Notes

Chapter 1

1. G. Greene, 'I Spy', in Twenty-One Stories (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1970), pp. 44-6.

2. U. Eco, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language (London, Macmillan, 1984).

3. J. Barth, 'Glossolalia', in Lost in the Funhousc (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1972), pp. 118-9. The author's note is on p. 9.

4. M. Chenetier, 'John Barth: Ia langue contrainte', in Sgraffites, encres et smzguines (Paris, Presses de !'Ecole Normale Superieure, 1994), pp. 191-201.

5. Chenetier, op. cit., p. 200. 6. G. Steiner, After Babel (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 168. 7. SeeN. Dubleumortier, Glossolalie (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1997). 8. Herodotus, History (London, Dent & Dutton (Everyman's Library),

1910), vol. 1, pp. 23-4. 9. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 172ft.

10. W. Benjamin, 'The Task of the Translator', in Illuminations (London. Fontana, 1973).

11. J. Roberts, Walter Benjamin (London, Macmillan, 1982), p. 111. 12. W. Benjamin, 'On Language as Such and on the Language of Man', in

One-Way Street and Other Essays (London, New Left Books, 1979). 13. For an illustration of this, see J. Favret-Saada, Les mots, Ia mort, les sorts

(Paris, Gallimard, 1977), and my comments in The Violence of Language (London, Routledge, 1990), pp. 234-8.

14. S. Freud, 'Constructions in Analysis', in Standard Edition, J. Strachey, ed. (London, Hogarth Press, 1953-66), vol. 23.

15. S. Freud, 'The Handling of Dream-Interpretation in Psycho-Analysis', ibid., vol. 12.

16. S. Freud, An Outline of Psychoanalysis, ibid., vol. 23, p. 178. 17. L. Carroll, The Annotated Alice (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1970),

p. 270. 18. Ibid., p. 272. 19. See The Violence of Language, op. cit. 20. A. Ettleson, Lewis Carroll's 'Through the Looking-Glass' Decoded

(New York, Philosophical Library, 1961), p. 22. On Ettleson, see my Philosophy of Nonsense (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 5-19.

21. M. Burstein, 'As Pigs Have to Fly: Who Really Wrote the Alice Books?, in Jabberwocky, 13(1), 1983/4, pp. 3-11.

22. A. Ettleson, 'Alice in Wonderland': the Secret Language of Lewis Carroll Revealed (New York, Carlton Press, 1971).

23. Ibid., p. 103.

238

Notes 239

24. Ibid. Ettleson is cheating again. If saying that the ice-creams were delicious amounts to admitting having eaten some, then Carroll admits having partaken of the rest as well, s ince he immediately adds: ' in fact the whole dinner (except perhaps the sturgeon con­coction) was a very good one'. We may also note that Ettleson has translated the menu, whkh, in Carroll's text, is given in Russian and merely transliterated.

25. J. Elwyn jones and J.F. Gladstone, The Red King's Dream, or Lewis Carroll in Wonderland (London, Jonathan Cape, 1995).

26. Ibid., p. 30. 27. In Praeterila (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1949, pp. 469-73),

Ruskin tells of a dinner at Dean Liddell's and of an afternoon with his daughters, among whom was Alice: he describes this as an 'Alice in Wonderland' occasion.

28. Elwyn Jones and Gladstone, op. cit., p. 163. 29. Ibid., p. 264. 30. Jbid., p. 241. Acland was professor of medicine and a contemporary of

Carroll. 31. W. Empson, 'The Chi ld as Swain', in Some Versions of Pastoral

(London, Chatto & Windus, 1935, and Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1966, pp. 201-33).

32. See E.P. Thompson, Witness Against the Beast: William Blake and the Moral Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993).

33. Empson, op. cit., p. 223. 34. See Conclusion. 35. N. Goodman, La11guages of Art (Indianapolis, Hackett, 1976), ch. 1. 36. I use the term ' pragmatics' in the common-and-garden sense in

whkh Linguists use it today, even if I draw different conclusions. See S.C. Levinson, Pragmatics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983); j.L. Mey, Pragmatics: an l11troduction (Oxford, Blackwell, 1993); S. Petrey, Speech Acts and Literary Theory (London, Routledge, 1990).

37. F. Flahault, La parole intermediaire (Paris, Seuil, 1978).

Chapter 2

1. R. Jakobson, 'Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics', in T.A. Sebeok, ed., Style in Language (Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1960), pp. 353-8.

2. G. Genette, Figures Ill (Paris, Seuil), pp. 261 ff. 3. A.j. Greimas, Semantique structurale (Paris, Larousse, 1966), pp. 172 ff. 4. See B.J. Blake, Case (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994);

and L. Hagemann, Introduction to Government and Binding (Oxford, Blackwell, 1991).

