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Notes and References
Chapter 1
1. Carl Sauer, 'Foreword to Historical Geography', Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog. 31 (1941) 1-24.
2. H. C. Darby, 'The Changing English Landscape', Geog. J. 117 (1951) 377-94.
3. I have provided a fuller discussion in Derek Gregory, Social Theory and Spatial Structure (London, 1982).
4. Neil J. Smelser, Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1770-1840 (London, 1959); see also Stephen P. Savage, 'Talcott Parsons and the Structural-Functionalist Theory of the Economy', Sociological Theories of the Economy, ed. Barry Hindess (London, 1977) 1-27.
5. For a more detailed explanation, see Louis Althusser, Etienne Balibar, Reading 'Capital' (London, 1970), and Anthony Cutler, Barry Hindess, Paul Hirst, Athar Hussain, Marx's 'Capital' and Capitalism Today (London, 1977).
6. John Saville, 'Primitive Accumulation and Early Industrialisation in Britain', Socialist Register (London, 1969) 269.
7. Louis Althusser, Etienne Balibar, op. cit. 180. 8. Ibid. 242, 302-8; this reverses the usual Marxian polarity, which is
reinstated in G. A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (Oxford, 1979) chap. VI.
9. Anthony Giddens, Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis (London, 1979) 156; see also Miriam Glucksmann, Structuralist Analysis in Contemporary Social Thought (London, 1974).
10. Louis Althusser, Etienne Balibar, op. cit. 307. 11. Anthony Cutler, Barry Hindess, Paul Hirst, Athar Hussain, op. cit.
200; Andre Glucksmann, 'A Ventriloquist Structuralism', Western Marxism: A Critical Reader, ed. New Left Review (London, 1977) 282-314.
12. Anthony Cutler, Barry Hindess, Paul Hirst, Athar Hussain op. cit. 202.
13. Ibid. 314. 14. Perry Anderson, Arguments within English Marxism (London,
1980) 37-8.
264 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
15. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 16. Derek Gregory, 'The Discourse of the Past: Phenomenology,
Structuralism and Historical Geography', 1. Hist. Geog. 4 (1978) 161-73. 17. Gunnar Olsson, Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird (London, 1980); Courtice
Rose, 'Human Geography as Text Interpretation', The Human Experience oj Space and Place, ed. Anne Buttimer, David Seamon (London, 1980) 123-34.
18. E. P. Thompson, The Making oj the English Working Class (Harmondsworth, 1968); this was originally published some five years earlier, but all my references will be to this edition, which includes an important postscript.
19. Idem, The Poverty oj Theory and Other Essays (London, 1979) 280-95; these comments inevitably compress a dense argument, but the elisions between agency, intention and knowledge occur in the original and are not a result of my selective abstraction: see Perry Anderson, op. cit. chap. 2.
20. Anthony Giddens, op. cit.; Perry Anderson, op. cit. 21. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 13. 22. Cited in Derek Gregory, 'Discourse', op. cit. 165. 23. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 73. 24. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 531-2. 25. Ibid. 658. 26. Perry Anderson, op. cit. 39. 27. Richard Johnson, Edward Thompson, 'Eugene Genovese and
Socialist-Humanist History', History Workshop 1.6 (1978) 79--100; there is no space here to review the continuing debate surrounding these claims, but see esp. Gregor McLennan, 'Richard Johnson and his Critics: Towards a Constructive Debate', History Workshop 1. 8 (1979) 157~.
28. Paul Hirst, 'The Necessity of Theory', Economy and Society 8 (1979) 417-45.
29. Simon Clarke's commentary is of considerable importance here. While he endorses the centrality of culture to the class struggle (and so forcefully rejects 'economism') he also notices that within Thompson's scheme 'it is difficult to see how the unity of experience as the experience of a class can be established'; the burden of his argument is that 'people do not experience oppression and exploitation immediately as class oppression and exploitation, they experience it in a series of fragmented and differentiated forms', so that we need to know how (and it) this 'cultural repertoire' was constituted in the past. Simon Clarke, 'Socialist Humanism and the Critique of Economism', History Workshop 1. 8 (1979) 137-56.
30. E. P. Thompson, 'Poverty', op. cit. 93. 31. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 7. 32. E. P. Thompson, 'Poverty', op. cit. 81.
Notes and References 265
33. Ibid. 344; Derek Gregory, 'Human Agency and Human Geography', Trans. Inst. Brit. Geog. 6 (1981) 1-18.
34. Perry Anderson, op. cit. 56; Philip Abrams, 'History, Sociology, Historical Sociology', Past and Present 87 (1980) 1-16.
35. Ibid. 9-10. 36. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 37. Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical
Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences (Brighton, 1979) 44. 38. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge, 1977)
83. 39. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 82. 40. Ibid. 163-4. 41. Ibid. 104-5. 42. Ibid. 136. 43. Paul Richards, 'State Formation and Class Struggle, 1832-48',
Capitalism, State Formation and Marxist Theory, ed. Philip Corrigan (London, 1980) 78; see also G. Clark, M. Dear, 'The State and Geographic Process', Environment and Planning 10 (1978) 173-83, and J. Holloway, S. Picciotto (eds) State and Capital: A Marxist Debate (London, 1978).
44. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 3 and 64. 45. Allan Pred, 'Production, Family and Free-time Projects: A
Time-Geographic Perspective on the Individual and Societal Change in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Cities', J. Hist. Geog. 7 (1981) 3-36; see also idem, 'Social Reproduction and the Time-Geography of Everyday Life', Geografiska Annaler 638 (1981) 5-22.
46. Anthony Giddens, op. cit. 226. 47. Edward Soja, 'The Socio-spatial Dialectic', Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog.
70 (1980) 207-25; see also Derek Gregory, 'Social Theory', op. cit. 48. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (London,
1946) 258. 49. John Langton, 'Coal Output in South-West Lancashire,
1590--1799', £C. Hist. Rev. 25 (1972) 54.
Chapter 2
1. E. Lipson, The History of the Woollen and Worsted Industries (London, 1921) 1; J. Bischoff, A Comprehensive History of the Woollen and Worsted Manufactures (London, 1842) [ 146-7.
2. J. James, History of the Worsted Manufacture in England (London, 1857) 238-9; R. G. Wilson, 'The Supremacy of the Yorkshire Cloth
266 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
Industry in the Eighteenth Century', Textile History and Economic History: Essays in Honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting (Manchester. 1973) 224.
3. Scotsman, 12 July 1823. 4. P. Mantoux, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century
(1906: London, 1970 edn) 48. 5. Cited in ibid. 48. 6. P. Deane, 'The Output of the British Woolen (sic) Industry in the
Eighteenth Century', J. Econ. Hist. 17 (1957) 207-23; P. Deane, W. A. Cole, British Economic Growth, 1688--1959 (Cambridge, 1967) 192-9.
7. W. Hoffman, British Industry, 1700-1950 (Oxford, 1955). 8. H. Heaton, 'Industry and Trade', Johnston's England, ed. A. S.
Turberville (Oxford, 1933) 229; P. Mantoux, op. cit. 48 and 87. 9. J. Smith, A Review of Manufacturers' Complaints against the
Wool-Growers (London, 1753) i. 10. J. Bischoff, op. cit. 209. 11. Idem, Reasons for the Immediate Repeal of the Tax on Foreign
Wool (London, 1820). 12. Scotsman, 12 July 1823. 13. J. Bischoff, 'History', op. cit. 11 and 99. 14. Ibid. 97-8. 15. Ibid. 103. 16. PP 1828, VIII.
17. PP 1806, III: Report 18. J. H. Clapham, An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early
Railway Age, 1820-1850 (Cambridge, 1926) 326. 19. PP 1828, VIII: evid. of J. Hubbard. 20. Ibid.: evid. of B. Gott. 21. J. de Lacy Mann, The Cloth Industry in the West of England from
1640 to 1880 (Oxford, 1971) 262-4; for an impression of the geography of wool production and the wool trade in the early eighteenth century, see J. H. Andrews, 'Some Statistical Maps of Defoe's England', Geographical Studies 3 (1956) 33-45, especially fig. 1, which shows' a pronounced lack of coincidence between wool growing and cloth manufacture' and thus suggests a major series of (particularly coastwise) flows between the different areas.
22. PP 1828, VIII: evid. of J. Brooke. 23. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 259; see also R. M. Hartwell, 'A
Revolution in the Character and Destiny of British Wool', Textile History and Economic History: Essays in Honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting (Manchester, 1973) 320-38.
24. PP 1828, VIII: evid. of G. Goodman. 25. Ibid.: evid. of B. Gott. 26. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 277. 27. PP 1828, VIII: evid. of G. Walker.
