Notes: Properties of Solids,

Liquids, Gasses, and Kinetic

Theory

Gasses, Pressure, Kinetic Theory,

Temperature, Pressure, Heating Curve,

Diffusion

States of Matter Solid, Liquid, Gas

• Click the links below to see the States of Matter animation and simulations

• States of Matter Simulation

States of Mater Animation

States of Water

• A lattice is a regular repeating geometric pattern

• The solid, b, is composed of hexagons

• Remember, ice floats in water

• Remember, the less dense substance floats!!

liquid solid gas

Solids, liquids and Gasses

1. Describe the solid, liquid and gas.

gas liquid solid

shape

compres-

sible

Flows or

moves

Assumes the shape and volume of its container. Particles can move past one another.

assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies. Particles can move/slide past one another.

retains a fixed volume and shape (lattice) rigid - particles locked into place.

Compressible, lots of free space between particles

not easily compressible, little free space between particles

not easily compressible, little free space between particles

flows easily, particles can move past one another

flows easily, particles can move past one another .

Vibrates, Rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

States of Matter

Which diagram represents the solid state, the liquid state

and the gas state of matter. Explain your answer.

A B C

A: Solid - definite

shape & volume.

Distance between

the particles is

negligible.

B: Liquid - no definite shape but definite volume. Particles close together and slide by each other.

C: Gas - no definite

shape, no definite

volume. Particles very

far apart.

Phase Changes • Phases are states of matter: solid, liquids and gas.

• Phase change means solid turns into liquid, liquid to gas.

• Melting – breakdown of order where the mutual forces of attraction are no longer strong enough to maintain lattice structure due to molecules moving faster and faster from heating. The solid turns into a liquid.

• Evaporation – when molecules escape from a liquid the spread out in all directions and become gas or vapor

• Boiling – the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. At the boiling point, molecules through out the liquid have enough energy to vaporize (turn into gas).

• Condensation – When gas molecules slow down and crowd together (due to attractions) more densely to form a liquid

• Freezing – When liquid molecules slow down due to heat loss, they become attracted to each other through a mutual force of attraction and begin to “stick together” in a regular geometric pattern (lattice). Thus, the liquid turns into a solid.

• Molecules are sticky particles.

• If the molecules slow down, they will begin to stick together and gases will become liquids. If the slow down more, liquids will stick together even further and become solids.

Diffusion • The class should decide on the best two or

three boards that show:

1. The mixing of food coloring with hot & cold water

2. The diffusion of the cologne all over the room

• Write in your lab books which boards you

chose as the best (example, 5th red)

• Draw the pictures in your lab

book from the best board for the

hot & cold liquid diffusion and

the pictures for the cologne (gas)

diffusion .

Liquid Diffusion White Boards – one set of pictures each for the hot water and one set for cold water

diffusion observations.

– Use “whooshies” to show faster and slower particles.

– The sequence should contain the same number of frames at the same time intervals (like a film strip).

– Show the water and the food coloring

– Is there more water or food coloring present?

– A good board should show

• Start at time zero: that is when the drop of food coloring first hits the water.

• Show that it’s the “moving water particles” that cause the food coloring particles to spread out and mix with water.

• In the last frame show what happened after 15 minutes: that the red

color is completely mixed with water in all parts of the beaker and

the green color is not completely mixed.

Gas Diffusion Whiteboards • Prepare a storyboard of the diffusion process by drawing a

sequence of 5-7 particle diagrams that shows: – How the arrangement of particles change over the time from

when the bottle was just opened until the order had spread all

over the room.

• Start with the cologne bottle (or beaker) in the center of

the room.

– Drawings must show air & cologne.

– There is more air in the room than cologne

– Drawings should show how the air collides with the cologne

thus slowing the movement of the cologne particles.

– Drawing should show how the cologne spreads out over time.

– The final picture (or frame) should show the cologne has

spread to all over the room & completely mixed with the air

Whooshies

Using particle diagrams, represent samples of a cold gas

and a hot gas. Speed is shown by the length of the

whooshies.

slow particle: fast particle:

Temperature

Alcohol Thermometer

- 273

Heat and Temperature. • Temperature = speed of molecules. Faster is

hotter, slower is colder. • Temperature does not depend on mass (how much stuff

there is).

• Heat of a substance involves temperature and

mass.

• Heat depends on the degree of hotness (also

called temperature) and how much stuff there is

(mass).

• mass is equivalent to the number of particles • A bucket of 50º water has more heat in it than a tea cup of 100º

water because of greater mass & temperature not to far apart.

How Does a Thermometer Work? Objective: Describe the ways that energy is transferred between the system and the surroundings. Explain pressure.

1. Q = heat, fluids are liquids & gasses

• the circle is the thermometer (the system), the square is the fluid (the surroundings).

2. Heat always flows from: – hot to cold (high to low)

COLDER

WARMER

COLDER

WARMER

THERMOMETER

FLUID:

THERMOMETER

FLUID:

Diagram on the left: heat flows from hotter fluid into the colder thermometer.

