Notes and References

Introduction: The Voice of Someone

1. John Sturrock (ed.), Structuralism and Since: From Levi-Strauss to Derrida (Oxford UP, 1979) p. 3.

2. Henri Lefebvre, Position: Contre les Technocrates (Paris: Gonthier, 1967) pp. 88-9. Lefebvre is less well known outside France than he deserves to be. He was a provocative and original thinker and a very important figure in Parisian intellectual life in the 1950s and 1960s. He also did more than anyone else to prepare the ground for the French students' 'revolution' in 1968 and for the rise of the New Left.

3. Ibid., p. 71. 4. Ibid., p. 81. 5. Frederic Bon and Michel-Antoine Burnier, Les Nouveaux Intellectuels

(Paris: Cujas, 1966) p. 64. 6. Edward Said, The World, The Text and the Critic (London: Faber &

Faber, 1984) p. 147. 7. Barry Cooper, Michel Foucault: an introduction to the study of his thought

(New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1981) p. 1. 8. See, for instance, Allan Bloom's much disputed The Closing of the

American Mind (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1987). 9. 'The Critic as Artist' is most accessible in the Norton Anthology of

English Literature, Vol. II, 3rd edn (New York: Norton Press, 1974) pp. 1699-1708.

1 Lacan and the Alienation of Language

The vel of alienation 1. These quotations are from: Stuart Schneiderman, Jacques Lacan: the

death of an intellectual hero (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1983); Anika Lemaire, Jacques Lacan (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977); Catherine Clement, Vies et Ugendes de Jacques Lacan (Paris: Grasset 1981) p. 63-4; and Sherry Turkle, Psychoanalytic Politics (London, 1979) p. 53, 54. Jane Gallop has gone even further, stating that: 'After years

266

Notes and References 267

of study, I have come to believe Lacan's texts impossible to understand fully, impossible to master- and that is a particularly good illustration of everyone's inevitable "castration" in language'. See Jane Gallop, Reading Lacan (New York. Cornell UP, 1985) p. 20.

2. Catherine Clement, Vies et Ugendes, p. 64. 3. Lacan frequently indicates his differences from Hegel, his supposed

mentor. In 'Fonction et champ de Ia parole et du language' (Ec. I), for instance, he argues contra Hegel that the dialectic only authentically touches the subject if it decentres him from his self-consciousness. He denies that the end of history can be absolute knowledge (Sem. II, 91) and rejects any reference to unity or totality either within the individual or within society on the grounds that 'the subject introduces division' (Ec. I, 173-4). When his son-in-law, Jean-Alain Miller, accuses him of shamming and asks 'ought we not to understand - Lacan against Hegel?' Lacan agrees, preferring this reading to those who call him the 'son of Hegel'- whereupon another seminar member is heard to mutter: 'Sons kill their fathers' (Sem XI, 195). For some 'fertile parallels' between Lacan and Hegel, as well as some further differ­ences, see Edwin S. Casey and J. Melvin Woody, 'Hegel, Heidegger Lacan: The Dialectic of Desire' and Wilfred ver Eecke, 'Hegel as Lacan's Source for Necessity in Psychoanalytic Theory' in Joseph H. Smith and William Kerrigan (eds), Interpreting Lacan (New Haven: Yale UP, 1983). For Lacan's debt to Kojeve's reading of Hegel, see Mark Poster, Existential Marxism in Post-War France: From Sartre to Althusser (New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1975). For Lacan's relation to the ideas of Freud, Levi-Strauss, Norman 0. Brown, Sartre, Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Saussure, Derrida, Laing and Jakobson, see Anthony Wilden's very useful essay, 'Lacan and the Discourse of the Other' and his notes to Jacques Lacan, The Language of the Self: The Function of Language in Psychoanalysis, translated and with notes and commentary by Anthony Wilden (New York: Delta Books, 1968).

4. For a free exploration and elaboration of the machine paradigm, see Martin Stanton, Outside the Dream: Lacan and French Styles of Psychoanalysis (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).

5. 'I is a verbal form, the use of which is learned in a certain reference to the other, and this reference is a spoken reference. The I is born in reference to the you' (SemI, 188). Lacan denies the existence of any Buberian I-Thou relationship and, in opposition to Husserl and Heidegger, denies the presence of empathy. To him, all the 'registers of being' are in language, and there is nothing behind or beyond this.

6. To Lacan, sexuality itself represents the death of the individual - he returns to this almost obsessively. In reproducing oneself sexually, one loses one's individuality, and this loss is a lack which returns to haunt man. This too might be contrasted with Hegel's (much healthier) view of sexual reproduction as an Aufhebung of mother and father.