Notes and References 267
28. Ibid.: tables and submissions on pp. 55, 153, 176 and 207. 29. Ibid.: evid. of J. Hubbard; J. Luccock, The Nature and Properties
of Wool Illustrated, with a Description of the British Fleece (Leeds, 1805). 30. P. Deane, W. A. Cole, op. cit. 196. 3l. PP 1828, VIII: evid. ofW. Nottidge; see also R. M. Hartwell, op. cit. 32. B. R. Mitchell, P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1962) 190-2. 33. PP 1828, VIII; see also R. Davis, The Industrial Revolution and
British Overseas Trade (Leicester, 1979) 50-2. 34. E. Swaine, On the Wool Trade, with Considerations on the Effects
of a Duty on Importation (London, 1829); PP 1828, VIII.
35. D. Coleman, 'Textile Growth', Textile History and Economic History: Essays in Honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting (Manchester, 1973) 9.
36. P. Deane, op. cit. 37. R. Davis, op. cit.; see also W. Minchinton (ed.) The Growth of
English Overseas Trade in the 17th and 18th Centuries (London, 1969). 38. R. Davis, op. cit. table 10. 39. Leeds Mercury, 24 January 1775. 40. P. Deane, op. cit. 4l. R. Davis, op. cit. table 2. 42. E. Baines, The Woollen Manufacture of England with Special
Reference to the Leeds Clothing District (1858: Newton Abbot, 1970 edn) 85.
43. 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', The Leeds Woollen Industry 1780-1820, ed. W. B. Crump, Trans. Thoresby Soc. 32 (1929) 59-166; Lupton MSS.: 5 September 1808.
44. A convenient summary is provided by E. Halevy, England in 1815 (1913: London, 1960 edn) 314-18; see also C. Emsley, British Society and the French Wars, 1793-1815 (London, 1979).
45. R. Davis, op. cit. tables 41-7. 46. PP 1828, VIII: evid. of J. Hubbard. 47. Ibid.: evid. of B. Gott. 48. R. G. Wilson, Gentlemen Merchants: The Merchant Community in
Leeds, 17~1830 (Manchester, 1971) 118-2l. 49. Leeds Mercury, 1 April, 3 June, 4 November 1837. 50. Ibid. 7 December 1839. 51. PP 1840, XXIII; PP 1841, x; R. Davis, op. cit. 23. 52. C. Wilson, England's Apprenticeship 1603-1763 (London, 1965)
290-2; D. Coleman, 'An Innovation and its Diffusion: The "New Draperies"', Ec. Hist. Rev. 22 (1969) 417-29.
53. The 1720s picture is shown in H. C. Darby, 'The Age of the Improver: 1600-1800', A New Historical Geography of England, ed. H. C. Darby (Cambridge, 1973) fig. 77; Figure 2.5 is derived from the listing contained in J.H.C. 1752 (XXVI) 320.
268 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
54. D. Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-6: London, 1928 edn) I 62.
55. C. Wilson, op. cit. 293-4. 56. D. Defoe, op. cit. 48; P. Morant, The History and Antiquities of
Colchester (London, 1748) 75. 57. M. F. Lloyd-Prichard, 'The Decline of Norwich', Ec. Hist. Rev. 3
(1951) 371-7; J. K. Edwards, 'The Decline of the Norwich Textile Industry', Yorks. Bull. Ec. Soc. Res. 16 (1964) 31-41.
58. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 26-7. 59. R. G. Wilson, 'Supremacy', op. cit. 229. 60. Ibid. 226-35. 61. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 331-2. 62. Ibid. 29. 63. R. G. Wilson, 'Merchants', op. cit. 44; G. Jackson, Hull in the
Eighteenth Century: A Study in Economic and Social History (London, 1972) 54.
64. Ibid. 65. Cited in J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 48. 66. Bath Chronicle, 9 September 1773; R. G. Wilson, 'Merchants', op.
cit. 48. 67. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 56. 68. E. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (1968: Harmondsworth, 1969
edn) 47; similarly, Christopher Hill suggests that 'the dialectic between home and imperial markets is of the greatest importance in accounting for the Industrial Revolution': C. Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution (1967: Harmondsworth, 1969 edn) 246. But see W. A. Cole, 'EighteenthCentury Economic Growth Revisited', Expl. Ec. Hist. 10 (1973) 327-48.
69. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 334. The returns are transcribed in her table p.
70. P. Deane, op. cit. The returns are transcribed in B. R. Mitchell, P. Deane, op. cit. 189 and are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3.
7l. See H. C. Prince, 'England c. 1800', A New Historical Geography of England, ed. H. C. Darby (Cambridge, 1973) fig. 91.
72. See, for example, the materials contained in S. D. Chapman, 'Industrial Capital before the Industrial Revolution: An Analysis of the Assets of a Thousand Textile Entrepreneurs c. 1730-1750', Textile History and Economic History: Essays in Honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting(Manchester, 1973) 113-37.
73. P. Morant, op. cit.; R. Massey, Observations upon the Cider Tax (London, 1760) 4.
74. D. Coleman, 'Growth and Decay during the Industrial Revolution: The Case of East Anglia', Scand. Ec. Hist. Rev. 10 (1962) 117.
75. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 318-21; J. Bischoff, 'History', op. cit. 185-90.
76. F. Mendels, 'Proto-industrialisation: The First Phase of the Process
Notes and References 269
of Industrialisation', J. Econ. Hist. 32 (1972) 241-61; idem, 'Social Mobility and Phases of Industrialisation', J. Interdisc. Hist. 7 (1976) 193-216; H. Medick, 'The Proto-industrial Family Economy: The Structural Function of Household and Family during the Transition from Peasant Society to lnd-ustrial Capitalism', Soc. Hist. 3 (1976) 291-315; D. Levine, Family Formation in an Age oj Nascent Capitalism (London, 1977). There are, of course, important differences between these authors, and (in detail) I would wish to resist the evident functionalism of Mendels's formulation in particular; but the strategic role of a labour-surplus economy is common to all of them.
77. P. Deane, W. A. Cole, op. cit. chap. 3; see also R. M. Smith, 'Population and its Geography in England 1500-1730', An Historical Geography oj England and Wales, ed. R. A. Dodgshon, R. A. Butlin (London, 1978) 199-237.
78. M. Yasomoto, 'Urbanization and Population in an English Town: Leeds during the Industrial Revolution', Keio Economic Studies 10 (1973) 61--4.
79. C. Wilson, op. cit. 295; R. G. Wilson, 'Supremacy', op. cit. 235-36. 80. A. L. Bowley, G. H. Wood, 'The Statistics of Wages in the United
Kingdom during the Last Hundred Years, I and II: Agricultural Wages', J.R.S.S. 61 (1898).
81. E. W. Gilboy, Wages in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, Mass., 1934).
82. J. Tucker, Instructionsjor Travellers (London, 1758). 83. PP 1806, III: Report. 84. J. H. Clapham, 'Industrial Organisation in the Woollen and
Worsted Industries of Yorkshire, Econ. J. 16 (1906) 515-22; idem, 'The Transference of the Worsted Industry from Norfolk to the West Riding', Econ. J. 20 (1910) 195-210; but cf. Medick's discussion of the contradiction between production for use and production for exchange in such systems: H. Medick, op. cit.
85. PP 1806, III: Report. 86. E. Baines, op. cit. 85; R. G. Wilson, 'Supremacy', op. cit. 235-6. 87. H. Heaton, The Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted Industries
(Oxford, 1920) 328; J. Luccock, op. cit. 88. HLP 1799-1800, III: evid. of W. Hustler. 89. J. Bischoff, 'History', op. cit. 428-9. 90. W. Albert, The Turnpike Road System in England, 1663-1840
(Cambridge, 1972); see also E. Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads oj Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1977).
91. Gentleman's Magazine 24 (1754) 347-9. 92. E. Pawson, op. cit. 145. 93. R. G. Wilson, 'Transport Dues as Indices of Economic Growth,
1775-1820', £C. Hist. Rev. 19 (1965) 110-23. 94. W. Albert, op. cit. appx I.
270 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
95. These estimates are taken from E. Pawson, op. cit. fig. 41. 96. R. G. Wilson, 'Merchants', op. cit. 52; idem, 'Supremacy', op. cit.
241. 97. Indeed, a recent review suggests more generally that while canals
were undoubtedly important to the supply sector of the industrialising economy (the mass movement of heavy and bulky raw materials) road transport was much more important to the demand sector (the generalisation of the home market), which underlines this conclusion: M. J. Freeman, 'Road Transport in the English Industrial Revolution: An Interim Reassessment', J. Hist. Geog. 6 (1980) 17-28.
