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8/9/2019 Notes Maghribi Script
1/14
Somenotes
on Maghribi
script
@
^*I.
adn
den
Boogert
In
writing
the
present
study, I
wanted
t to
serve
a
double
purpose.
In
the irst
place,
t is intended
s a concisemanual
for the
reading
of Maghribi
manuscript
material,
which
often
poses roblems,
ven or native
speakers
of Arabic.
The
cursive tyle
of Maghribi
script
as well
as he
calligraphic
tylecontain
many etterforms
nd
ligatures
with
which the
average eader
of Arabic is
unfamiliar.
Secondly,
his article, and
especially he list
of
letterforms
which constitutes
he largest
part
of it, is
meant as a possiblestarting-pointof further, more
thorough
researchnto
the
paleography
f Maghribi
script.
Attention is focused
on the individual
letter-
forms which make
up the script.
The
manuscript
material
on which
the notes on
diacritic
points
and vocalisation
nd the ist
of letter-
forms
are basedhas
been imited
to specimens
ro -
duced
durins he 9th
and 20thcenturies.
THE ORIGIN
OF MAGHRIBI
SCRIPT
The origin of Maghribi script has been nv estigated
by
O.
Houdasl.
In his
essay e examines
he historical
circumstances
under
which
the
introduction
of the
Arabic
script in the Maghrib
took
place,
and
he
compares
a few 9th-century
Maghribi
manuscripts
written
on vellum. He
comes to
the conclusion
that
Maghribi
script is
a direct
descendant
f
'Kufic'.
He
even
goes
so far as to call
Maghribi
script
'une
lgre
transformation
du coufique'
(p.
96).
The term
'Kufic'
is somewhat
ambiguous. n
gene-
ral. it
should be taken
to mean the
'formal
bookhand
of the 1th
-
10th century AD'. Houdas uses
cou-
fique'in
opposit ion o
'neskhy',
which
term he
usesas
a
generic
name for
the cursive
scripts
of the Mashriq
(nask
, thuluth, etc.).
That Houdas'
conclusion
about
the
origin of Magh-
ribi
script is
correct, though
perhaps
stated
a lit t le
imprecisely,
becomesclear
when
one takes
a closer
look
at the
distinctive eatures
of
this script.A
generai
characteristic
f Maghribi
script
s what Houdas
calls
' la
nature
du trait': Maghribi
is
written with
a sharp
pointed
pen
which
produces
a line
of even thickness,
while in
the Mashriq
the
point
of the
pen
is
cut in the
form of a chisel,producinga line of varying thickness.
Apart from
this
general
characteristic,
he dist inctive
features
of Maghribi script
are the following:
l.
the final
aliJ
is
drawn from
top to bottom;
2. the stems
of alif,
lam, lam-alif
and ta'lza'
have
club-like
extensions
o the left
of their top
point;
3. the ioop of
;adlQad
s identical
with that
of n'l
za' , .e. t has
no
'tooth' ;
4. the
stemof
la' lZA' is
drawn
diagonally;
5.
qa/
andfA'have
unconventional
diacrit ical
points;
6. final and
separate dalldhAl
are very
similar to
initial
and medial
kaf, especially
n the
earlier mss;
more differentiated forms developed ater;
These
are the features
that
distinguish
Maghribi
script from
the Mashriqi
scripts
.naskh
.s.).
Houdas
(p.
95)
states that
'la
diffrence
que
I'on
constate
entre les formes
du maghrbin
et celles du
neskhy
n'est
pas
trs
profonde'.
The
differences
de-
scribed
above however,
though they
are indeed
not
very
profound,
give
valuable
indications
about
th e
origin of the script:
it is
precisely
hese eatures
hat
are found in
a certain
angular formal
bookhand
('Kufic')
which
was used n
the Middle
East n the
Sth-
lOth centuries
AD. This
bookhand is
exemplif ied
by
Yajda2 plates 4 and 53. In Arabic it is
sometimes
referred "o
as kufi murabba'.
The most
formal form
of
this hand is represented
by the
Quranic
script which is
usually called
'Eastern
Kufic'
or
'Qarmatian',
se e
Lingsa,
plates
l-21. This
angular
bookhand, o which
Maghribi
script is apparently
closely
related,
should
be
distinguished rom
a more
rounded
bookhand
(kld
mudawwar) which
existed in
the same
period,
and
which
was
primarily
used or copies
of the
Quran
(see
Vajda,
plates
1,2 and
6ab, and L ings
plates
-9).