5. M. Pecheux, Analyse automatique du discours (Paris, Dunod, 1969), pp. 18 ff.

6. Tbid., p. 19. T have corrected what T take to be a mistake in the diagram.

240 Notes

7. R. Dworkin, Law's Empire (London, Fontana, 1986), pp. 49-58. 8. On this, see J.P. Vernant, 'Le sujet tragique: historicite et trans­

historicite', in J.P. Vernant and P. Vidal-Naquet, Mythe et tragedie en Grece ancienne, 2, (Paris, La Decouverte, 1986), pp. 79-89.

9. M.J. Reddy, 'The Conduit Metaphor - a Case of Frame Conflict in Language about Language', in A. Ortony, ed., Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 284-324; see also G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980), ch. 3.

10. P. Grice, 'Meaning', in Studies in the Way of Words (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 219-23.

11. J.F. Lyotard, Instructions pai"ennes (Paris, Galilee, 1977), pp. 60ft. 12. E.D. Hirsch, Jr. Validity in Interpretation (Yale, Yale University Press,

1967). See also D. Newton de Molina, ed., On Literary Intention (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1976), which contains Wimsatt and Beardsley's essay, and three essays by Hirsch.

13. J.R. Ross, 'On Declarative Sentences', in R.A. Jacobs and P.S. Rosenbaum, eds, Readings in English Transformational Grammar (Waltham, Mass., Ginn & Co, 1970), pp. 222-72.

14. E. Benveniste, 'La nature des pronoms', in Problbnes de linguistique generate, 1 (Paris, Gallimard, 1966), pp. 251-7.

15. On this see D. Banon, La Lecture infinie: les voies de !'interpretation midrachique (Paris, Seuil, 1987), pp. 142-50.

16. On the Bentley case, see C. Berry Dee and R. Odell, Dad, Help Me Please (London, W.H. Allen, 1991), and M.J. Trow, Let Him Have It, Chris: The Murder of Derek Bentley (London, Grafton, 1992).

17. See The Violence of Language, op. cit., p. 70. 18. E. Lear, Teapots and Quails (London, John Murray, 1953). 19. R.L. Green, ed., A Century of Humorous Verse (London, Dent & Dutton

(Everyman's Library), 1959), p. 18. 20. I believe Lear's sonnet to be an echo of In Memoriam, 11:

Calm is the morn without a sound Calm as to suit a calmer grief ...

see A. Tennyson, In Memoriam (New York, Norton, 1973), p. 10. 21. J.B. Grize, Logique naturelle et communication (Paris, PUF, 1996). 22. See, for instance the work of J.C. Anscombre and J. Moeschler. 23. See J.B. Grize, Logique et langage (Gap, Ophrys, 1990). 24. J.B. Grize, Logique naturelle et communication, op. cit., p. 68.

Chapter 3

1. 'Even where an author's intentions are to some extent discoverable, they do not determine correctness of interpretation, for the significance of a word often diverges from, or may transcend or fall short of, what the author had in mind. Where information about the author's intentions is available, it may suggest interpretations of his work. But the importance of such information varies from one work

Notes 241

to the next.' N. Goodman and C. Elgin, Reconceptions in Philosophy (London, Routledge, 1988), p. 55.

2. D. Lewis, Convention (Oxford, Blackwell, 1969). 3. J. Lacan, 'Fonction et champ de Ia parole et du langage', in Ecrits

(Paris, Seuil, 1966), p. 300. 4. See J. Searle, Intentionality (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,

1983), pp. 7-8. 5. See J. Perry, Personal Identity (Berkeley, University of California Press,

1975). 6. H. Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence (New York, Oxford University

Press, 1973). 7. J. Searle, Intentionality, op. cit., ch. 3. 8. The example is borrowed from S. Levinson, op. cit., pp. 264-5. 9. See the work of the French linguist, C. Fuchs, Paraphrase et enonciation

(Gap, Ophrys, 1994), and Les Ambigui'tCs du fran~ais (Gap, Ophrys, 1996).

10. J. Derrida, 'Signature evenement contexte', in Marges de Ia philosophic (Paris, Minuit, 1972), pp. 365-93; and P. Ricoeur, 'La fonction hermeneutique de Ia distanciation', in Du Texte a /'action. Essais d'hermeneutique, II (Paris, Seuil, 1986), pp. 101-17.