Diagram on the right: Heat flows from the hotter thermometer into the colder fluid.

Chemistry, Exit Ticket, Wednesday, Oct 29, 2014 2. Explain why the mercury or alcohol level in a thermometer rises when it is placed in a warmer fluid. (3-step process)

1. Energy from the warmer fluid (the surroundings) is

transferred to the liquid in the thermometer.

2. This energy causes the alcohol molecules to move faster.

3. The alcohol molecules move further apart (expand).

Result: alcohol rises in the tube.

3. Explain why the mercury or alcohol level in a thermometer falls when it is placed in a warmer fluid. (3-step process).

1. Energy from the warmer thermometer is transferred to the

fluid (the surroundings).

2. This energy loss causes the alcohol molecules to move slower.

3. The alcohol molecules move closer together (contract).

Result: alcohol goes down in the tube.

Diffusion of Gasses • To see the diffusion animation click this link:

– Diffusion is a term that refers the tendency of particles in a

fluid (gasses & liquids) to spread out and mix in with their

surroundings.

– This usually happens because everything moves from high to low.

– In this case from high concentration (as in a bottle of perfume) to low concentration (as in a room full of air with no perfume mixed in).

• If a perfume bottle is opened into the air and mixes with the air what is the solute & what is the solvent??

– The mixing is caused by the motion of the solvent particles. Solute: thing present in the smaller quantity, being mixed or dissolved. Solvent: thing in the greater quantity that is doing the mixing or dissolving.

Diffusion

Whooshies

Using particle diagrams, represent samples of a cold gas

and a hot gas. Speed is shown by the length of the

whooshies.

slow particle: fast particle:

Atmospheric pressure

760 mm Mercury or 29.92 inches Hg

Pressure 1. Define pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area

of a surface.

Explain why the railroad tanker car was crushed. Clink the link to

see the

simulation of

pressure, volume

and temperature.

Gas Labs

P, V, T, n (# of particles) are related Draw representations of the particles in the box

that correspond to the shown positions along the graph. Use “whooshies” to show temperature.

1

2

3

3

2

1

3

2

1

Gas Labs P, V, T, n (# of particles) are related.

1

3

2

Draw representations of the

particles in the box that

correspond to the shown

positions along the graph. Use “whooshies” to show

temperature.

Gas Labs

Temperature

and number

of particles

are constant

Temperature

and volume

are constant

n = 100

P = 1 atm

n = 200

P= 2 atm

n = 300

P=3 atm

volume and

number of

particles are

constant

Temperature, (K)

Pre

ss

ure

Relationships on Graphs

1. What is meant by “directly related.” A straight line with a positive slope. (x gets bigger, y gets bigger) 2. What is meant by indirectly related? A straight line with a negative slope. (x gets bigger, y gets smaller) 3. What is meant by inversely related? x increases as y decreases, or x increases as y decreases

y

x y

x

A. directly

related or

direct

relationship

B. indirectly

related or

indirect

relationship

Sketch the Graphs

C. inverse

relationship (x

gets bigger, y

gets smaller)

A

B

C y

x

3. Determine the correct relationship for the graphs.

Objectives

1. P, V, T, & n are related:

Predict the effect of changing P, V, n or T on any of the

other variables.

𝐏 ∝ n, P ∝𝟏

𝑽, 𝑷 ∝T, V ∝ T

2. Explain (in terms of the collisions of particles) why the

change has the effect you predicted.

• P = pressure

• V= volume

• T = temperature

• n = number of particles

Relationships 1. Predict the effect of changing P, V or T on any of the

other variables.

𝐏 ∝ n

a. If P doubles then V will; decreases ½ (÷ 2),

c. If P decreases by 1/3 then V will; d. If P increases by 3 then V will

triple

e. If T triples P will: f. If P triples, T will

triple triple

g. if T doubles then V will; h. if T decreases 1/3 then V will

double decrease by 1/3 i. if n triples then P will; j. if P quadruples then n will triple Quadruple (x 4)

b. If V decreases by ½ , P will

double

decrease by 1/3 (÷ 3)

The Relationship Between Pressure (P), Temperature (T), Volume (V), and Number of Particles (n)

1.

2.

3.

4.

How is KE affected?

KE = 1/2 m • v2

How is KE affected?

KE =1/2 m • v2

How is KE affected?

KE =1/2 m • v2

How is KE affected?

KE =1/2 m • v2

The Relationship Between Pressure (P), Temperature (T), Volume (V), and Number of Particles (n)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Faster particles expand

Faster, more & harder collisions

Increase Increase

Slower particles contract

slower, less & softer collisions

Decrease Decrease

More mass, more kinetic energy

More particles, more frequency of hits

Increase Increase

Less mass, less kinetic energy

Less particles, less frequency of hits

decrease Decreas

es

KE =1/2 m • v2

KE =1/2 m • v2

KE =1/2 m • v2

KE =1/2 m • v2

KE =1/2 m • v2

Notes • Describe the ways that energy is transferred

between the system and the surroundings.