98. R. G. Wilson, 'Transport Dues', op. cit. 99. G. Jackson, op. cit. 12; R. G. Wilson, 'Transport Dues', op. cit.
table 3. 100. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 192; H. Household, The Thames and
Severn Canal (Newton Abbot, 1969). 101. PP 1831-1832, xv: evid. of R. Oastler. 102. PP 1840, XXIII: Report from H. S. Chapman. 103. PP 1840, XXIV: Report from W. Miles. 104. PP 1834, x: evid. of J. Ashworth; see also D. Bythell, The
Handloom Weavers: A Study in the English Cotton Industry during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, 1969).
105. Idem, The Sweated Trades: Outwork in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1978).
106. PP 1836, XLV; PP 1839, XLII; PP 1847, XLVI; PP 1850, XLII. For a comprehensive evaluation of these various returns, see D. T. Jenkins, 'The Validity of the Factory Returns, 1833-1850', Textile History 4 (1973) 26-46.
107. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 187. 108. Ibid. 188; D. T. Jenkins, The West Riding Wool Textile Industry,
1770-1835: A Study of Fixed Capital Formation (Edington, 1975) 124; E. Baines, op. cit. 88. The 1850 Returns are discussed in detail in D. T. Jenkins, 'The Factory Returns: 1850--1905', Textile History 9 (1978) 58-74.
109. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 188; PP 1840, XXIV: Report from W. Miles; G. N. von Tunzelmann, 'Steam-power and Mechanisation in the Woollen and Worsted Industries' (Cambridge, mimeo, n.d.); powerlooms are returned in PP 1836, XIV, and some indication of the distribution of hand-looms is contained in PP 1840; XXIII: Report from H. S. Chapman, whose investigations were confined to the Leeds district.
110. S. D. Chapman, 'The Cost of Power in the Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Textile Industry', Midland History 1 (1971) 1-23; G. N. von Tunzelmann, Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860 (Oxford, 1978).
111. J. M. Craddock, 'Annual Rainfall in England since 1725', Quart.
Notes and References 271
J. Roy. Met. Soc. 102 (1976) 823-40, table 3; J. M. Craddock, pers. comm.; G. Manley, pers. comm.
112. PP 1834, XIX.
113. G. N. von Tunzelmann, 'Mechanisation', op. cit. 114. PP 1839, XLII.
115. W. Fairbairn, Treatise on Mills and Millwork (London, 1861). 116. PP 1830, x. 117. PP 1843, XLV.
118. J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 191-3; PP 1843, XLV; J. Tann, 'The Employment of Power in the West of England Wool Textile Industry 1790-1840', Textile History and Economic History: Essays in Honour oj Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting (Manchester, 1973) 19~246; PP 1840, XXIV: Report from W. Miles.
119. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. table 11. 120. J. Tann, op. cit.; J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit. 190; PP 1850, XLII.
121. A. L. Bowley, Wages in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1900); A. L. Bowley, 'The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom during the Last Hundred Years, IX: Wages in the Worsted and Woollen Manufacturers of the West Riding of Yorkshire', J.R.S.S. 65 (1902); E. Baines, op. cit.; J. de Lacy Mann, op. cit.
122. G. N. von Tunzelmann, 'Mechanisation', op. cit. 123. PP 1840, XXIV: Report from W. Miles. 124. PP 1834, XIX.
125. PP 1839, XLII; PP 1847, XLVI.
Chapter 3
1. D. Defoe, A Tour through the Whole Island oj Great Britain (1724-26: London, 1928 edn) III 600-2.
2. F. Mendels, 'Proto-industrialisation: the First Phase of the Process of Industrialisation', J. Econ. Hist. 32 (1972) 241--61.
3. J. Thirsk, 'Industries in the Countryside', Essays in the Economic and Social History oj Tudor and Stuart England, ed. F. J. Fisher (London, 1961); E. L. Jones, Afterword European Peasants and their Markets: Essays in Agrarian History, ed. W. N. Parker, E. L. Jones (Princeton, 1975) 327--60; see also idem, 'The Agricultural Origins of Industry', Past and Present 40 (1968) 128-42.
4. See pp. 102-5. 5. 'The Diary of Cornelius Ashworth, Weaver', Some Aspects oj the
Eighteenth-Century Woollen and Worsted Trade in Halifax, ed. F. Atkinson (Halifax, 1956).
272 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
6. R. Brown, General View of the Agriculture of the West Riding of Yorkshire (Edinburgh, 1799); the agrarian economy is also described in G. B. Rennie, General View of the Agriculture of the West Riding of Yorkshire (London, 1794). There are few modern surveys to draw upon, but a simple (although partial) summary is contained in P. A. Churley, 'The Yorkshire Crop Returns of IS01', Yorks. Bull. Ec. Soc. Res. 5 (1953) 179-97.
7. PP IS06, Ill: evid. of J. Ellis, J. Walker. S. G. B. Rennie, op. cit. 9. PP IS06, Ill: evid. of J. Graham.
10. Ibid.: evid. of J. Ellis. 11. A. Young, in Ann. Agric. 27 (1796) 309. 12. R. Brown, op. cit. 13. W.R.C.R.O.: Registers of Deeds. The Registry of Deeds had been
established following appeals by local manufacturers early in the eighteenth century for some statutory means to prove titles to land and so guarantee their security.
14. PP IS06, Ill: evid. of J. Walker, J. Ellis. 15. E. P. Thompson, 'Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture', J. Soc.
Hist. 7 (1974) 3S2-405. For illuminating discussions of the significance of play see F. Hearn, Domination. Legitimation and Resistance: The Incorporation of the Nineteenth-Century Working Class (Westport, Conn., 1975), R. W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850 (Cambridge, 1973) and K. Thomas, 'Work and Leisure in PreIndustrial Society', Past and Present 29 (1964) 5CHi2.
16. PP IS06, Ill: evid. of J. Ellis. 17. D. Coleman, 'Textile Growth', Textile History and Economic
History: Essays in Honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting (Manchester, 1973) 5.
IS. PP IS06, Ill: evid. of S. Waterhouse, E. Brooke. 19. Observations on Woollen Machinery (Leeds, IS03) 12. 20. Leeds Mercury, 26 January 1779. 21. Leeds Mercury, 11 November 17S3, 13 June 17S6. 22. D. T. Jenkins, The West Riding Wool Textile Industry. 1770-1835:
A Study of Fixed Capital Formation (Edington, 1975) 120-1. 23. H. Heaton, The Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted Industries
(Oxford, 1920) 340-41. 24. Ibid.; PP IS06, Ill: evid. of J. Walker, W. Illingworth. 25. E. P. Lipson, The History of the Woollen and Worsted Industries
(London, 1921) 143; G. N. Tunzelmann, 'Steam-power and Mechanisation in the Woollen and Worsted Industries' (Cambridge, mimeo, n.d.).
26. PP IS02-1S03, vu: evid. of L. Atkinson. 27. PP IS06, Ill: evid. of W. Cookson. 2S. PP IS40, XXIII: Report from A. Austin. 29. PP IS06, III.
Notes and References 273
30. Ibid.: evid. of J. Coope, J. Ellis, J. Stancliffe, W. Illingworth, J. Hebblethwaite, W. Child; PP 1802-1803, VII: evid.·of J. Buckley.
31. PP 1806, III: evid. of S. Waterhouse. 32. Ibid.: Report. 33. Observations on Woollen Machinery (Leeds, 1803) 16. 34. PP 1806, III: evid. of J. Ellis, J. Graham, R. Cookson, J. Hebble
thwaite. 35. Cited in J. Goodchild, 'The Ossett Mill Company', Textile History 1
(1968) 46--61. 36. 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', The Leeds Woollen Industry
1780-1820, ed. W. B. Crump, Trans. Thoresby Soc. 32 (1929),4 January 1808 and 29 November 1809.
37. Figure 3.2 is constructed from the entries in ibid.; PP 1806, III: evid. of J. Coope.
38. Cited in E. Lipson, op. cit. 178-9. I have been unable to trace the original. Similar criticisms were levelled against the marketing system: see p. 113.
39. D. T. Jenkins, op. cit. table I; Lupton MSS. 113. 40. See, for example, 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', op. cit. 25
February 1811. 41. PP 1806, III: evid. of J. Coope. 42. 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', op. cit. 30 October 1813. 43. The 1796-1797 Returns are included in Misc. Textile MSS.
Wakefield Library, and the 1805-1821 Returns are transcribed in Lupton MSS.I13.
44. B. R. Mitchell, P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962) 189; see also PP 1821, VI.
45. PP 1806, III.
46. PP 1821, VI: evid. of T. Shann, J. Waterhouse, L. Atkinson, J. Wrigley, J. Oddy, T. Holdsworth, B. Willans.
47. PP 1806, III: evid. of R. Cookson, J. Hebblethwaite, J. Graham. 48. D. T. Jenkins, op. cit. table 4. 49. H. Heaton, op. cit. 386. But in some - and an increasing number
of - cases this entailed an important change in status: see Chapter 5. 50. Figure 3.7 is constructed from lists in E. Baines, History, Directory
and Gazeteer of the County of York (Leeds, 1822) I. 51. R. G. Wilson, Gentlemen Merchants: The Merchant Community in
Leeds 17(}()-1830 (Manchester, 1971) 53; J. Aikin, A Description of the Country from 30-40 miles around Manchester (London, 1795).