11. Ricoeur, p. 111 (my translation). 12. A. Higgins, Donkey's Years (London, Minerva, 1995), p. 12. 13. J. Derrida, 'La, differance', in Marges de Ia philosophic, op. cit., pp. 1-30. 14. See J. Lacan, Ecrits, op. cit., p. 840. 15. Quoted in W.B. Callie, Peirce and Pragmatism (Harmondsworth,

Penguin, 1952), p. 118; see also H.O. Mounce, The Two Pragmatisms (London, Routledge, 1997), pp. 24-5. See also U. Eco, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language, op. cit., ch. 2, section 5.1.

16. Callie, op. cit., p. 118. 17. G. Genette, Figures III, op. cit. pp. 243-5. For a development of the con­

cept in a philosophical context, see J.F. Lyotard, The Differend, tr. G. Van Den Abbeele (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1988).

18. On conjuncture, see The Violence of Language, op. cit., ch. 5. 19. Saki, 'Reginald's Peace Poem', in 76 Short Stories (London, Collins,

1956), p. 29. 20. J. Austen, Sense and Sensibility (New York, Signet Classics, 1961),

pp. 146-7. 21. Ibid., p. 264. 22. Ibid. 23. B. Aldiss, Frankenstein Unbound (New York, Warner, 1973).

Chapter 4

1. W. Iser, The Act of Reading (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).

2. Ibid., p. 27. 3. Ibid., p. 181. 4. Ibid, p. 109.

242 Notes

5. K.L. Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 11.

6. Ibid., p. 69. 7. A.J. Greimas, Semantique structurale, op. cit., p. 181. 8. L. Althusser, 'L'Objet du Capital', in L. Althusser, E. Balibar and

R. Establet, Lire le Capital, 2 (Paris, Maspero, 1965), p. 157. 9. L. Althusser, L 'Avenir dure longtemps (Paris, Stock-IMEC, 1992), p. 81.

10. Ibid., p. 139. 11. Ibid. p. 270 (my translation). 12. L. Althusser, The Future Lasts a Long Time, tr. R. Vesey (London,

Vintage, 1994), pp. 92-3. Original text in L'Avenir dure longtemps, op. cit., pp. 84-5.

13. I. Calvino, Il Cavaliere Inesistente (Turin, Einaudi, 1959). 14. F. Roustang, Un Destin si funeste (Paris, Minuit, 1976). I am aware that

the 'disciple' metaphor is less common in English than in French: there is only the slightest hint at irony in my calling my thesis students my' disciples' -it does not necessarily turn us into a sect.

15. A version of the anecdote can be found in Clement Rosset's short book on Althusser, En ce temps-/a (Paris, Minuit, 1992), p. 14. The difference lies in the formulation: 'No us n' allons pas etudier La can, mais etre etudies par lui'.

16. J.E. Lyotard, Instructions pai"ennes, op. cit., pp. 64-5. 17. L. Althusser, Elements d'autocritique (Paris, Hachette, 1974). 18. L. Althusser, L'Avenir dure longtemps, op. cit., pp. 81, 159, 214-5. 19. See E. Bali bar, 'Le concept de "coupure epistemologique" de Gaston

Bache lard a Louis Althusser', in Ecrits sur Althusser (Paris, La Decouverte, 1991), pp. 8-57.

20. I keep the 'G' symbol for convenience- by rights, it should be 'M' for Marx.

21. To counteract this cynical statement, see the homage paid to Althusser as a teacher by Clement Rosset, who cannot be suspected of sympathy for Marxism: C. Rosset, En ce temps-/a, op. cit., pp. 9-14.

22. J.L. Borges, 'Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote', in Labyrinths (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1970), pp. 62-71.

23. I. Maclean, Interpretation and Meaning in the Renaissance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 149.

24. B. and G. Delluc, 'Le suaire de Cadouin: une toile brodee', Perigueux, n.d.,p. 7.

25. Ibid., p. 3. 26. M. Merleau-Ponty, Le Visible et /'invisible (Paris, Gallimard, 1964).

Chapter 5

1. Grice, op. cit., p. 220. 2. S. Fish, Professional Correctness (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995). 3. Ibid., pp. 127-8. 4. J.M. Schaeffer, Les Celibataires de !'art: pour une esthetique sans mythes

(Paris, Gallimard, 1996), pp. 254-308.

Notes 243

5. ]. Searle, Intentionality (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983).

6. J. Searle, 'The Logical Status of Fictional Discourse', in Expression and Meaning (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979).

7. For Searle's classic account of indirect speech acts, see ibid. 8. P. Grice, 'Logic and Conversation', in Studies in the Ways of Words,

op. cit., pp. 1-37. 9. ].C. Milner, De Ia syntaxe a !'interpretation: quantites, insultes, exclama­

tions (Paris, Seuil, 1978). See also N. Ruwet, 'Grammaire des insultes', in Grammaire des insultes et autres etudes (Paris, Seuil, 1982), pp. 239-314.