At
the time Arabic
script was introduced
into
the
Maghrib (8th/9th century AD), it had already split
into two
different
styles in
the Mashriq:
a
formal
style used or copi es
of the
Quran,
works
of law and
jurisprudence
and the like,
and a cursive
style,used n
correspondence
nd administration.
Both
thesestyles
were
developments
of one original
style, the
archaic
Arabic
script of the
6th and early
7th centuriesAD. In
the
7th and 8th centuries
different
stylesdeveloped or
the various
applications
of the
script. The formal,
calligraphic
style
('Kufic')
soon became
more
or
less
standardised
and
hardly
changed
during
the t ime it
remained n
use.The cursive
style on the
contrary was
not standardiseduntil the 10th centurv AD. when.
Manuscripts
f the Middle
East4
(
1989)
Q
Ter Lugt Press,
onkerstee 19,2312
HA Leiden.Netherlands,
989 ISSN0920-0401
-
8/9/2019 Notes Maghribi Script
2/14
N. VAN
DEN BOOGERT.
OTES
ON MAGHR]BI
SCRIPT
a 1
i l
under
the
pressure
of the exigencies
f more
speedier
ways
of writing,
severalcursive
styles
had
developed,
all
quite
different
from
the formal
style. It was
Ibn
Muqla
(d.
940 AD) who
elevated
he
cursive
styles o
the calligraphic
evel by
devising
a system
which
he
called
al-khatt
al-mansub.
With
this system
he letter-
forms
of the
cursive
styles
ould
be standardised.
hi s
made
their
use for
non-casual
applications
such as
Qurans
and lawbooks
possible,
and
the old formal
style
or Kufic soon
went
out of
use
l
lth
century AD),
except
or ornamental
applications.
Houdas
argues
hat only
the old formal
style
of the
Arabic
script
('Kufic'),
was
introduced
into
the
Maghrib.
From
the centres
of Islamic
earning
such as
Kairouan
and Fes,
the use
of the script
spread
over
the
Maghrib,
and
after a time it
began
o be applied
o
purposes
or
which in
the Mashriq
the
cursive
scripts
were
used.Around
the
beginning
of the llth
century
AD
the formal
bookhand
as a whole
had changed
nto
a more cursive orm, which could be written fasterand
easier
han the
old form
and which
has
remained
n
use
unt i l the
present.
DIFFERENT
STYLES
Houdas
also tries
to describe
he
characteristics
f
the various
stylesof
Maghribi
script.
He first
makes a
difference
between
two levels:
the
calligraphic
level
('l'criture
soign')
and the
non-calligraphic
or cursive
level.
He
then divides
he
calligraphic
script nto
three
styles.Each of thesestyleshad as its place of origin
one
of
the cultural
and
intellectual
centres
of the
Maghrib.
These
are:
Qayrawnr
(from
Kairouan),
Fsi
(from
Fs)
and Andalusr
(from
Cordoba).
Houdas
also distinguishes
a
fourth
style,
Sldni,
which
originated
n
the Timbuktu
area,
and is nowa-
days
used n
the entire
sub-Saharan
one
rom
Senegal
to northern
Nigeria.
This style
s treated
by Houdas
as
cognatewith
the
other three
styles
of Maghribi
script.
But
judging
by
the very
distinct
character
of
Sfidnr,
which
is
easily recognisable,
his
style
probably
de -
velopedparallel
o,
but independent
rom the
script
of
the Maghrib, and should be treated as cognate with
Maghribi
script
as a wholes.
Sldni
is therefore
no t
dealt with
in the
present
arricle.
For
each of these
styles Houdas
mentions
a few
characteristics
pp.
108-112),
bout
which he
himself
says,
however:
'Toutes
ces indications
sont
un
peu
vagues,
mais
il est mpossible
de leur
donner
une
plus
grande
prcision.'
Houdas gives
various
reasons
or
this
difficulty
in establishing
he features
of each
of
these
styles n
a more definite
way.