52. PP 1812, lll; this is discussed in detail in Chapter 4. 53. Figure 3.9 is constructed from lists in E. Baines, op. cit.; 'primary
links' are formed where a majority of clothiers in each village use the same Leeds inn on market-day and 'secondary links' where smaller groups are involved.
54. PP 1806, lll: evid. of E. Brooke.
274 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
55. PP 1840, XXIIl: Report from H. S. Chapman. 56. J. Lawson, Progress in Pudsey (1887: Fide, 1978 edn) 21 and 30. 57. D. Defoe, op. cit. 611-13. 58. R. G. Wilson, op. cit. 75. 59. H. Heaton, op. cit. 365-71. 60. Brotherton MSS. 283: Register of stands, Leeds White Cloth Hall. 61. A. Young, op. cit. 311. 62. H. Heaton, op. cit. 364-7. 63. Ibid. 371. 64. Ibid. 374. 65. Ibid. and F. Atkinson (ed.), op. cit. 66. PP 1806, Ill: evid. of S. Waterhouse, J. Hebblethwaite. 67. J. Aikin, op. cit.; PP 1806, III: evid. of J. Ellis. 68. Figures 3.12 and 3.13 are constructed from lists in E. Baines, op. cit. 69. H. Heaton, 'The Leeds White Cloth Hall', Trans. Thoresby Soc. 22
(1913) ii; Brotherton MSS. 283: Assessment Books, Leeds Cloth Hall. 70. H. Heaton, 'Cloth Hall', op. cit.; PP 1806, Ill: evid. of J. Ellis,
S. Waterhouse. 71. PP 1806, Ill: evid. of J. Ellis, J. Tate. 72. R. G. Wilson, op. cit. 102. 73. i.H.C. 9 December, 18 December 1802, 7 April, 25 April, 26 April,
29 April, 3 May 1803. 74. PP 1806, lll: evid. of J. Stancliffe, J. Ellis; see also A. J. Randall,
'The Shearmen's Campaign: A Study of the Woollen Industry and the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1809', unpub. M.A. thesis, Univ. of Sheffield, 1972.
75. i.H.C. 4 July, 27 July 1803. 76. Ibid. 14 February, 24 April, 17 June 1804. 77. Leeds Mercury, 4 August 1804. 78. Hansard, 13 June 1804; indeed, the Hammonds suggest that the
ministry was 'by no means unfriendly to the men's side' and that direct mediation by Pitt and Rose was prevented only by the collapse of the coalition: J. L. Hammond, B. Hammond, The Skilled Labourer (1919: London, 1979 edn) 145-6.
79. Hansard, 27 June 1805,17 February, 4 March, 12 March, 14 March, 19 March 1806.
80. PP 1806 lll: evid. of W. Cookson, J. Naylor, J. Hebblethwaite; R. G. Wilson, op. cit. 59.
81. W. w.: F45/73: Pelham to Fitzwilliam, 30 July 1802, Cookson to Fitzwilliam, 16 August 1802.
82. PP 1806, lll: evid. of J. Tate. 83. Ibid.; negotiations must also have been complicated by the intense
rivalry between the West Country and the West Riding outlined in Chapter 2.
84. Hansard, 13 June 1804.
Notes and References 275
85. PP 1806, III: evid. of J. Ellis, J. Coope, E. Brooke, R. Cookson; cf. pp.221-42.
86. Ibid.: evid. of E. Brooke, J. Ellis, J. Coope. 87. Ibid.: evid. of J. Coope, J. Platt, W. Child; PP 1831-1832, xv: evid.
of A. Whitehead. See also E. P. Thompson, 'Time, Work-discipline and Industrial Capitalism', Past and Present 38 (1967) 56-97.
88. PP 1806, III: evid. of R. Cockell, J. Ardron, J. Tate. 89. Harewood MSS.: Cookson to Lascelles; PP 1806, III: evid. of
R. Cookson; The Speech of Randle Jackson Esq. Addressed to the Committee of the House of Commons Appointed to Consider the State of the Woollen Manufacture of England (London, 1806); R. G. Wilson, op. cit. 103.
90. PP 1806, III: evid. of J. Walker and Report. 91. Ibid.: evid. of J. Graham, J. Edwards and Report. 92. J. Rule, The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century Industry
(London, 1981) 109. 93. Leeds Union Apprenticeship Registers, 1726-1809. 94. PP 1806, III: Report. 95. Ibid.: evid. of S. Waterhouse, L. Atkinson, J. Taylor and Report. 96. J.H.C. 9 July 1806, 15 June 1809. 97. 'Speech of Randle Jackson', op. cit.; echoing Jackson, the
Hammonds describe the Report as a 'death-blow': J. L. Hammond, B. Hammond, op. cit.
Chapter 4
1. PP 1806, III: Report; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth, 1968) 594.
2. E. P. Thompson, 'The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 50 (1971) 76-136.
3. Idem, 'The Crime of Anonymity', Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. D. Hay, P. Linebaugh, E. P. Thompson (London, 1975) 307.
4. D. Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', loco cit. 55. 5. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 594. 6. Idem, Whigs and Hunters (London, 1975) 265. 7. Idem; 'Making', op. cit. 598. 8. PP 1806, III: Report. 9. C. Emsley, British Society and the French Wars 1793-1815
(London, 1979) 4. 10. P. Deane, 'War and Industrialisation', War and Economic
Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin, ed. J. M. Winter (Cambridge, 1975) 100.
276 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
11. C. Emsley, op. cit. 12. Cited in F. Crouzet, L'Economie britannique et Ie Blocus
continental 1806-1813 (Paris, 1958). 13. G. Hueckel, 'War and the British Economy, 1793-1815: A General
Equilibrium Analysis', Expl. Ec. Hist. 10 (1973) 365-96; Figure 4.1 is derived from table 3.
14. F. Crouzet, op. cit. 54~1. 15. 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', The Leeds Woollen Industry
1780-1820, ed. W. B. Crump, Trans. Thoresby Soc. 32 (1929). 16. Lupton MSS. 113. 17. PP 1812, Ill: evid. of W. Thompson. 18. W. W.: F47h: Tottie to Fitzwilliam; 13 April 1812. 19. PP 1812, Ill: evid. of C. Lawson. 20. Ibid.: evid. of T. Dennison, T. Greenwood, W. Thompson,
D. Sheard, F. Platt, J. Beckett. 21. The Poor Law returns are available in PP 1818, XIX but the
differences between northern (manufacturing) counties and southern (agricultural) counties reflect, at least in part, differences in the operation of the old Poor Law: see below, pp. 242-3; the bankruptcy distribution is derived from commissions announced-in the London Gazette and therefore does not include the host of minor failures recorded at petty sessions; variations in grain prices are also taken from the London Gazette and have not been seasonally adjusted.
22. D. Massey, 'Regionalism: Some Current Issues', Capital and Class 6 (1978) 107.
23. J.H.C. 9 April, 14 April, 17 April, 24 April 1812. 24. Ibid. 16 June 1812. 25. Ibid. 19 June 1812. 26. W. W.: F45/143: Fitzwilliam to Sidmouth, 19 June 1812. 27. J.H.C. 23 June 1812; Leeds Mercury, 27 June, 4 July 1812. 28. W. W.: F46122-1: Wood to Fitzwilliam, 9 July 1812. 29. P. Anderson, 'Origins of the Present Crisis', New Left Review 23
(1964); for a barbed commentary, see E. P. Thompson, 'The Peculiarities of the English', Socialist Register (1965).
30. Cited in C. Emsley, op. cit. 160. 31. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 616 and 593. 32. Ibid. 224. 33. J. Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of
George III (Cambridge, 1976) 268-9. 34. T. Paine, Rights of Man (London, 1792) ll; see A. Goodwin, The
Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution (London, 1979).
35. Cited in C. Emsley, op. cit. 139. 36. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 658.
Notes and References 277
37. These petitions are contained in w. w.: F45/31. 38. w. w.: F45a: Busfield to Fitzwilliam, 14 April 1801. 39. w. w.: F45121a: Cooke to Fitzwilliam, 21 April 1801. 40. w. w.: Fitzwilliam to H.D., 30 July 1801. 41. W. W.: Dixon to Fitzwilliam, 17 July 1802. 42. W. w.: Cookson to Fitzwilliam, 16 August 1802. 43. w. w.: Fitzwilliam to H.D., 9 September 1802. 44. Cited in J. L. Hammond, B. Hammond, The Skilled Labourer
(1919: London, 1979 edn) 1~1. 45. These announcements were posted throughout the clothing districts
and are copied in F45. 46. E. Hobsbawm, 'The Machine Breakers', Past and Present 1 (I 952)
57-70. 47. Leeds Mercury, 23 April 1812; these attacks are vividly described in
Charlotte Bronte's novel Shirley (1849: Harmondsworth, 1974 edn) and in Frank Peel's The Risings oj the Luddites, Chartists and Plug-drawers (1895).