10. D. Sperber and D. Wilson, 'L' ironie comme mention', Poetique, 36 (Paris, Seuil, 1978).

11. U. Eco, The Limits of Interpretation (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1990).

12. I am suggesting that a reading a contre sens may be what Rorty calls an 'inspired' as opposed to a 'methodical' reading. See U. Eco, etc. Interpretation and Overinterpretation (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 106-7.

13. See A. Lecercle, 'Dissonance in As You Like It, or the Homeliness of a Name', in J.P. Debax and J. Peyre, eds, Actes du colloque 'As You Like It' (Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1998).

14. R. Desnos, 'L'elephant qui n'a qu'une patte', in Destinee arbitraire (Paris, Gallimard, 1975), p. 139 (my translation).

15. See J.J, Lecercle, 'To Do or Not to Do Without the Word: Ecstasy and Discourse in the Cinema', in New Formations, 16 (London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1992), pp. 80-90.

16. F. Crewes, The Pooh Perplex (London, Arthur Barker, 1964). 17. R.A. Duff, Intention, Agency and Criminal Liability (Oxford, Blackwell,

1990). 18. See E. Anscombe, Intention (Oxford, Blackwell, 1958); J.W. Meiland,

The Nature of Intention (London, Methuen, 1970); M.E. Bratman, Intention, Plans and Practical Reason (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1987).

19. Duff, op. cit., p. 132. 20. U. Eco, Interpretation and Overinterpretation, op. cit., p. 24. 21. M. Belloc Lowndes, The Lodger (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996

(1st edn 1913)). 22. D. Davidson, 'Actions, Reasons and Causes', in Essays on Actions and

Events (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 3-20. 23. A. Badiou, L'Etre et l'evenement (Paris, Seuil, 1988); L 'Ethiquc (Paris,

Hatier, 1993). 24. The hoax is the object of an excellent book: M. Heyward, The Em

Malley Affair (London, Faber, 1993). 25. Ibid., pp. 186 ff. 26. Quoted in ibid., p. 92. 27. P. Mead and J. Tranter, eds, The Penguin Book of Modem Australian

Poetry (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991). The reasons given for their inclusion are close to my own analysis of the hoax. They begin by

244 Notes

celebrating the Ern Malley poems: 'It should become apparent how important they are, not as literary curiosities but as an important work in their own right', p. xxx.

28. H. Heseltine, ed., The Penguin Book of Australian Verse (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1972).

29. M. Heywood, op. cit., p. 157, n. 1. 30. P. Hirst, On Law and Ideology (London, Macmillan, 1979), p. 34.

Chapter 6

1. M. Bakhtin, 'The Problem of Speech Genres', in C. Emerson and M. Holquist, eds, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, tr. V. McGee (Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1986), pp. 60-102.

2. For an account of the 'figurality' of the author, which by no means coincides with mine, see M. Couturier, La Figure de !'auteur (Paris, Seuil, 1995).

3. L. Althusser, 'Ideologies et appareils ideologiques d'Etat', in Positions (Paris, Editions Sociales, 1976), p. 90. English tr. 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation', in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (London, New Left Books, 1971), pp. 121-73.

4. L. Althusser, 'Marxisme et humanisme', in Pour Marx (Paris, Maspero, 1965), p. 241.

5. L. Althusser, Positions, op. cit., p. 111. 6. The full text is now available: L. Althusser, Sur la reproduction (Paris,

PUF, 1995), p. 113. 7. L. Althusser, Positions, op. cit. p. 108. 8. See L. Althusser, 'Sur Feuerbach', in Essais philosophiques et politiques, 2

(Paris, Stock-IMEC, 1995), pp. 169-253. This is a course of lectures on The German Ideology, given in 1967.

9. L. Althusser, E. Balibar and R. Establet, Lire le Capital, 2 (Paris, Maspero, 1963), pp. 110 ff.

10. L. Althusser, Sur la reproduction, op. cit., pp. 258-9, p. 226. p. 229. 11. Both texts, 'Problems and Advances in the Theory of Ideology', and

'Althusser and the Theory of Ideology', can be found in his On Law and Ideology (London, Macmillan, 1979).

12. Althusser, 'La decouverte du docteur Freud', in L. Chertok, ed., Dialogue franco-sovietique sur Ia psychanalyse (Paris, Privat, 1984), pp. 81-97. This text is not collected in the Ecrits sur la psychanalyse (Paris, Stock-IMEC, 1993).