Firstly,
a standardised
orm
or a
calligraphic
deal,
such
as existed or
the styles
used
n the
Mashriq, has
never come into being in the Maghrib. According to
Houdas,
this is
a
result
of the aversion
against
regu-
larity
and symmetry
prevalent
among
the
artisansof
the Maghrib.
Secondly,
he
scribes
of the
Maghrib
had
the
habit
of imitating
the
specimens
hey
were
copying,
which
could
have
been
written
in
another
region
or
country;
this
is,
of course,
o a large
extent
a result
of the
lack
of
a calligraphic
standard.
Thirdly,
the
massive
emigration
of
Muslims
from
Spain
definitely
muddled
up the
different
styles,
as far
as
they existed.
Finally,
the
number
of
dated
manuscripts
rom
the
Maghrib
is relatively
small.
After
describing
he
four
calligraphic
styles
which
he
distinguishes,
nd
naming
each
of them
after
its
possible
place
of
or igin,
Houdas
says
(p.
110):
, . . .
mais
il faut
bien remarquer,
que
le
nom
de ces
critu-
res
n'implique
nullement
a ncessi t u'elles
aient
t
traces
ans
'une
ou I'autre
des deux
villes
auxquelles
elles
doivent
eurs
appellations'.
Houdas
also
tries
to
give
a classification
of the
cursive
Maghribi
scripts.
These
he
divides
into
four
geograph ica lypes : ' t un is ienne ' , 'a lgr ienne ' , 'maro-
caine'
and
'soudanienne'.
Bearing
in
mind
the
prob-
lems
already
encountered
n
trying
to
classify
the
calligraphical
tyles,
hese
names
could
at best
be
used
to roughly
indicate
the
area
where
a
particular
ms.
was
produced;
they
do not
tell
us anything
about
the
features
of its
script.
The
possibilit ies
f making
a more
definitie
classifi-
cation
of
the
different
styles
of Maghribi
script
seem
to
be small.
The
best
prospects
are
perhaps
offered
by
a close
examination
of the
script
used in legal
documents,
especially he more luxurious ones.Thesedocuments
usually
bear
a
place
and
date,
and
it is
improbable
that
they
have
been
copied
from
specimens
rom
an
entirely
different
region.
From
the
list
of letter
forms
(see
below)
it
becomes
clear
that
Maghribi
script
contains
a wealth
of
peculiar
etter
orms
and
ligatures
(see
for
instance
the
lam-alif
and
the
atif
+
tam-alif
ligatures).
f these
orms
could
be dated,
they
might
give
a clue
as to the
place
and date
of
origin
of
undated
MSS.
THULUTH
MAGHRIBI
In many
Maghribi
MSS
a script
different
from
Maghribi
script
proper
is used
or
the writing
of titles,
chapter
headings
and the
like.
This
is
often
done
in
red,
green
or blue ink.
This
script
is
characterised
y
the
very loose
orm
of its letters,
which
makes
t easily
distinguishable
rom
Maghribi proper.
Also,
several
of its
individual
letter
forms
are dif-
ferent,
e.g. :
1.
the
alf and
the
lam have
a top-serif
to
the right
instead
of to the
left:
( t A
l | l t
I t
(
) ) ) )
v /
-
8/9/2019 Notes Maghribi Script
3/14
o o N
N
G 2
6. the
lam-alif
has the
ser ifs o
the r ight :
followins
form.
with
tw o
7. the pointing of the /a' and the qaf is often done in
the conventional
way in
this
script
(see
or instance
Lings
plate
712:
,surat
al-qari'a,
and
plate
I
l3:
sadaqa
lahu
I-'aVtm).
This
script
is sometimes
called
maghrib
mujawhar
or, more
commonly,
huluth
maghribt.It
is the
Magh-
ribi interpretation
of thuluth,
one of the
six canonical
sty\es
al-aqlam
as-sitta)
used in
the Mashriq,
whence
it
was imported
into
the
Maghrib,
probably
around
the 13th
century
AD
or later.
Thuluth
maghrih was
also
often
used for inscrip-
t ions.
e.s. n
the Alhambra.
DIACRITICAL
POINTS
AND
VOCALISATION
1. Diacritical oints
The
diacritical
oints
of two
connected
etters
are
often written
together
n
a cluster.