7. Lacan sums up these different aspects of language in his interpretation of Freud's 'Fort-Da' anecdote about his grandson. For him, these two phonemes 'incarnate the mechanisms of alienation' (Sem XI, 216).

8. See also Sem. II, 92, where Lacan says: 'the reality of each man is in

268 Notes and References

the being of the other. In the last analysis, there is reciprocal alienation ... and I must insist it is irreducible, insoluble ... this reciprocal alienation will remain to the end'.

The beyond in this life 9. Speaking of the 'hole' at the heart of man, Lacan points out that it

can be called being or nothing - depending on how one envisages it, and that this is essentially a matter of language (Sem I, 297).

10. For the use of this Zero in and outside Lacan, see Anthony Wilden, System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange (London: Tavistock, 1972).

11. From Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by James Strachey (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1967) p. 107. Freud's observation that he has not exhausted the meaning of the dream gives Lacan his opening to read into the image of Irma's gullet and into the term trimethylamin something more and other than Freud reads into it, and he uses it to give the dream a structure which Freud, with his line by line associative analysis, does not attempt to give it. Lacan's transformations of this dream are already an example of the way he speaks 'through' texts (see next section). For Lacan's interpretation of the dream in relation to Erik Erikson's classical reinterpretation, of the same dream, see William J. Richardson, 'Lacan and the Subject of Psychoanalysis' in Smith and Kerrigan (eds), Interpreting Lacan (New Haven: Yale UP, 1983).

12. This and the following part of the dream constitute for Lacan a genuine parole because he argues that what characterises parole, wherever it is found, is the ability to make itself heard ludically in all other languages, while being absolutely particular to the subject because it grasps his desire (Ec. I, 175). For Lacan's own ludic expression of his subjectivity, see next section.

Repetition and innovation 13. Modern critics, who have made a great deal of Lacan's definitions of

metaphor and metonymy, have generally seen them as principles applicable to literary language and to literary texts per se. An exception is Jean-Baptiste Fages, Comprendre jacques Lacan (Paris: Pensee/Privat, 1971). Fages uses Lacanian principles of rhetoric to bring out aspects of Lacan's play with language which are not discussed below. Lacan insists that 'it is a fundamental law of sane criticism to apply to a work the same principles which it itself gives for its construction' (Sem. II, 141). Besides making it surprising that Lacan has not been applied to himself more frequently, this actually raises the question about the validity of applying linguistic or other theories across the board to texts.

14. Lacan also pointed out in Ornicar? Gan. 1977) that 'the unconscious is not Freud's; it is Lacan's'. For a trenchantly witty critique of Lacan's manner of training students in the art of listening to Lacan and for a description of its dangers and shortcomings, see Fran<;ois George, L'Effet 'Yau de Poele' de Lacan et des Lacaniens (Paris: Hachette, 1979).

Notes and References 269

15. See, for instance, David Lodge's novel, Small World. 16. Lacan points out that there is a parallel between 'The Purloined Letter'

and Oedipus Rex: 'Oedipus's unconscious is that fundamental discourse which means that for a long time, since forever, Oedipus's history has been there, written, that we know it, and that Oedipus is completely unaware of it, even though it is played out in him from the beginning' (Sem. II, 245).

The intellectual and the other 17. The Language of the Self, p. 299. 18. Jean Fourastit\ Faillite de l'Universite? (Paris: Gallimard, 1972) p. 13. 19. Lacan points out that since human life consists of assuming roles like

that of king or psychoanalyst, and since these roles have nothing to do with any individual's real ability, examinations must be seen as purely initiatory exercises (Sem. II, 304ff).

20. This is what, throughout his writings, Lacan attacks Anna Freud and American ego psychology for doing. For an ethical reading of Lacan, see John Rajchman, 'La can and the Ethics of Modernity', Representations 15 (Summer 1986) pp. 42-56.

21. See Charles Posner (ed.), Reflections on the Revolution in France: 1968 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970) p. 19; and Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, French Revolution: 1968 (London: Heinemann, 1968) pp. 215--6. Seale points out that: 'A tiny revolutionary avant-garde detonated a large-scale, spontaneous movement of student protest. This mass, generating its own dynamic, could only be loosely manipu­lated by the revolutionary core' (p. 20). The revolutionary core were students too.

22. Psychoanalytic Politics, p. 72. 23. Most accessible in Marshall Blonsky (ed.) On Signs (Oxford: Blackwell,

1985) pp. 84-97. 24. Translated by Geoffrey Wall (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978). 25. Ibid., p. 27. 26. Ibid., p. 58. 27. Ibid., pp. 85--6. 28. Ibid., p. 85. 29. Ibid., p. 154. 30. Ibid., p. 141. 31. Ibid., p. 6.

