21-3. 31-1,

62-3,66,68-70,71,89,99-101,106, 113. 115-22, 126, 128-9,132-3, 149-50. 152. 164, 174,177, 179, 187, 205, 207, 279,358-9

Rosenkranz, Kar1 21, 81, 84,93-4,101-3, 105, 114-15, 121, 128

Rosenzweig. Franz 49Rössler, Constantin 234-6Rostovtsev, Yakov Ivanovich 246Rousseau, Jean:Jacques 30Ruge, Amold 10.21, 101-3. 112-22,

125-30, 132-3, 135-6. 139, 141,150, 152, 359, 379

Russia 177-80,207,211-13,216-17,220, 223-4, 238-9, 241, 244,247-8, 253, 256, 258-60, 274,277-81, 302, 305-7, 309-10,313-14, 316-19, 322, 330, 334,336-7, 339, 341-2, 344-5, 348-50,355. 363, 365

Samarin, Yury Fedorovich 179, 219.252. 278

Sand. Karl 63Savigny, Friedrich Kar! von 59-60,

125-6, 177Say,Jean-Baptiste 84Schaller, Johann 103, 105, 110,

114-15Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 3,

14-15, 30-1, 34-6, 39-43. 49-51,58-9,67,69-72,74-5,78-81,83-4, 90, 94, 98, 106, 115, 119,125, 128. 130, 132, 146-7, 153-4,156, 161, 169. 182, 195. 198-9.220-1, 231, 285. 345, 359-61. 372,380-1

Schiller, Friedrich 39-40, 45-7, 50,91,330

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von 30, 67,115, 120. 126

Schlegel, Friedrich von 12, 17, 21,30-1, 67, 115, 120, 122, 128

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst12, 16, 21, 44, 46-9, 66, 70, 74.89-90, 99, 106, 115, 360

Schmidt, Alfred 24Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich 42, 371Schwab, Gustav 67Schwarz.J. 205Seiettee of Logie, Tfu (Hegel) 72, 75.

87-9, 93, 96-7. 124. 131. 135-6.166. 170, 320. 322. 358-9

Scruton, Roger 2-3Self, the (das Ich) 28-30, 33-4, 38-9,

83, 111, 131, 323Self-Consciousness 69, 74, 78. 82,

84-5, 90, 92, 96, 109-11, 134-5,141-2. 168, 288

Senior , William Nassau 187Sensibility 33, 58-9Serebryakov, E. 297Serno-Solov'evich, A.A. 224Shanin, T. 24Sieber, Nikolay Ivanovich 211, 229-38.

243, 258. 272-3, 283-4, 286, 294,300-1.310, 313. 337-9, 341,348-50. 355, 365

Skrebitsky, Aleksandr 11 'ich 246-7Slavophiles 179,214.217,219,318.

336-7, 341, 351Smith, Adam 54-5, 94, 158, 187, 222,

229, 230, 233, 268Socialism 126, 138, 142, 147, 162, 178,

180, 205, 212, 221, 237, 239, 272,

Index 415

SociaIism - amtinued275. 278-9. 286. 291. 296. 300-3.309. 311. 315-16, 318, 330, 336,344

Socialism and the PolüicalStrugg!e310-11, 313, 316, 318, 325, 334,344.347

Society xi, 22-3. 39, 43. 44-9. 51-2.54-7, 60-1.64-6. 81, 83-6,89-91. 95, lll, 115. 131, 225,230-1. 237. 285-7. 290. 328. 330,333. 346, 360, 381

in Fichte 39,45, 60-1in Marx 135-8. 146-56. 160-5,

170-1, 173-80. 184. 192,197-203, 207-8

in Schelling 49-50in Schiller 46seealso Civi1 Society

Solomon, Robert 3-4Soloviev, A.K. 303Soloviev, Sergey Mikhailovich 219Speculation 7. 49, lOS, 108. 115.

124, 149, 153, 157, 285-6. 323-4,361

in Hege! 69-70, 74, 88, 89-90, 91,95

in Marx 148. 152in Schelling 35-6, 50

Spcncer, Herbert 259Spener Philipp Jakob 43-4. 117Spinoza, Benedictus de 6Stahl, Friedrich julius 125State 140-2, 218, 278-9. 302-6.

313-18, 366. 393in Bruno Bauer 135-6in Fichte 60-1in Hege! 81-2. 85-92. 94-5. 98in Marx 135-8. 158-9, 162, 173in Müller 52- 6in Ruge 127-30, 132-4in Schiller 45-6, 50

Stefanovich , Ya.V. 307Steffens, Heinrich 14, 31, 42, 48-9.