This
can only
be
done, however,
when
one
of these
etters
has
two
diacritical oints
and he
other
only
one, .e.no
clusters
of more
han
hree
points
are ormed:
Corl
''nn
*"
QP
boY'o
1t,
MANUSCRIPTS
F THE
MIDDLE
EAST4
I989)
A
second
system,
of which
the
place
and date
of
r.rn_
origin st il l
remain
to be
established.
as
found in
th e
'"t -
other
MSS. In
this system,
a V-shaped
sign
is used.
This
sign is
written
in
different
posit ions
with
a
varying
orientation
to
represent
both
shadd
as
th e
foilowing
vowel:
A cluster
of three
points
written
above
he line
or
a
cluster
of two
or three
points
written
under
the line
may be replaced
by a flourish
similar to
an inverted
comma:
c
gf*o
shahr
(.J
rttatirtt
"/,,r-G,
-;;
| *)
bavna
V C
J./.
2.
the final
alif is
drawn
from
bottom to top:
3. the
ta'lza'
has
a
nal one:
vert ical
stem
instead
of a diago-
4.
the kaJ'has
a
flag-like
op
stroke,and
at the top
of the stem:
@ @
\ \ \ \
\ \
1 1
usuallya serif
2.
Shadda
5. unconneced dal and initial and final
(etc.)
also have serifs:
Two
systems
re
n
use or
the
The
conventional
ystem
as
only
the
Quranic
MSS
examined:
6
shadda
+
farha
ww
shadda kasra
3
w
snadd1
*
dumma
li,tt
cm-nas
SJ
t ad-dtn
j lta,-nur
For
extra
clarity
a vowel
sign may
be added,
although
this is
not
strictly
necessary:
/ -
v u / v
,
_shadda
+
fatha
':
:L
shuctcta
damma
T r T s h a d d a l k a s r a
3. Wasla
The
conventional
wasla
")
does
not
occur
n
the
examined
Maghribi
texts.
nstead,
o indicate
n,asl
small
dot
can
be written
over
he
alif6,e.g.:
v , '
,(l.l
I
q.D
hu*a
tah
In
fully
vocalised
exts,
the
final
vowel
sign
of the
preceding
word
is
written
a second
time
with
the
atif
al-wasl.
A repeated
atha
is
then
placed
between
the
dot and the alif, and a repeatedkasra is written below
lhe
ali/.
When
the
final
vowel
sign is
a
damma,
a small
horizontal
line
similar
to
fatha
and
kasra
is
drawn
through
the middle of the alif :
notation
of shadd.
found
to be
used
n
stn and ba '
U'
(.'
-
8/9/2019 Notes Maghribi Script
4/14
r
Y r i
.
A
JT
^,J->
hnh:nhu
lah
.:-
When alif
al-v,asl
stands
at
or sentence,
ts usual
prothetic
o .
- o - 1 1
.4 sJ I
al-vawm
L
\-/..
4.
Hamza
Hamza
is
frequently
omitted,
even
in
partially
vo -
calised
exts.
When
written
at all.
it takes
one of
the
following
forms:
9 t 9 e
The
form
e
is
possibly
graphic
development
o f
9 :
? e
When
the chair
of the
hamza s
an initial
or medial
he hamza
s
placed
below
the line.
The
diacritical
of the
ya'
are
often written
together
with
the
aa tra
sa' r
al-jaza'ir
.
Madda
The
madda
(*)
is
used
to
mark
a long
vowel
is
followed
by hamz
or by
a doubled
consonant,
" '
vT
S
L
madda
r
s l+ ia'o
e
(2
han.
n
partially
vocalised
exts
the madda
may
be written
the
harnza s
omitted:
T
)\,re
ma
The
combination
of hamz
plus
long
a,
which
in
Arabic
spelling
is represented
by
alf
1T;,
is
written
in Maghribi
script
with
preceded
by hamza,
e.g.'.
Wle'a,,r,
blt{l
aLqu,'a,
When
lhe
alif is
contained
in
the
hamza
is
placed
inside
the
e . g . :
al- att
J=JIsaturiruo
Dl',,un
The
long
a in
allah, however,
s
always
spelled
defectively.
In
vocalised
exts the
defectively
spelled
on g
represented
y
fatha
followed
by
a small
separate
which
s
placed
above he
ine,
e.g. ;
't
(-*h-I=J
l,l-ktah
When preceded
y
a lam.
diagonally
hrough
the lam,
this
separat
alif is
drawn
e . g . :
vra-lakin
The long a in allah s represented y .fatha only:
=
'i
c^JJ
I
allalt
7.