13. Hirst, op. cit., p. 65. 14. ]. Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (London,

Routledge, 1997), and The Psychic Life of Power: Theories of Subjection, (Stamford, Stamford University Press, 1997).

15. The Psychic Life of Power, op. cit., p. 10. 16. Ibid., p. 5. 17. Ibid., p. 10.

Notes 245

18. Excitable Speech, op. cit., p. 19. 19. fbid., p. 29. 20. Tbid., p. 30. 21. S. Leclaire, Psychanalyser (Paris, Seuil, 1968); Dt?lnasquer le reel (Paris,

Seuil, 1971). 22. Butler, Excitable Speech, op. cit., p. 87. 23. Ibid., pp. 14-15. 24. Psychic Life of Power, op. cit., p. 124. 25. A. Badiou, Etre et evenement, op. cit. 26. Butler, Excitable Speech, op. cit., p. 160. 27. Psychic Life of Power, op. cit., p. 197. 28. D. Riley, ' Is There Linguistic Guilt?', Critical Quarterly, 39(1) (Oxford,

Blackwell, 1997), pp. 75-110. 29. M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (Chicago, University of Chicago

Press, 1987). 30. G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, op. cit. 31. D. Schiffrin, Discourse Markers (Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press, 1987). 32. A. Culioli, Pour rme linguisfique de l'enonciation, 1 (Gap, Ophrys, 1990).

On definiteness, presupposition and schemata, see E. Semino, Language and World Creatio11 i11 Poems and Other Texts (London, Longman, 1997), ch. 2.

33. A. Carter, The Passion of New Eve (Londo n, Virago, 1982). The quotations are on pages 76, 140 and 176 respectively.

34. See D. Riley, Am [That Name? (London, Macmillan, 1988). 35. See The Viole11ce of Language, op. cit. 36. A. Badiou, Saint Paul. La jo11dation de l'wtiversalisme (Paris, PUF,

1997). 37. On this see M. Mauss, 'Une cah~gorie de !'esprit humain: Ia notion de

personne, celle de "moi'", in Sociologic el anthropologie (Paris, PUF, 1950).

38. On this see my Philosophy of Nonsense (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 128-33.

39. This is a classic argument in aesthetics. See A. Sa vile, The Test of Time (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982).

40. P. Berger and T. Luckmann, Tlte Social Construction of Realify (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1967).

41. L. Althusser, Sur Ia reproductio11, op. cil., p. 226, n. 16. 42. B. Bettelheim, The Uses of E11chantment (New York, Alfred Knopf,

1976). 43. G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, Qu'esf-ce que Ia plzilosophie? (Paris, Minuit,

1991), ch . 7. 44. N. Dublel!mortier, op. cit., pp. 55-6. 45. J. Lacan, Ecrits (Paris, Seuil, 1965), my translation. 46. I. Fonagy, La Vive voix (Paris, Payot, 1983). 47. D. Parker, 'A Te lephone Cali', iJl Tlte Penguin Dorotlty Parker, B. Gill,

ed. (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1977), pp. 119-24. 48. J. Cocteau, ' La Voix humaine', in Romans, poesies, oeuvres diverses

(Paris, Livre de poche, 1995), pp. 1089-114.

246 Notes

Chapter 7

1. J. Derrida, 'Signature evenement contexte', in Marges de Ia philosophic, op. cit., p. 367.

2. L. J. Austin, 'Performative Utterances', in Philosophical Papers (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1961), pp. 253-71, and How to Do Things with Words (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962).

3. A. Culioli, Cognition and Representation in Linguistic Theory (Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 1995).

4. U. Eco, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language, op. cit., ch. 2; Kant e l'onzitorinco (Milan, Bompiani, 1997), ch. 4.

5. The restaurant is the canonical example of a script given by Schank and Abelson, the promoters of script theory. See R.C. Schank and R. Abelson, Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding (Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1977). For categories and frames, see G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things (Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1987). For an introduction to schemata, see Semino, op. cit., ch. 6.

6. G. Perec, Tentative d'epuisement d'un lieu parisien (Paris, Christian Bourgois, 1975).

7. Memory Organization Packets and Thematic Organization Points belong to Schank's more recent version of the theory. See R.C. Schank, Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982).

8. E. Crispin, The Long Divorce (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1958; 1st edn Gollancz, 1951), pp. 87-8.