70Stein, Kar! 51, 62-3, 66, 100, 116Steuart, James 84, 187Stirner, Max 5, 13Stolberg , Friedrich Leopold 120Stolypin, Petr Arkad 'evich 271Strauss, David Friedrich 10, 18, 21,57.

98, 101. 105-10, 112, 114, 117,121, 126, 288

Strcckfuss, Karl 127-8

Struve, Petr Bemgardovich 250, 351,353-4.356

Stuke, Horst 9Subjectivism 6. 13, 26. 326-9, 331,

333. 335. 343-5. 348, 355Subsumption 32, 36. 236, 275, 360.

362. 367in Marx 169-70, 172, 177. 181-2,

184-6, 189-91, 196, 199-201,203

in Schelling 36, 380-1Surplus Value 163, 171, 181, 185-6,

189. 191. 199-200, 228. 234-5Syllogism 57, 75, 131, 166System 28-31. 36. 70, 77, 81, 83, 94.

116. 140, 152. 158, 161. 162. 164.168, 184, 194, 195, 208. 222, 288.289, 322, 323, 346, 360

Tacitus 206Taylor, Charles 2, 368Thing-in -itself 33Tholuck, Friedrich 103, 105, 112, 117,

120Tieck, Ludwig 30, 31. 67, 106. 115.

120, 121Tikhomirov, Lev AIeksandrovich

305-6, 310, 313-17, 319-20Time and Space 57, 78, 129, 132, 170.

193, 195Tkachev, Petr Nikitich 289-91. 297-8.

300, 306, 312-13, 316, 335-7. 343.353

Trepov, F.F. 302

Uhland, Ludwig 67, 106. 120Understanding (der Verstand) 33-4.

37-8, 41-2, 50-1. 58-9, 107-8.131, 178. 323

in Hegel 70-2, 75, 83-6, 88-9, 94,in Kant 33in Schelling 41.50-1,58-9

Universality (das Allgemane) x, xi,19-23, 32, 37-8, 44-5, 47-9, 54.57, 63-4, 103, 109-11. 119. 124,126, 128, 130-2, 134, 220-1,237-8, 241-3, 258, 293, 297. 312,323, 331, 336-7, 339. 341, 349,355.358

in Fichte 30in Hegel 4. 19, 73-6, 78.

81-2, 84-90,92, 96, 98-9.368

in Kaut 29

416 Index

Universality - continuedin Marx 19, 136-8, 143, 149, 151,

155, 161, 163-4, 166, 169-70,172,178,180,182,184,190,192-3, 197-9, 203, 207-10

Ilsad'ba 214-16, 264Utin, N.!. 227

Valentinov, N. 353Valorization 168, 182, 195, 199-200Value 54-6, 139, 155, 161, 163-7,

169-71, 173, 182-3,189, 197-8,200, 207, 222, 229, 231-2 , 234-6,380

Exchange 54, 155, 163-7, 169-71,173, 182, 197, 199, 200, 380

Use 54, 163-4,173, 182, 197,380

Surplus 163, 171, 181, 185-6, 189,191, 199-200, 228, 234-5

Valuev, PA 252Vasil'chikov, A.I. 245Vestnik Narodnoy Vali 310, 314, 319Vischer, Friedrich Theodor 21, 106-8,

114, 121, 158Voden, A. 334-5, 337, 343, 345Volost' 217, 279Vorontsov, Vasily Pavlovich 256-8,

293-4,317,334,341-2,350

Vorovsky, V.v. 349Vyrubov, G.N. 259

Wada, Haruki 24-5Wagner, Adolf 233, 259Walicki, Andrzej 25-6Wars of Liberation 62, 100, 129, 134Wegscheider, ]ulius 103, 105Werner, Zacharias 42Wittgenstein, Ludwig 2Wolff, Christian 32-3World Market 56, 158-60, 170, 191,

195, 279, 359, 361

Yanzhul, 1.1. 260, 262Young Hegelians 4-11, 13, 18, 21-3,

32, 35-6, 38, 57, 79, 101, 102-44,145-6, 152, 177, 287-8, 322, 326,334, 358-9, 362

Yuzov-Kablits, 1. 341, 350

Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna 258, 268, 271,273, 275, 279, 291-2, 297, 302,307-10, 313, 336, 357, 364, 392

Zemlya i Volya, seeunder Land andLiberty

Zhelyabov, Andrey lvanovich 307Zhukovsky, Yuly Galaktionovich 235-8,

243, 258, 295, 297, 337-8, 340, 364

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