Vowel
signs
The
vowel
signs
atha,
kasra
and
damma
and
the
tany;n
rewritten
n
a
conventional
ay :
_ Q
2 u
l -l - a n
E i n
2 u n
8.
Adapted
etters
The
phoneme
that occursn the spokenArabic
of
the
Maghrib is written
either with
m
or
qaf.
or with
oneof the adaptedetters
5,
U
,
t,
. .* . ,
t2i.i;?
gish
Qayshl
i.
(9
gum quv'm)
, i
OJjJ
Gannun
name)
33
Ihe
lam-alif
ligature,
lam-aliJ
or
before
it ,
N. VAN
DEN
BOOGERT.
OTES
ON MAGHRIBI
SCRIPT
i :
ilI
, ^ 1 A
(
j.=,- n
sadaoa
llcjh
\ / '
Y a l
o
J\D,
J.^^)
bisni
ltatt
\-
'7*b
2r.)*'
utrl
t
the beginning
of a verse
vowel
swr i t tenw i th
t :
OlJ.l
aL'an
6. Long
a
A long
, which
in
Modern
is regularly
spelled
defectively
indicated
by
a
'dagger
ali/ ', is
in
Maghribi
texts,
e.g. :
Standard
Arabic
(MSA)
or, in
vocalised
exts,
s
frequently
spelled
plene
lJ t
hadha
d
s to
hadhihr
9
a i s
al'
-
8/9/2019 Notes Maghribi Script
5/14
5+
The sound
written
either
e . g . :
MANUSCRIPTS
F THE MIDDLE
EAST
4 I989)
v that
occurs in French loanwords is
wth
a'
or with
the adapted et ter ( ,
1.
, *A lavr i t
9. Numbers
Europeannumeralshave
been n common use n the
Maghrib alongside conventional Arabic numerals,
sinceat least he beginning
of the l8th century. n fact,
they came o
be
preferred
o their Arabic
counterparts
during the l9th centurye.They
are
written
in a charac-
ter ist icstyle:
1231
67 t5e0
The form of t he
numeral is typical.
Letter no.
17 in Houdas
(1891)
containsa
date
written n the so-called
hubart
umerals:
lz
o
,tuo
I
In
a
note
on this letter Houdas says hat
these
ghubar
numerals
are
much
used
n
eastern
Algeria
and
n Morocco. n the manuscript
material xamined
for this article, owever,heyoccuronly
once.
10.Paragraphmarkers
The sign
:?
ir commonly sed o mark heendof
a
paragraph.
To mark
the end of a
paragraph
r of a whole
ext,
theabbreviationlP
.,
( j&l intaha
may be
used.
LIST
OF
LETTER FORMS
This list, though not exhaustive,
gives
a
good
clue
to the variety of
letter forms
one encounters n the
averageMaghribi manuscript. It is arranged as fol-
lows:
1. for each letter all
variants
are
given
which were
found for its initial form
(abbreviated
in.), its
medial form
(med),
its final form
ffin.)
and
its
separate r unconnected orm (sep.):
2. the basic forms are followed by ligatures
(if
pre-
sent),which are arrangedalphabeticallyand which
can be found und er the first
of
their two compo-
nent
parts;
3. variants of a certain letter form are arranged n a
horizontal
line if
they strongly resembleone an-
other, or
if
one
s
a
graphical
development
rom
the
other:
4. variants of letter forms between which there is a
considerable ifference,
or
which have
each
devel-
oped into widely different new forms, are arranged
in a vertical ine;
5.
letter forms marked with
a small
letter
c
were
found in cursive
exts onlv;
6. a small
dot indicates
the
point
where
the
letter
forms
are
connected o
the
preceding
and/or
fol-
lowing letter
form;
7.
cursive orms
are
given
only when
siderable
difference
between them
calligraphic orms.
ALIF
tr
tr
trtr
tr
E
M
tr
tr
V
there is
a con-
and
the more
o"-ftr
sep.
_ l -
' t '
- - l -
' - t- '
Occursrequentlyn:
6--
sayyidund
.