9. !hid., p. 95. 10. A. Rimbaud, Oeuvres (Paris, Garnier, 1960), p. 76. 11. Crispin, op. cit., p. 129. 12. S. Leacock, Nonsense Novels (New York, John Lane, 1912; Dover,

1971). 13. Crispin, op. cit., p. 66. 14. M. Black, 'Metaphor', in Models and Metaphors (Ithaca, Cornell

University Press, 1962), pp. 25-47. 15. L. Althusser, 'Ideologies et appareils ideologiques d'Etat', op. cit.,

p. 107. 16. L. Althusser, Sur Ia reproduction, op. cit., p. 78. 17. E.G.E. Bulwer-Lytton, The Coming Race (Stroud, Allan Sutton, 1995;

first published 1871); see Julian Wolfrey's introduction, p. viii. 18. F.D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (London, Paladin,

1972; first published 1947). 19. See S. Shapin and S. Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump. Hohhcs,

Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton, Princeton University Press. 1985). My analysis of the painting is deeply indebted to D. Fabreguettes, 'Analyse stylistique d'une oeuvre de Wright of Derby' in Bulletin de Ia Societe de stylistique Anglaise, 9, Paris, 1987

20. M. Shelley, Frankenstein (London, Dent & Dutton (Everyman's Library), 1960), p. 105.

21. R. Williams, Keywords (London, Fontana, 1976), p. 237.

Notes 247

22. On this see the work of the Marxist philosopher Tran Due Thao, Recherches sur l'origine du langage et de Ia conscience (Paris, Editions Sociales, 1973); and the more recent work on sign-language, D.F. Armstrong, W.C. Stoke and S.E. Wilcox, Gesture and the Nature of Language (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995).

23. Another famous picture by Joseph Wright of Derby, in Derby Art Gallery, represents an alchemist who, looking for the philosopher's stone, inadvertently discovers phosphorus.

24. R. Barthes, LaChambre claire (Paris, Gallimard-Seuil, 1980), pp. 47-8. 25. Ibid., pp. 49, 69, 71. 26. E. Gilson, Introduction a /'etude de Saint Augustin (Paris, Vrin, 1987),

p. 203. 27. The practice of inscribing proverbs in a picture, to be deciphered as

pictorial riddles, is traditional. See Brueghel's Flemish Proverbs, in the Staatlich Museum in Berlin.

28. The Violence of Language, op. cit. 29. A few names beyond the already cited Bakhtin, Pecheux, Williams

and Tran Due Thao will suffice: Rossi Landi's Marxist semiotics, Lafont's praxematics, perhaps even De leuze and Guattari' s critique of the postulates of linguistics in Mille Plateaux, and Bourdieu's Ce que parler veut dire.

30. L. Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown Books (Oxford, Blackwell, 1958), p. 17.

31. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford, Blackwell, 1953), pp. 11-2.

32. G.P. Baker and P.M.S. Hacker, Wittgenstein. Meaning and Under­standing (Oxford, Blackwell, 1980), pp. 54-5.

33. J.J. Lecercle, 'The Mi.inchhausen Effect', in E]ES, 1(1) (Lisse, Netherlands, Swets & Zeitlinger, 1997), pp. 86-100.

34. F. Dupont, L'Invention de Ia litterature: de l'ivresse grecque au livre latin (Paris, La Decouverte, 1994).

35. F. Dupont, Homere et Dallas (Paris, Hachette, 1991). 36. F. Dupont, L'Invention de Ia litterature, op. cit., p. 147. 37. A. Parry, ed., The Making of Homeric Verse: The Selected Papers of Milman

Parry (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971).

Conclusion

1. B. Cassin, L'Effet sophistique (Paris, Gallimard, 1995). 2. L. Pareyson, Verita e interpretazione (Milan, Mursia, 1971). 3. Ibid., pp. 81-2 (my translation). 4. T. Hobbes, Leviathan (London, Dent & Dutton (Everyman's Library),

n.d.), p. 68.

Index

actant 37-9, 40, 65-6, 72-4, 94-5 actor 61-2 Aldiss, B. 83 ALTER 64-8, 73-5 Althusser, L. 34, 54, 65, 75, 80, 81,

88,95-107,108,110,115,116, 151, 152, 154-68, 172, 179, 182, 199,200,212,226,236

always-already 157, 161, 162, 166 ambiguity 77, 124-5 Anacreon 228-9 Aristotle 169, 212 article 175-6 Augustine 220, 221 Austen, J. 82-8, 118, 163 Austin, J.L. 80, 89, 162, 200 author 54-5,88,149-51 authorship see diagrams

Badiou, A. 139, 162, 166, 179 Baker, G.P. and P.M.S. Hacker 226 Bakhtin, M. 57, 58, 146, 152-3 Barth, J. 6-14 Barthes, R. 220-1 Beardsley, M. 45, 121 Benjamin, W. 14,18-20,22 Bentley, D. 51-5, 62, 63, 77, 88,