48. W. w.: F45/135: Dawson to Fitzwilliam, 3 May 1812. 49. These resolutions are contained in W. w. F45/139. 50. W. w.: F45/135: Dawson to Fitzwilliam, 3 May 1812. 51. W. w.: F46/78: Distribution of troops in the York district, 24 June
1812. 52. w. w.: F45/142: Fitzwilliam to H.D., n.d. 53. W. w.: F46/34: Abstract of returns from the different constables in
the divisions of Agbrigg and Morley of the number of special constables in their respective townships ... July 1812.
54. W. w.: F46/4: Rules of the Association for patrolling and watching the town of Halifax, n.d.
55. W. W.: F46/45: Fitzwilliam to Maitland, 14 August 1812. 56. Adjourned sessions papers, Wakefield, 1812-13; Report oj
Proceedings under Commissions oj Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery . .. York Castle (London, 1813).
57. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 634. 58. Hansard, 29 June 1812. 59. Ibid. 14 July 1812. 60. Ibid. 10 July 1812. 61. H.D. 40.1: Maitland to H.D., 10 June 1812; Cobbett's Weekly
Political Register, 25 July 1812. 62. Hansard, 10 July 1812. 63. Ibid. 28 July 1812. 64. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 604; see also J. L. Baxter, F. K.
Donnelly, 'The Revolutionary "Underground" in the West Riding: Myth or Reality?', Past and Present 64 (1974) 124-32; J. R. Dinwiddy, 'The "Black Lamp" in Yorkshire 1801-2', Past and Present, loco cit. 113-23;
278 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
J. L. Baxter, F. K. Donnelly, 'Sheffield and the English Revolutionary Tradition', International Review Social History 20 (1975) 398-423; F. K. Donnelly, 'Ideology and Early English Working-Class History: Edward Thompson and his Critics', Soc. Hist. 2 (1976) 219-38; J. R. Dinwiddy, 'Luddism and Politics in the Northern Counties', Soc. Hist. 4 (1979) 33-63.
65. F. O. Darvall, Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England (1934; London, 1969 edn) 340-1.
66. And Wells's account is brilliantly successful: R. Wells, 'The Revolt of the South-West, 1800-1801: A Study in English Popular Protest', Soc. Hist. 6 (1977) 714.
67. R. J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution (London, 1979).
68. A. Goodwin, op. cit.; see also H. Dickinson, Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1977); Parl. Hist. XXIV (1799) 1005-6.
69. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 544-5, 637 and 657. 70. J. Dinwiddy, 'Luddism', op. cit. 71. Ibid. 72. R. Williams, The Country and the City (London, 1973). 73. R. Wells, 'Dearth and Distress in Yorkshire, 1793-1802', Univ. oj
York Borthwick Institute oj Historical Research, Borthwick Papers 52 (1977) 43.
74. A. Harvey, Britain in the Early Nineteenth Century (London, 1978) 95.
75. E. Hobsbawm, G. Rude, Captain Swing (London, 1969). A subsequent essay disputes their description, however, and argues that successful mobilisation of local communities depended on their 'contacts with the outside world' so that the main highways provided really vital avenues for the diffusion of a radical politics: A. Charlesworth, 'Social Protest in a Rural Society', Historical Geography Research Series 1 (1979) 37-42. While this reinforces the argument about the necessary generalisation of working-class experience and expectation, albeIt in different terms, it seems to exaggerate the significance of the metropolitan radical tradition. Goodwin, op. cit. 13fr7 represents the 1790s as 'a transitional stage between the pre-revolutionary age, when most of the extra-parliamentary reform movements were generated in, or focused on, the metropolis, and the nineteenth century, when many of the reform agitations - for the extension of the parliamentary franchise, for the abolition of the Corn Laws, for currency reform or Chartism - were planned, financed and centred in the provinces'. The industrial struggles of the 1830s are discussed in Chapter 5.
76. Cited in G. Cranfield, The Press and Society (London, 1978) 89. 77. J. Brewer, op. cit. chap. 8.
Notes and References 279
78. Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, 23 November 1811 and 16 May 1812.
79. All these citations are taken from ibid. 25 April 1812; on the development of a radical press, see P. Hollis, The Pauper Press: A Study in Working-Class Radicalism of the 1830s (Oxford, 1970).
80. F. O. Darvall, op. cit. 331 n; 'Report of Proceedings', op. cit. 81. J. Dinwiddy, 'Luddism', op. cit., makes much the same point. 82. E. P. Thompson is very careful about this in 'Making', op. cit. 642;
but compare the analysis in M. Thomis, The Luddites: Machine-Breaking in Regency England (Newton Abbot, 1970).
83. E. P. Thompson, 'Making', op. cit. 616-17. 84. J. Belchem, 'Republicanism, Popular Constitutionalism and the
Radical Platform in Early Nineteenth-Century England', Soc. Hist. 6 (1981) 1-32.
85. C. Bronte, Shirley (1849: Harmondsworth, 1974 edn) 62; for a discussion of the concept of 'structure of feeling' see R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1978).
Chapter 5
1. G. Head, A Home Tour Through the Manufacturing Districts of England in the Summer of 1835 (London, 1836).
2. W. Dodd, The Factory System Illustrated (London, 1842). 3. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class
(Harmondsworth, 1968) 209--11. 4. P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in
Later Victorian England (Brighton, 1980) 61. 5. That it was also a process of combined development is discussed in
detail on pp. 218-20. 6. H. Fong, The Triumph of the Factory System in England (Tientsin,
1930); R. M. Hartwell, 'The Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted Industries 1800-1850', unpub. D.Phil thesis, Univ. of Oxford, 1955.
7. PP 1834, xx. 8. Ibid. 9. D. T. Jenkins, 'The Validity of the Factory Returns, 1833-1850',
Textile History 4 (1973) 26-46. 10. Idem, 'The Factory Returns: 185~1905', Textile History 9 (1978)
58-74. 11. Idem, The West Riding Wool Textile Industry 1770-1835: A Study
of Fixed Capital Formation (Edington, 1975) table 3. 12. See, for example, W. B. Crump, G. Ghorbal, History of the
Huddersfield Woollen Industry (Huddersfield, 1935); R. M. Hartwell, op. cit.; M. T. Wild, 'An Historical Geography of the West Yorkshire Textile
280 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
Industries to c. 1850', unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Vniv. of Birmingham, 1972. 13. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. table 4. 14. PP 1806, III: Report. 15. Cited in W. O. Henderson, Industrial Britain under the Regency:
The Diaries of Escher, Bodmer, May and de Gallois (London, 1968) 134-5. 16. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. table 3. 17. G. Head, op. cit. 18. E. Parsons, The Civil, Ecclesiastical, Literary, Commercial and
Miscellaneous History of Leeds. . . and The Manufacturing Districts of Yorkshire (London and Leeds, 1834) 202 and 171.
19. W. Dodd, op. cit. 20. Classical and neoclassical economics provide homogeneous
categorisations of capital by treating circulating and fIXed capital respectively, while Marxian economics regards the distinction as a purely formal one which does not correspond to its own concepts of variable and constant capital.
21. A. Vre, The Philosophy of Manufactures (London, 1835) 17-19. 22. K. Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867:
Harmondsworth, 1976 edn) I 548 f. 23. C. Feinstein, 'Capital Formation in Great Britain', Cambridge
Economic History of Europe VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour and Enterprise, part I (Cambridge, 1978).
24. K. Marx, op. cit. 583. 25. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. table 27. Jenkins's estimates
are all of prices current, so that their interpretation is complicated by the ravages of inflation, especially during the Napoleonic Wars. While it would perhaps be more useful to measure capital formation in terms of notional constant prices, Hibbert warns that the problems involved are so formidable as to place 'very real limitations' on such estimates and that, in particular, different results can be obtained by using different base-levels: J. Hibbert, 'Modern Practices and Conventions in Measuring Capital Formation in the National Accounts', Aspects of Capital Formation in Great Britain 1750-1850, ed. J. P. P. Higgins, S. Pollard (London, 1971). Feinstein, op. cit. table 5, nevertheless provides the following constant price series for plant and machinery (1851-1861 = 1(0), which might offer some corrective:
1781-1790 = 81 1791-1800 = 109 1801-1810 = 150
1811-1820 = 138 1821-1830 = 117 1831-1840 = 111
26. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. 27. S. E. Thomas, The Rise and Growth of Joint-stock Banking
(London, 1934); L. Pressnell, County Banking in the Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1956).