These are:

– Heating – transfer of energy through the

collisions of particles

– Working – transfer of energy when macroscopic

objects exert forces on each other

– Radiating – transfer of energy by the emission or

absorption of light

The Relationship Between P, V, T, n

1. Which graph represents the relationship between the pressure

of a gas vs. its volume?

2. Which graph represents the relationship between the pressure

of a gas vs. the absolute temperature?

3. Which graph represents the relationship between the pressure

of a gas vs. the Celsius temperature?

4. Which graph represents the relationship between the pressure

of a gas vs. the number of particles?

7. Which graph shows a constant pressure vs. volume

8. Which graph shows constant 0°C vs. increasing volume

1 -7, pressure is on the y axis, #8 temperature is on y axis

A

B

D

B C

C

Molecular Kinetic Theory of Gases 4. Define Kinetic Energy (KE) Energy due to motion. Mathematically KE = ½ mv2 m = mass, v= velocity

5.State the kinetic molecular theory that accounts for the behavior of gases.

Particles of a gas: a) *are in constant motion, b) they do not “lose energy”; they maintain their speed c) do not stick to other particles. d) *The speed of the particles is related to their temperature. e) *The pressure of a gas is related to the frequency (how

often) and how hard the particles hit the sides of the container in which they are enclosed.

* Also true for liquids and solids not at temperature of absolute 0°

Notes • Energy is stored in an object or system in several

ways; for now we restrict our discussion to:

– . Thermal Energy – due to the motion of the particles.

– Phase Energy – due to the arrangement of the

particles in solid, liquid and gaseous phases.

Attractions lower the energy of a system;

– therefore, solids have the lowest phase energy because

the particles are bound most tightly,

– liquids have greater energy because they have more

freedom of motion,

– and gases have the greatest amount of energy because

the particles have overcome the attractions that hold

solids and liquids together.

•

Energy, Thermal Energy, Phase Energy

• Energy

•Think of energy as a quantity that is always involved when

there is a change in the state of matter. When a substance

gets hotter or colder or changes phase, energy is either

transferred into or out of the system. The two key ways

energy is stored is thermal (due to the motion of the

particles) and phase (due to attractions between the

particles).

•

•Remember that attractions lower the energy state, so one

must add energy to a system to pull particles apart. The

three ways that energy is transferred is by heating (Q),

working (W) and radiating (R); this course focuses on Q.

•

Objective: Given a

heating/cooling curve for a

substance, identify what

phase(s) is/are present in

the various portions of the

curve, and what phase

changes are taking place.

Time or Energy (heat) added

Time (min) & Heat Energy Added

Tem

pera

ture

200 Heating Curve for Water

Ice warms up

Liquid heats warms up

Water vaper heats up

Water boils, boiling point

Ice melts, melting point

Bell Work Answers, Mon, Nov, 4

a = solid

c = liquid e = gas

11.

Amount of Energy (heat) & Time

D

-5 E

Heating Curve for Water

= solid

= liquid

= gas

Time or Energy (heat) added

Study Guide

Heating Curve for Water

Study Guide 2. What phase or state of matter is at a? solid 3. What phases exist together at b? Solid & liquid; 5. What phase is c? liquid 6. What phases exist together at d? Liquid and gas; 7. What phase is e? gas 8. What section of the graph above represents melting? What is this temperature referred to as? B, this temperature is called the melting point 9. What section of the graph above represents boiling? What is this temperature referred to as?

D, this temperature is referred to as the boiling point

Study Guide 10. Where is phase energy increasing?

b & d

11. Where is thermal energy increasing?

a, c, & e

12. Which state has the highest kinetic energy?

gas, it has the most or fastest motion.

13. Which state has the lowest kinetic energy?

solids, it moves the least & slowest

14. As you move from solid to liquid to gas on the heating curve,

is energy being absorbed or released by the water?

absorbed

15. What is this process called?

heating

a = solid

c = liquid e = gas

At b = melting, water & ice (liquid & solid) exist

At d = evaporation , water & vapor (liquid &

gas ) exist together.

At d = boiling

Time or Energy (heat) added

Bell Work, Thursday, Nov 6, 2014

Where is phase energy increasing? b, d Where is phase energy staying the same? a, c, e Where is thermal energy increasing?

a, c, e Where is thermal energy staying the same? b, d

Gas/ vapor

condensation

liquid

freezing

solid

Time/ Energy (heat) removed

Cooling Curve for Water

Bell Work, Tues, Nov 1, 2016

a = gas

c = liquid

e = solid

condensation

b: gas and liquid

d: liquid & solid

Time / Energy (heat) Removed

2. Draw the graph. Label the states of matter found in each lettered section of the graph. Name the process taking place at 1 and 2 on the graph.

freezing

Cooling Curve for Water

As you go from

gas, to liquid,

to solid, water

cools off and

releases is

energy.

Bell Work, Tuesday, Nov 1, 2016 3. As you move from gas to liquid to solid on the curve, is energy

being absorbed or released by the water?

absorbed

4. What is this process called?

cooling