108, 118, 156 Benveniste, E. 49, 196 Bettelheim, B. 184 Black, M. 210 Bloom, H. 73, 99, 102, 139 Boehme, J. 89 Borges, J.L. 109, 116, 144, 180-1,

208 boucle 4-5 Bourdieu, P. 58, 155, 168 Boyle, R. 215, 218, 226 Bresson, F. 57 Bulwer-Lytton, E. 213 butcher 66-9 Butler, J. 162-8, 172, 174, 185,223

Cadouin Abbey 111-15 Calvina, I. 99 Carpaccio, V. 220-2 Carroll, L. 10, 14, 23-33, 106, 108,

236 carte d'identite 182-4 Carter, A. 177-8 Cassin, B. 232-3 Catullus 228, 230-1 Chateaubriand, F.R. de 96 Chenetier, M. 6, 8, 9 Chomsky, N. 38, 161-2, 223 chute 4-6,81,142,209 Cocteau, J. 194 communication 36

sec also diagrams conduit metaphor 42-3, 62 conjuncture 22, 81, 150, 153, 178,

180-1 Conrad,]. 10, 76 Cortazar, ]. 80 Crispin, E. 204-11 Culioli, A. 57, 175, 200

Davidson, D. 109, 133-4, 178 de Ia Tour, G. 220 de Man, P. 110 Deleuze, G. 185, 202 Deleuze, G. and F. Guattari 151 Derrida, J. 50, 77-8, 110, 121, 162,

166,199,229 Descartes, R. 160 Desnos, R. 128-9 Detective 72-3, 173 diagrams of authorship 140, 142,

146, 148 diagrams of communication 35,

36,38,59,61,64-6, 75 diagrams of imposture 101-7 diagrams of interpellation 189-93,

194-7 diagrams of subjecthood 169-70

248

Index 249

dialogue 73, 78, 91 Dickens, C. 210-1 difjerance 78-9 doxa 43-9, 140, 153 Doyle, A. Conan Duff, R.A. 130-2 Dupont, F. 227-31 Duras, M. 111 Durer, A. 136-41, 212, 222 Dworkin, R. 41-2

Eco, U. 4, 42, 127-8, 130, 132-3, 201-1

Eliot, T.S. 45, 144, 146, 148 Elwyn-Jones, J. and J.F. Gladstone

27-9,31,32 Empson, W. 29-31,32,33 encyclopaedia 4, 32, 34, 42, 58,

201-1 Ettleson, A. 24-7, 28, 30, 31, 32, 51,

89,111,127,128,236

fantastic 184 Faulkner, W. 208 Favret-Saada, J. 72 Frye, N. 89 fictional world 186 Fish, S. 119-20, 121 Flahault, F. 34, 80 Fonagy, I. 193 Foucault, M. 162 Freud, S. 14, 20-2, 93, 106, 109,

110, 139, 156, 169

Gadamer, H.G. 2, 200 Genette, G. 36-7, 38, 80, 121 Gilson, E. 221 glossing 1-2, 4, 20, 31, 34 glossolalia 6-14, 186-93 Goodman, N. 33, 121 grammatical markers 174-6 Gramsci, A. 167 Green, R.L. 56-7 Greene, G. 1-6, 118 Greimas, A.G. 37-9, 61, 65, 72, 94 Grice, H.P. 43, 68, 77, 118, 121, 124,

130,147,162,202,227 Grize, J.B. 48, 57-60, 62, 63, 64, 69 Guitton, J. 95, 97-9, 101-7, 115

Habermas, J. 167, 232 Haggard, H. Rider 184 Halliday, M.A.K. 58 Harrington, J. 128 Harris, M. 141-7 Hegel, G.F.W. 101, 105, 151 Heidegger, M. 2, 193,200 Herodotus 15-8 Heywood, M. 142, 144,145, 147 Higgins, A. 78, 82 Hirsch, E. D. 43, 45-7, 53, 74, 76,

118, 120, 121, 130 Hirst, P. 150, 158-62, 166, 167 Hoban, R. 178 Hobbes, T. 32,215,218,236-7 Holbein, H. 216 Homer 228-30

identity 158, 177, 182-4, 194 Ideological State Apparatus 212 ideology 154-62, 199-200,212,

222 illumination 3, 11, 13, 220-2 image 69-70,73-4,177 imposture 96, 99, 100-1, 101-7,

107-11, 113, 148, 185 indirection 76-7, 86, 124 intended/intentional 32, 62, 131-2 intentio 32, 121-6, 136 intention 11, 20, 34, 43-4, 50, 62,