Notes and References 281
28. K. Pankhurst, 'Investment in the West Riding Wool Textile Industry in the Nineteenth Century', Yorks. Bull. Ec. Soc. Res. 7 (1955) 93-116; see also P. L. Cottrell, Industrial Finance 1830-1914: The Finance and Organisation of English Manufacturing Industry (London, 1979).
29. See D. Harvey, 'The Geography of Capitalist Accumulation: A Reconstruction of the Marxian Theory', Antipode 7 (1975) 9-21.
30. K. Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1885: London, 1974 edn) III 441.
31. All of these calculations are derived from D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. appx IV.
32. A. Ure, op. cit. 33. K. Marx, Capital' A Critique of Political Economy (1867: Harmonds
worth, 1976 edn) 1497. 34. Boulton and Watt MSS.; G. N. von Tunzelmann, Steam Power and
British Industrialisation to 1860 (Oxford, 1978) 71. 35. A. Young, in Annals of Agriculture 27 (1796) 310. 36. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. table 11. 37. PP 1836, XLV; PP 1839, XLII.
38. D. T. Jenkins, 'West Riding', op. cit. 92-3. 39. PP 1836, XLV; PP 1839, XLII.
40. J. Tann, 'The Employment of Power in the West of England Wool Textile Industry 1790-1840', Textile History and Economic History: Essays in Honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, ed. N. B. Harte, K. G. Ponting (Manchester, 1973) 196-246; PP 1836, XLV; PP 1839, XLII.
41. 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', The Leeds Woollen Industry 1780-1820, ed. W. B. Crump, Trans. Thoresby Soc. 32 (1929).
42. HLP 1819, ex. 43. PP 1834, xx. 44. G. Rimmer, 'Middleton Colliery, near Leeds 1770-1830', Yorks.
Bull. £C. Soc. Res. 5 (1953) 41-56. 45. HLP 1819, ex: evid. of J. Ratcliffe. 46. G. Rimmer, op. cit. 47. 'The Diary of Joseph Rogerson', op. cit. 48. PP 1839, XLII.
49. PP 1834, xx. 50. This point is also made in V. Gattrell, 'Labour, Power and the Size
of Firms in Lancashire Cotton in the Second Quarter of the Nineteenth Century', £C. Hist. Rev. 30 (1977) 95-149.
51. PP 1836, XLV; PP 1839, XLII.
52. D. Harvey, op. cit. 53. E. O. Wright, Class, Crisis and the State (London, 1978). 54. D. Levine, 'A Theory of the Growth of the Capitalist Economy',
Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 24 (1975) 47-74; see also idem, 'Accumulation
282 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
and Technical Change in Marxian Economics', unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Yale Univ. 1973.
55. D. Levine, 'Theory', op. cit., suggests that vertical integration towards raw material supply is an important means of maintaining the rate of profit in a capitalist economy.
56. T. Barlow, A Few Remarks addressed to the Manufacturers, Shopkeepers and Operatives of Yorkshire on the Subject of Trades' Unions (Leeds, 1832).
57. Northern Star, 12 May 1838. 58. See M. Berg, The Machinery Question and the Making of Political
Economy (Cambridge, 1980) 287. 59. Leeds Mercury, 11 April 1840. 60. T. Barlow, op. cit. 61. D. Levine, 'Theory', op. cit. 62. 62. Cf. Table 5.2, p. 196. 63. PP 1839, XLII.
64. K. Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867: Harmondsworth, 1976 edn) I 591.
65. Leeds Mercury, 11 April 1840. 66. R. Samuel, 'Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand
Technology in mid-Victorian Britain', History Workshop J. 3 (1977) 9-10. 67. White's Directory . .. (Leeds, 1853). 68. D. Levine, 'Theory', op. cit.; but see also B. Rowthorn, 'Marx's
Theory of Wages', Capitalism, Conflict and Inflation (London, 1980). 69. M. Berg, op. cit. 250. 70. PP 1834, x: evid. of D. Brook, R. Oastler; PP 1835, XIII: evid. of
J. Milner. 71. Cf. G. Stedman Jones, 'Class Struggle and the Industrial
Revolution', New Left Review 90 (1975) 35-69. 72. The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, ed. P. Sraffa,
M. Dobb (Cambridge, 1951) I 105. 73. Hansard, 28 July 1835. 74. Leeds Mercury, 27 October 1832. 75. M. Berg, op. cit. 76. Leeds Mercury, 29 December 1832. 77. See, for example, P. Hollis, The Pauper Press: A Study of Working
Class Radicalism of the 1830s (Oxford, 1970) chap. VII; M. Berg, op. cit. 78. E. P. Thompson, op. cit. 909. 79. Leeds Mercury, 23 March 1833. 80. See G. D. H. Cole, A Short History of the British Working-Class
Movement, 1789-1947(London, 1948); idem, Attempts at General Union: A Study in British Trade Union History 1818-1834 (London, 1953); H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (Harmondsworth, 1971).
Notes and References 283
81. See R. Oastler, A Serious Address to the Mil/-owners, Manufac-turers and Cloth-dressers of Leeds . .. (Huddersfield, 1834).
82. PP 1824, v: evid. of J. Ramsden, J. Oates; see also PP 1825, IV.
83. G. D. H. Cole, 'Attempts', op. cit. 84. E. Tufnell, Character, Object and Effects of Trades Unions (Lon-
don, 1834). 85. e.g. Leeds Mercury, 2 March, 23 March 1831. 86. E. Tufnell, op. cit. 87. R. G. Kirby, A. E. Musson, The Voice of the People: John Doherty
1789-1854 (Manchester, 1975) 249; see also G. D. H. Cole, 'Attempts', op. cit.
88. Leeds Mercury, 26 February 1831. 89. E. Tufnell, op. cit.; Leeds Mercury, 19 February 1831. 90. Leeds Mercury, 8 October 1831. 91. E. Tufnell, op. cit. 92. G. D. H. Cole, 'Attempts', op. cit. 93. Indeed, one member thought them insurmountable: the hand-loom
weavers 'were too much divided by distance, and too much under the pressure of immediate want, to be able to combine in their own defence': Hansard, 11 June 1834.
94. PP 1835, XIII: evid. of J. Milner. 95. PP 1831-1832, xv: evid. of D. Bywater, J. Hall, A. Whitehead. 96. W. Dodd, op. cit. 97. Leeds Mercury, 10 November 1832. 98. Ibid. 20 October, 27 October, 10 November, 17 November 1832;
26 January, 2 February 1833. 99. Ibid. 10 November 1832. 100. Ibid. 10 August 1833. 101. Ibid. 5 October 1833. 102. Ibid. 12 October 1833. 103. Ibid. 12 October 1833; Pioneer, 12 October 1833. 104. Leeds Mercury, 2 November, 16 November 1833. 105. Ibid. 15 March 1834. 106. Ibid. 12 April 1834; G. D. H. Cole, 'Attempts', op. cit. 107. Leeds Mercury, 10 May 1834. 108. J. T. Ward, 'Leeds and the Factory Reform Movement', Trans.
Thoresby Soc. 45 (1960) 87-118. 109. Leeds Mercury, 10 May, 17 May 1834. 110. Ibid. 24 May 1834. 111. Ibid. 24 May, 31 May 1834; R. Oastler, op. cit. 112. Leeds Mercury, 7 June 1834. 113. R. G. Kirby, A. E. Musson, op. cit. 299. 114. Leeds Mercury, 14 June 1834.
284 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
115. Ibid.; Poor Man's Guardian, 21 June 1834; Pioneer, 21 June 1834. 116. PP 1834, xx. 117. PP 1831-1832. 118. See M. Anderson, Family Structure in Nineteenth-Century
Lancashire (Cambridge, 1971); idem, 'Sociological History and the Working-Class Family', Soc. Hist. 3 (1976) 317-34; J. Humphries, 'Class Struggle and the Persistence of the Working-Class Family', Camb. J. £Con. 1 (1977) 241-58.
119. P. Richards, 'The State and Early Industrial Capitalism: The Case of the Handloom Weavers', Past and Present 83 (1979) 91-115.
120. E. P. Thompson, op. cit. 121. Hansard, 11 June 1834; E. P. Thompson, op. cit. 330. 122. PP 1834, x: evid. of D. Brook, R. Oastler. 123. PP 1835, XIII: Report. 124. Hansard, 28 July 1835. 125. Ibid. 11 June 1834. 126. R. G. Cowherd, Political Economists and the English Poor Laws
(Athens, Ohio: V.P., 1977); N. C. Edsall, The Anti-Poor Law Movement 1834-44 (Manchester, 1971).