19Y.
bi-arkh(seeote
)
(g.*",
f"
_r,a
a'1r'1ru',
N7lv
(initial
and
medialTt.'
lini-
tial and medial)
(2,
3)
@
@
( l )
(r)
t r l o lo '
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6/14
N,
VAN
DEN
BOOGERT,
OTES
ON MAGHRIB
SCRIPT
35
-b-j
-b-d
-b-m
b-j
(2)
In
the basmala,
the
initial
ba'
often
has
the
same
height
as
the lam:
st
d.IJ
I
.
lJ
bismi
ah
_
:r_
t -
(3)
The
'bridge'
form
of initial
ba'
(eLc.),
hich
n
the
scripts
f the
Mashriq
such
asnaskh
and uq'a
s
used
when
it
is followed
by
jrmlhA'lkhA',
mm
or ha'
(medial),
occurs
n
Maghribi
script
only in
the
fol-
lowing
ombinations:
ba(etc.)
mtm,
e.g.:
r
I-.
ui-na
" l
f
*
khtuttt
ba'
(etc.)
+
nun
(f inal) ,
e.g. :
I
(-nl
ibn
see
lsonote
26)
ba'
(ec.)
l
ra' f
ay,
e.g.:
uf
(f
barta
But in all these aseshe
normal'
form s alsoused.
and
seems
ndeed
o be
preferred:
C
L-
khatam
7g1
un
gt
I
barrd
(4 )
The
'bridge'
form
of
medial
ba'
(etc.\
and
of
init ial
and
medial
snlshtn
can
be used
when
it
is
followed
by
m
(etc.),
mtm,
ha'
(medial)
or
ya'(final).
Seealso
ligatures
under
(6).
(5 )
Occurs
requently
n:
l e
/ tW
bi-rartkh
The
ra' is
somet imes
onnected
hrough:
'gt
hi-rarrkh
This igature
,
urruri
u,
u rrr,t.,
abbeviation
f:
. 1 1
f . e r ce t e r a . :
\-.
. )
/
' i la 'akhir ih
t-
(6)
This
form
is extremely
mbiguous.
t
was
ound
to
represent
he
ollowing
etters
nd
igatures:
bA'@rc.)
r
snf hn
+
jtm
(etc.):
^lr:J
bi-tarkh
. /
' r i
l\-,'iJl
as-shavktt
bbi-farh
Zll
an-nusakh
L
b'(etc)
+
datldhat:
A
Z'..V
bi-.t'ud
^
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8/9/2019 Notes Maghribi Script
7/14
J O
lam
*
jtm
(etc.):
lam + mm'.
nu
1
'1n'
in
med.
fin.
sep.
DALIDHAL
{i)nstin
MANUSCRIPTS
F THE
MIDDLE
EAST
4
I989)
(e)
ltl
,u,
(7)
The
dalldhal
may
easily
be
confused
with
kaJ,
sinceheir ormsaresometimeserysimilar,
specially
in
cursive
exts.
Complete
homography,
owever,
s
usually
voided,
.g.:
9J5ana*o
* l
, to*
. ' EW
tr
tr
(6)
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
(8)
To
avoid
confusion
with
final ra'f
zy,
a
small
dal
is sometimes
dded
to
f,nal
dalidhat:
:P
h-qatt
Occurs requently
n: .
f,l.D hadha
(1 0 )
v
Occurs
requently
n
:
J l ,
' ) l a tbdhr
oL
rr
n'12v
o'[-al
tr
l.cl,u,,
trtr
IJ:l
')
,.pF.l
trtr
.0.[Gl
er
d'F:l
dvEtr iT"o '
o"17
Ld
,.p
[-/
I
rr
r
'hF]
w
t--_-l
t_l
,.NEIV
,,Fl
r
E A
, r [?tr
tr
(12)
a
trtr
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8/14
N. VAN
DEN
BOOGERT.
NOTES
ON MAGHRIBI
SCRIPT
) l
( l l )
Unconnected
letter
n:
(12)
This
igature
sfuisH1
med.
fin.
sep.
Occurs nly n:
ra'
may
be
connected
o
the
following
- -
AW
bi-tartkh
see
lsonote5)
^re rahma
also represents
rzn
n:
i ,
a ,
P
asnrtn
\-
(.16)
, 'Fl lro,
G)
shaykh
sallama
TA'tZA'(18)
'"
[,.]
a
tr
",.0i;l
a
tr
trtr@
q-v
( t7)
14)
The
nitiai
and medial
orms
of
sad
and
ddhave
no
'tooth',as n theMashriqiscripts.