118-20, 126-7, 128, 129, 133, 141, 165

intentionalism 119, 121-6, 136 intentionality 121-2 interpellation 54-5, 116-17, 119,

154, 155, 156, 161, 164, 167, 172-85,213

see also diagrams interpretance 79-80

theses on 31-3, 232-7 intervention 12, 13-4, 20-2, 31, 34 irony 125-6 Iser, W. 89, 90-1, 92, 117

Jakobson,R. 35-6,41,42,48,57,61 James, H. 30,71 Johnson, M. 169 Joyce, J. 127 just 31,32-3,232-3

250 Index

Kant, E. 63, 203 Klingender, F.D. 213 Kojeve, A. 151

Lacan, J. 65, 71, 79, 95, 97, 100, 106, 109,110,162,183,200

Laing, R.D. 90 Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson 169,

170,205 language-game 224-7, 229-31, 237

theses on 226-7 Le Baron, A. 7, 8, 10 Leacock, S. 209 Lear, E. 55-7 Leclaire, S. 165 Leonardo 219 Levinas, E. 58 Lewis, D. 64 Lovecraft, H.P. 184 Lowndes, M.B. 133 Lyotard, J.F. 44, 57, 106, 116, 139

Maclean, I. 110 Mafeking 78, 81-2 make-believe 90-2 Mallarme, S. 145 Malley, E. 136-49, 150, 153, 230 Manson, C. 133-5 Martin, J. 213 Martini, S. 219 Marx, K. 42, 45, 96, 105-6, 107, 110,

133, 135, 151, 163 Maugham, S. 5 maxims

doxic 43-5 alternative 76-82, 86 of interpellation 172-85

McAuley, J. 141-7, 149, 222 McLuhan, M. 228 Merleau-Ponty, M. 116 metalepsis 37, 39, 80, 85-6, 166-7,

194, 197 midrash 50-1 Miller, J.A. 100 Milner, J.C. 125 misunderstanding 69-70, 123-4 Mitford, M. 206 monad 152-3 Morris, C. 89

Omar 172-3 oracle 14-18, 141-2 Orwell, G. 157 Oulipo 9,11

paralleVserial arrangement 44, 73, 100, 116, 139, 230

Pareyson, L. 234-6 Parker, D. 193-8 Parmenides 233 Parry, M. 230 Pater, W. 29 Pecheux, M. 40-1, 58, 64, 72, 80 Peirce, C.S. 79-80 Perec, G. 203, 204 Poe, E.A. 173 poetic function 34-5 Porphyry 202, 203 pronoun 49 propositions

against tin-opener 9-12 for tin-opener 12-14

punctum/studium 220-1

racism 175-6 reading (theses on) 116-17 ReaVreality 71, 139, 182-3 reception theory 89-94 recontextualisation 77-8, 166 remainder 127,130,211,212,223 representation 58, 63-6, 69, 73-4,

92, 160, 177 Richardson, S. 70 Ricoeur, P. 77 riddle 3, 8, 10, 14, 15, 25 Riley, D. 168 Rimbaud, A. 207-8 Roberts, J. 18 Ross, J.R. 48 Rossellini, R. 194 Roustang, F. 99 Rushdie, S. 132, 133-5 Ruskin, J. 28, 29

Saki 82 Saussure,F.de 223 Schaeffer, J.M. 121-4, 136 Schiffrin, D. 174 Schreber, D.P. 21, 95

Searle,]. 66, 74, 121-2, 123, 124, 132

Semino, E. 204 Shakespeare, W. 39, 44, 55, 69,

109,111,112,128,150,153 Shelley, M. 148-9, 219-20 Smith, H. 7 solipsism 10, 65, 69, 152 speech-act 12,34 Spinoza, B. 185, 236 Stanislavski, C. 50 Steiner, G. 12-3 Stewart, H. 141-7, 149 subject 153-4, 159, 162, 164,

168-71, 179, 180-3 subjecthood see diagrams Swift, G. 208

Tennyson, A. 28, 56 tin-opener 3-5, 9, 12-15, 18, 143,

208,233,235

Index

translation 6, 11, 18-20, 22, 234-6

251

truth 19-20, 31, 33, 44, 52, 63, 112, 120,181,232,233-6

Turin shroud 113,114-5

utterance/utterer's meaning 34, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 76-8, 123, 201

vagueness 49, 50, 52, 77

Walton, K. 91-4,117 Watts, G.F. 29 Williams, R. 162, 217, 223 Wimsatt, W.K. 45, 121 Wittgenstein, L. 127, 206, 224-7 Wodehouse, P.G. 71 Wordsworth, W. 128,208 Wright of Derby,]. 213-20, 222