127. N. C. Edsall, op. cit.; M. E. Rose, 'The Anti-Poor Law Movement in the North of England', Northern History 1 (1966) 70-91.
128. Cited in M. E. Rose, op. cit. 129. A. Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies (London, 1959) 11. 130. Leeds Mercury, 6 May, 20 May, 3 June 1837. 131. N. C. Edsall, op. cit. 132. Cited in M. E. Rose, op. cit. 133. Northern Star, 3 March 1838. 134. G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London (Oxford, 1971); as such, this
was a clear challenge to the precepts of the traditional moral economy. 135. N. C. Edsall, op. cit. 136. Cited in ibid. 137. Lt-Gen. Sir W. Napier, The Life and Opinions of General Sir
Charles James Napier (London, 1857) II: 25 April, 29 June 1839. 138. M. Hovell, The Chartist Movement (1918: Manchester, 1966 edn);
F. C. Mather, Public Order in the Age of the Chartists (Manchester, 1959); D. Bythell, The Hand-Loom Weavers (Cambridge, 1969); J. T. Ward, Chartism (London, 1973)
139. E. P. Thompson, op. cit. 325. 140. PP 1840, XXIII: Report from H. S. Chapman. 141. Ibid. 142. W. Dodd, op. cit. 143. PP 1840, XXIII: Report from H. S. Chapman; J. Lawson, Progress
in Pudsey (1887: Firle, 1978 edn).
Notes and References 285
144. PP 1840, XXIII: Report from H. S. Chapman. 145. Ibid. 146. Ibid. 147. Northern Star, 4 August 1838: this was in fact a detailed report of
Chapman's inquiry. 148. PP 1836, XLV; PP 1839, XLII.
149. P. Richards, op. cit. 94; M. Berg, op. cit. 239. 150. PP 1840, XXIII: Report from H. S. Chapman. 151. PP 1841, x: Report. 152. G. Stedman Jones, 'Class Struggle', op. cit. 58. 153. Ibid. 60.
Chapter 6
I. F. Hearn, Domination, Legitimation and Resistance: The Incorporation of the Nineteenth-Century English Working Class (Westport, Conn., 1978); there are, as I indicated earlier, important affinities between Habermas's project and Giddens's theory of structuration.
2. P. Anderson, Arguments within English Marxism (London, 1980) 33-4.
Bibliography
1 Parliamentary Papers etc.
(Each serial is prefaced with the citation used in the text)
HLP 1799-1800, 1I, Minutes of evidence relating to the woollen manufactory.
PP 1802-1803, VII, Minutes of evidence taken before the Committee to whom the Bill respecting the law relating to the woollen trade is committed.
PP 1806, 1Il, Report and minutes of evidence on the state of the woollen manufacture of England.
PP 1812, 1Il, Minutes of evidence taken before the Committee of the whole House . . . relating to the Orders in Council.
PP 1821, VI, Report and minutes of evidence from the Select Committee on the laws relating to the stamping of woollen cloth.
PP 1824, v, Fifth report from the Select Committee on artisans and machinery.
PP 1825, IV, Report from the Select Committee on the Combination Laws. PP 1828, Vlll, Report and minutes of evidence from the Select Committee of
the House of Lords appointed to take into consideration the state of the British wool trade.
PP 1830, x, Report and minutes of evidence from the Select Committee on manufacturers' employment.
PP 1831-1832, XV, Report and minutes of evidence from the Select Committee on the Bill to regulate the labour of children in the mills and factories of the United Kingdom.
PP 1833, xx, First Report of the Central Board of His Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into the employment of children in factories (with minutes of evidence).
Bibliography 287
PP 1834, x, Report and minutes of evidence from the Select Committee on the hand-loom weavers' petitions.
PP 1834, XIX, Factories Inquiry Commission: Supplementary Report of the Central Board of His Majesty's Commissioners ... Part I.
PP 1834, xx, Factories Inquiry Commission: Supplementary Report of the Central Board of His Majesty's Commissioners ... Part II.
PP 1836, XLV, A return of the number of persons employed in cotton, woollen, worsted, flax and silk factories of the United Kingdom.
PP 1836, XLV, A return of the number of power looms used in factories ....
PP 1839, XLII, Reports of Inspectors of Factories. PP 1839, XLII, A return of all the mills. . . . PP 1840, XXIII, Reports of Inspectors of Factories. PP 1840, XXIII, Reports from Assistant Hand-loom Weavers' Commis
sioners, Part II: South-West of England. PP 1840, XXIII, Reports from Assistant Hand-loom Weavers'
Commissioners, Part III: West Riding of Yorkshire. PP 1840, XXIV, Reports from Assistant Hand-loom Weavers' Commis-
sioners, Part V: West of England and Wales. PP 1841, X, Reports of Inspectors of Factories. PP 1841, X, Hand-loom Weavers: Report of the Commissioners. PP 1843, XLV, An account of the prices of articles of consumption at the
Poor Law Unions throughout England and Wales. PP 1847, XLVI, A return of the total number of persons employed in cotton,
woollen, worsted, flax and silk factories in the United Kingdom .... PP 1850, XLII, A return of the number of cotton, worsted, woollen, flax and
silk factories ... in each county.
1.H.e. Journals of the House of Commons. Hansard Parliamentary History of England (after 1803, Parliamentary
Debates).
2 Manuscript sources etc.
Birmingham City Library: Boulton and Watt MSS. Brotherton Library, University of Leeds: Lupton MSS.; Brotherton MSS. Public Record Office, London: Home Office Papers. Sheepscar Library, Leeds: Leeds Union Apprenticeship Registers. Sheffield City Library: Wentworth-Woodhouse Muniments: Fitzwilliam
MSS. Wakefield Public Library: Miscellaneous Textile MSS. West Riding County Record Office, Wakefield: Adjourned Sessions Papers. West Riding Registry of Deeds, Wakefield: Registers of Deeds.
288 Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution
3 Unpublished dissertations
M.-A. Baxendall, 'The Geography of Contact Fields in the Transition from the Domestic to the Factory System' (Cambridge B.A. dissertation, Department of Geography, 1979).
R. M. Hartwell, 'The Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted Industries, 1800-1850' (Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 1955).
E. A. M. Hoyle, 'The Demographic Implications of Industrialization in the Textile Industry of the West Riding of Yorkshire 1750-1830' (Cambridge B.A. dissertation, Department of Geography, 1980).
D. Levine, 'Accumulation and Technical Change in Marxian Economics' (Yale Univ. Ph.D. thesis, 1973).
A. J. Randall, 'The Shearmen's Campaign: A Study of the Woollen Industry and the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1809' (Sheffield M.A. thesis, 1972).
M. T. Wild, 'An Historical Geography of the West Yorkshire Textile Industries to c. 1850' (Birmingham Ph.D. thesis, 1972).