(
5 )
The vertically
elongated
orm
of
medial gadl/act
may
be
used
when
t is
followedby
tm
(etc.)
or rmm,
yandiju
E
tr
tr
tr
sep
-s-r
E
tr
a
(
6)
Occurs
requently
n:
' 7 .
b
9>'
l-tudr't
The diacritl"ut po* of the dad issometimes laced
inside
he oop:
"r
er,;.;.a.;
(17)
This
igature
ccurs
requently
n:
,-tAU
I
ut-qadr
( 3 )
tr
tr
tr
v
v
(14)
EI
( 1 5 )
(14)
e
tr
tr
tr
o1oo
' 'le
tr
-'dFl
tr
tr
n'Fl
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9/14
38
MANUSCRIPTS
F THE
MIDDLE
EAST4
I989)
trtrtr[El
n,
sep.
trK
8 )
The diacrit ical
point
of the ;a' is usually
piaced
to
the left
of the stem.
( le )
While in
the Mashriqi
scripts the
stem of the ta'l
za'
is only added
after the loop
and the letters
directly
connected
o it have
been
written,
in Maghribi
script
the stem s usually written
first.
This explains
he wild
forms into which
lhe ta'lza'have
developed.
AYNIGHAYN
tr
@
tr
tr
tr
g
tr
fin.
tr
@
(20)
The
height
of the loop
of
th e
equal to that
of
the lam.
F ' Q t )
in
med.
fin.
sep.
QFQt)
in.
med
(22)
(22)
fin.
sep.
(22)
(22)
initial
'ayn
may
be
tr
tr
t - l
l * ' l
tr
tr
tr
f in.
tr
tr
tr
ed.
trt
l
tr
tr
tr
t-c-l
' t
tr
tr
tr
tr
g
(20)
er\
The
best
known
characteristic
f Maghribi
script
s
the different
ointing
of
f'
and
qAf:
a'has
one
point
under he ine andqa/ hasonepoint above he line.
(22)
The
diacritical
oints
of final
and unconnected
a' ,
qal
and nun
are regularly
omitted.
While
diacritical
points
are not strictly
necessary
ere,
since n
theory
these letters
are
all written
differently
in final
or
unconnected
osition,
he
difference
etween
hem s
oftenhard to
see, ven n
calligraphic
pecimens.
KF
sep.
(23)
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39
, VAN
DEN
BOOGERT.
OTES
ON MAGHRIBI
SCRIPT
LAM
med.
(23)
tr
[I
l-'l
tr
tr
t-l
l - ' l
trtr
fin.
(23)
The
op stroke
f
(27)
H
tr
E
tr
tr
tr
E
tr
u
E
(6 )
rtrJ"cl,s,
75 \
(23)
tr
trtr
w
(24)
sep.
(23)
(6 )
tr
trtr
tr
tr
trtr
fin.
;J
j
l(lt
at-karthiba
by f lnal
mtm,
e.g. ' .
hukm
final kf some-to
distinguish
t
'i-r
f
o'
med.
fin.
(27)
A
shortened
sep.
-r-j
-l-m
(.26)
The
short,
curved
orm
of initiai
lam
is
used
when
is fol lowed
by
jtnlhA' lkha'
or
mtnt ,
e.g. :
8
L?l
at-madt
C)l
at-hizh
v
form
of
medial
lam is often
used
n
xil
,,uo
MIM
in .
med.
sep.
-m-d
trtr
trtr
trtr
(24)
Only
used
when
followed
Seealso
(6)
above.
(2s)
Occurs requently
n:
/ r t : , 'J l tanunm
The
combination
of initial
lam
and
times has a dot added
to
it in
order
from
the
ligature
of alif
plus
lam-atiJ'
U
s
cthatika
the
kaf
is sometimes
oubled:
It
,5J5
ritka
,
e . g . :
(28)
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11/14
40
(28)
Occursrequently
n:
tt
tir\l
MANUSCRIPTS
F TTIEMIDDLE
EAST
4
]989)
I--;---l
L1!
tr
- - l
L9-]
t--t.-t
E_l
"31at-hamct
Muhammad
'Ahmad
tt_-l
L:j
tr
tr
(32)
,Vt/t/
(initial
and
medial form:
seeB')
frn.