Index
action system 3 agriculture 28-9, 54, 81, 84-6,
143, 152, 194, 242, 270 Anti-Poor Law movement
244-6 apprenticeship 29, 86, 123, 124,
126, 130, 132-3, 135-7, 138, 164,251,256
associations 167--8, 181 aulnage returns 41
bankruptcies 37, 39, 152-3, 155, 156,203
banks 196 Brief Institution 123, 128, 184;
see also croppers broadcloth 48, 89-90, 97, 146
output 44-6,98-107, 144-5, 194
canals 55, 58-9, 73, 268 capital accumulation 92-3, 128,
133, 187, 193-9, 212, 214-20, 221, 260
capital, fixed 193-9, 210, 214, 218-19, 252, 278
capitalism 4, 19, 22, 79, 138, 139, 185, 186,221,239,241, 245-6, 257-8, 260
Chartism 8, 11,22, 179,217-18, 223, 245-6, 254-5, 257, 276
cloth, see broadcloth; woollen industry
Cloth Halls 18,23,37,56, 84, 87,94,97,98, 101, 109, 111-21, 123, 135, 137, 146, 220, 223, 227
clothiers 7, 10, 18,23,24,41, 45,52-3,54,56,59,81,84, 85-6, 87, 88, 90, 93-4, 95, 97,99,100,101,106,110, 111-12, 113, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123-7, 128, 129-32, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 146-9, 150, 151, 162, 169-70, 178, 192, 218, 219, 223, 256
'opulent' 85-6, 91-2, 94, 106, 113, 117-18, 128, 133, 194
'petty' 91-4,117,125,135, 161, 163, 184, 218
Clothiers' Community 123 cloth workers , see croppers coal 48, 71, 73-4, 76, 192,
210-11 Combination Acts 10, 141, 224 combinations 127-8, 141-2,
164, 165, 173, 221-2, 223-36, 238,251
competition 4,18,29, 216-21, 240 Continental System 36, 142-3,
159, 160
290 Index
corresponding societies 23, 176 cotton industry 2, 27, 30, 36, 60,
67,79, 190 credit 85, 93-4, 112, 135, 146,
151, 156, 196,270 crises 18, 38, 43, 79, 128,
143-62, 174, 175, 182, 192, 196,214-21,222,238,246, 256,260
croppers 7, 18,89, 122-3, 126, 127-8, 132, 134, 137, 139, 141, 143, 162, 164, 165, 166, 169-70, 178, 184,222,256, 259
culturalism 9, 12-13
Defoe, Daniel 39,80-1, 111-12, 191
depression 29,42,43, 56, 143-57, 165, 211, 212, 218, 243, 244, 246
distress, economic 37, 38, 147-8, 150, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, 172-4, 179, 182, 239, 244, 246
domestic system 2, 3, 7, 9, 18, 23,24,26,52-3,56,60,81, 86,87,89,93,95, 101, 106, 110,113,117, 121, 124, 127, 129-32, 150, 161, 191-3, 212, 216, 218, 219-20, 223, 227,249,256
regional geography of 38-60, 106-11,113-18
and the rural economy 82-6, 93
and the scale of production 89-94,93
and the speed of production 86-90,93
See also broadcloth, Cloth Halls, clothiers, fulling
East Anglia 38-42,47,50,51, 56-7,59
exchange, systems of 11 0-11, 248-9
factory inspectors 38, 60, 64, 95, 189, 190, 208, 219
factory reform 8, 208, 233, 243 factory returns 60-8, 188-90,
201-7,212-14,219 factory system 2,3,7,9,18,23,
24,47,59,60-79,92-3, 101, 121, 126, 129-32, 135, 137, 138, 139, 186-221,223,256, 259
employment in 61-2, 212-14, 252-5
number of factories 61,63, 188-93
Fitzwilliam, Lord 11, 125, 127, 145-6, 156, 159, 162-71, 173-4
France 7,36,97, Ill, 142, 157, 160, 194; see also Continental System, Napoleonic Wars
fulling-levels 44-6, 82, 84, 98-106, 144-5
-mills 81, 82, 84, 94-106, 144, 146, 147, 149, 193
functionalism 2-4, 6, 17, 82, 260,267
Giddens, Anthony 8, 13, 16-22 gig-mill 88-9, 122-3, 126-7,
132, 137 Grand National Consolidated
Trades Union 232
hand-loom weavers, see weaving historical geography 1, 2, 17, 79
inns 23,97, 110, 111, 167, 180-1, 229
labour costs 48-9, 53, 73, 74-9; see also wages
labour discipline 86, 131, 132, 138; see also time discipline
labour:power ratios 212-15 labour process 3, 18, 21, 29,
52-3,78-9,82, 86,95, 127, 178, 179, 187-8, 193, 197,
labour process (cont.) 212, 219, 221, 258, 259; see also domestic system, factory system, mechanisation
labour-surplus economy 48-51, 54,267
laissez-Jaire 121, 133, 139,221; see also political economy
land 26,81,84-6,92-4, 151, 270
land carriage rates 56-8, 73, 210-11
lock-out 233-6, 238 Luddism 4,7, 11, 122, 139, 141,
160, 162, 170-1, 174, 176, 179, 180, 181-5,224,239, 256
machine-breaking 139,157, 165-6, 170, 179, 181, 183, 184
magistrates 10-11,45, 159, 164, 166-7,171, 172, 173, 179, 183
mechanisation 21,63-8, 71, 76, 79, 86-90, 93, 94, 106, 122, 124, 126, 128, 137, 165-6, 171, 172, 183-4, 193, 197, 212,214,215-16,217,229, 240, 252, 260, 278; see also gig-mill, power, shearingframe, steam-engines, spinning, water-wheels, weaving
merchants 7, 10, 18, 29, 35, 36, 37, 39, 53, 54, 56, 57-8, 94-5,97,98-100, 112-15, 123, 126-7, 133, 137, 146, 148, 156, 159, 163, 164-5, 192, 230, 231; see also Cloth Halls, woollen industry: overseas markets
militia 167 mills, see factory system, fulling mode of production 4,5, 19,47,
196 moral economy 3, 5, 86, 131,
139, 140, 160, 175, 183, 239, 256
Index 291
Napoleonic Wars 7, 27, 33, 36-7,97, Ill, 142, 162, 181, 190, 194, 278
newspapers, see press Non-Intercourse Act 37, 143, 158 North America 7,35-8,43,97,
Ill, 146, 148, 150, 158-9, 160,244
oats 152, 154, 155 Orders in Council 7,37, 104, 108,
143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 166, 167,171,172-3,183-4
oyer and terminer, special commission of 169-70
paternalism 139, 240, 245 petitions 26, 28, 29, 42, 122-5,
137, 156-7, 163, 184,233, 256
play 3, 86, 179, 270 political economy 3,27, 79, 139,
221-2,228-9,241-2,256, 260; see also laissez-faire
population 49-51 poor law 135-6, 242, 256 Poor Law Amendment Act
242-5 poor-rates 129, 148, 152-3, 155,
162, 167 poor-relief 148, 152-3, 155, 158,
162, 163, 224, 234, 242-3 power, cost of 68, 70-1
regularity of 68-70, 74, 105, 208-10
steam- 70-5, 78, 192, 197-209,212-14; see also steam-engines
water- 68-75, 192,200-9, 212-14; see also waterwheels
press 173, 178, 180-2, 244 proto-industrialisation 5, 49, 82,
267 putting-out 24, 53, 56, 60, 95,
128, 219
292 Index
railways 73-4 rainfall 69
searchers, cloth 44-5, 98-100; see also fulling, Stamping Acts
seasonality 56, 68-70, 82-6, 104-5, 208-10, 227
Secret Committee 171-3 Select Committee on the Woollen
Manufacture (1806) 52-3, 90-4, 125-38, 139, 141, 142, 143, 165, 174, 190
shearing-frame 88-9, 126-7, 132, 137, 165
social formation 4-6, 23 special constables 167, 169 spinning 59, 64-6, 74-6, 81, 90,
192,219 -jenny 64, 68, 76, 78, 85,
87-8, 89, 90, 193, 252 -mule 64, 68, 71, 75-6, 78, 89,
188, 193, 251, 252 Stamping Acts 44-5, 98, 106,
121, 123, 127 state 3, 4, 7, 22, 79, 122, 123,
156, 160, 162, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 182-3,243,255-7, 260,272
steam-engines 48, 70-5, 186, 197-207
strikes 18, 39, 64, 223, 224, 225-6; see also lock-out
structuration 13, 15-25, 79, 221, 259
subjectivism 9, 12-13 subsumption of labour to
capital 5,7, 19,21,25, 138, 193, 223, 260
Thompson, E. P. 4,9-14, 16, 86, 139-41, 160, 162, 169, 171, 174-6, 183-4, 187-8, 222-3,239-40,246,262
time discipline 68, 131, 227 time-space relations 22-5,
95-7, 113,227
transformation, regional 6-7, 15-25
transport, see canals, land carriage rates, railways, turnpikes
troops 7, 164, 166-8, 172, 174, 181
turnpikes 40, 55-8, 268
unions, see combinations, lockout, strikes
United States of America, see North America
wage-regulation 4, 8, 221, 224-6, 228-9,231-2,235-6, 240-3
wages 51-2,68,74-7, 129, 142, 146-8, 165,212,217,220-1, 223-4, 225-6, 228, 233, 236-8, 246, 248-51, 257; see also labour costs
Watch and Ward Act 167 water-wheels 68-75, 201-8 weaving 66-8, 82-4
hand-loom 59-60, 66, 68, 76, 82-4, 90-3, 124, 126, 146-7, 149, 150, 193, 219-20, 238-9, 246-9, 252,268
power-loom 59,66-8,71,76, 188, 193, 225-6, 240, 251-2,268
Royal Commission on Handloom Weavers 244, 246-56
Select Committee on Hand-loom Weavers 60,66,73, 110, 220,221,227,239-42,243, 281
West Country 24, 30, 31, 38, 41-7,48,50,51-2,56-7,59, 60-79,89,122-5,127-9,155, 178,272
wheat 152, 154-5 wool
exports 28
wool (cont.) imports 28,29,30,31, 33-5,
37-8,48, 55 prices 31, 42 trade 28,30-5,48,54-5,95,97
woollen industry employment in 26-7, 60-4;
see also domestic system, factory system
Index 293
output of 27, 42, 44-7, 98-107, 194; see also broadcloth, fulling
overseas markets 29, 35-8, 53, 55,79,85, lll, 143-4, 148, 150, 156, 163, 194, 208, 214,244
worsted industry 32-3, 38, 39, 41,47,66,67,109,191