( ) )
\
"oJ-ulU
(29],
Occurs
nly
in
a smallnumber
f
very requent
words
and
in
the word-endins
-tn:
'an
min
ihn
alma rn
HA '
med.
tr
Ir-_-l
i-.r-i
E
tr
trtr
tr
tr
tr
E
tr
E
trtr
trtr
V"n '
E
tr
r
tr
tr
trtr
tr
@
-.----l
.1
trtr
ol
(,/
(30)
Occurs
nly n the
combinations
A'
+
al'(see
note
l)
andha'
+
mm
medial),
.g.:
1 r r
14
161(
|
ul-huntttt
( 3
)
The
final
ha' is
sometimes
ritten
with
a
discon-
nected
inal
stroke,
especially
n
calligraphic
exts
(see
for instance
Lings,
plates
12
and l l3) .
In
at tah
this
a lso
occurs
n more
curs ive
exts.
.s . :
t t
//\I)
I
attah
(.32)
The
unconnected
h' is
always
drawn
clockwise.
which
explains
he way in
which it
can be
connected
o
a
preceding
etter
(e.g.
dal or ru').
WW
sep.
-w-y
w-y
u1l
u/F:l
t n .
(30)
fin.
sep.
-w-h
w-h
l )
l l ' l
trtr
a
z-_-l
l4)
fin.
trtrJ[-{r",
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12/14
N.
VAN
DEN BOOGERT.
OTES
ON MAGHRIBI
SCRIPT
4 l
Frequentlyused or w,tt' aliJ'al-v,iqo1'l, .g.:
ll
tlfrt'ditt'tl
(nitial
and
medial
forms:
seeB)
(34)
se p
(3 )
sep.
- l- ' -m
-l- ' -h
(36)
Occurs
fin.
tr
tr
tr
l---t
E]
E
tr
tr
tr
c
---l
f_l
g
fin.
w
----r
|
4r_l
E
(36)
(37)
The
forms
of final
and unconnected
a'which
ar e
with
an aster isk
may
represent
r .a'
s
well
as
(371
y i n i t i a l
r med ia l
' l e t c . ) .
. g . :
Occu r sn :
l
''m
l 'ot rotr
L j a n r
)Nl at-r t tan
L,l>-
kharorara
G
liJ
| ,tr-ttranr
)
The
short
orrn
occursrequently
n
2
F
tr
g
tr
E
tr
E
tr
E
E
E
tr
tr
tr
tr
g
tr
E
E
1 n :
S*,
vra-salant
fugas-sutah
0kl"'lo,,uru
LIST
OF
SOURCES
The
notes
on
diacritical
points
and vocalisation
igns
an d
the list
of
letter
orms
are
primarily
based
on the
annotated
anthologies
of manuscript
material
from
the Maghrib
that
were
published
mainly
at the
end
of the ast
century,
and on
four
collections
of miscellaneous
anuscript
exts from
th e
library
of Leiden
University.
The
data
yielded
by these
sourceswere hen comparedwith ten 19thand 20th-century
manuscripts
rom
the Leiden
collection,
with
a few
litho-
graphed
Fes
editions
and with
three recenrly published
lacsimile
editions
of
the
Quran.
trE
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13/14
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14/14
N, VAN
DEN
BOOGERT.
OTES
ON MAGHRIBI
SCRIPT
+- l
7
In
Berber
texts
written
in
the
Arabic
script,
this
atif
with
horizontal
ine
through
the
middre
s
often
used
or
th e
notat ion
of word- ini t ia l
u.
e.s . :
i ; ,
L)
|
urd
8
In Berber
exts
written
in
the
Arabic
script,
he
Berber
phonemes
igi
and
lql
are
written
witl
,
O
respect ivelv .
.s
\ - / -
- ' J '
- ' "
o
: , 1 / - 2 7
f-PfS-r I ors,,-
e
In
two
of
the
three acsimile
opies
of
the
euran
which
were
examined,
he verses
as
well
as
the pages
are
numbe_
red
with
European
numerals.
n
the
third
copy
the verses
have
not
beennumbered,
while
the
pages
have
European
as
well
as
Arabic
numerals.