2 Barthes and the Pleasures of Alienation

1. The combination of consistency and change in Barthes' work was noted quite early on. See, for instance, Guy de Mallac and Margaret Eberbach, Barthes (Paris: Eds universitaires, 1971); Louis-Jean Calvet, Roland Barthes: Un Regard Politique sur le Signe (Paris: Payot, 1973); Stephen Heath, Le Vertige du Deplacement (Paris: Artheme Fayard, 1974) and Philip Thody, Roland Barthes: A Conservative Estimate (London: Macmillan, 1977).

270 Notes and References

The duplicities of critical play 2. That there are three actors is clear from v. 28 where we are told that

Jacob was renamed Israel because he had 'power with God and with men' and from v. 24 where we are told that Jacob wrestled 'with a man' till break of day. The word angel, with its ambiguous connotations does not occur anywhere in the text. If one wished to be literal­minded, one would also have to point out that God is only mentioned in relation to Jacob. Barthes' article has been translated and anthol­ogised by Stephen Heath in Image-Text-Music (London: Fontana, 1977) and I am using his translation.

3. For Barthes' problematical relationship to structuralism, see Sturrock's essay on Barthes in John Sturrock (ed.) Structuralism and Since (Oxford UP, 1979); Annette Lavers, Roland Barthes: Structuralism and After (London: Methuen, 1982); Jonathan Culler, Barthes (London: Fontana, 1983); and Howard Felperin, B~ond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1985) esp. pp. 97-103.

4. In Qu'est ce que la litteature?, Sarte presents this ideal situation where the reader is potentially a writer as characteristic of the seventeenth century. For Walter Benjamin, it appears at the end of history. This ideal situation of writers and readers has also been attributed to writers and readers of eighteenth-century periodicals in Jon P. Klancher, The Making of English Reading Audiences 1790-1832 (U of Wisconsin P, 1987). It seems to me that care needs to be taken not to allow this ideal to tum into a new myth of historical studies.

5. This is very much Lukacs' position too. See Eve Tavor, 'Art and Alienation: Lukacs' Late Aesthetic', Orbis Litterarum 37 (1982) pp. 109-21.

6. Jacques-Alain Miller, Lacan's son-in-law who studied with Barthes, describes him as 'amoral and democratic' - Colloque de Cerisy, Pretexte: Roland Barthes (Paris: Union Generale D'Editions, 1978) p. 205; and Philippe Sollers too calls Barthes' politics 'inflexibly and naturally democratic'- Tel Quel No. 47 (Autumn 1971) p. 20.

'The intellectual writer that I am' 7. Robbe-Grillet complained of Barthes' reviews of his novels Les Gommes

and Le Voyeur: 'I had the impression that Barthes had said nothing about me, but on the contrary that he was beginning to talk to himself ... and that the novelist Barthes was already beginning to develop in his texts.' In Pretexte: Roland Barthes, p. 258.

8. For Barthes' relationship to the avant-garde in France, see Charles Russell, Poets, Prophets and Revolutionaries: The Literary Avant-Garde from Rimbaud through Post-Modernism (Oxford UP, 1985). For the close relationship between writers and the university in France and for the 'intellectual novel' see Victor Brombert's classic The Intellectual Hero: Studies in the French Novel1880-1955 (London: Faber & Faber, 1960).

9. Barthes' notion of seriality should not only be seen in connection with the linguistic concept, but also as an answer to Sartre's notion of seriality in Critque de la Raison Dialectique. For Sartre, seriality was the field of alienation in culture (as opposed to the organic group). See

Notes and References 271

Arthur Hirsch, The French Left (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1982) pp. 75ff.

Mythologies of otherness 10. There are shades of Verlaine and Rimbaud here, both of whom

associated homosexuality with crossing the boundary and escaping established limits. See Jerrold Seigel, Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life 1830-1930 (New York: Viking, 1986) pp. 252ff.

11. This notion of contradiction is Maoist. For Mao 'there is nothing that does not contain contradiction', 'both aspects co-exist in an entity' and 'each of the two contradictory aspects, according to given conditions, tend to transform itself each into the other'. Mao Tse­Tung, On Contradiction (Peking: Foreign Language Press, 1953) pp. 11, 49. See also Philippe Sollers, 'Sur Ia Contradiction', Tel Quel, No. 45 (Spring 1971) pp. 3-22.

12. For Barthes' relation to Picard and to university criticism, see Annette Lavers, Roland Barthes: Structuralism and After (op. cit.) and Jonathan Culler's chapter 'Polemicist' in Barthes.

3 Foucault and the Archeology of Alienation

1. Michel Foucault, 'The Subject and Power', Afterword in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: The Harvester P, 1982) p. 208.

2. Michel Foucault, 'Histoire des systemes de pensee', Resumes of courses of lectures given by Foucault in Annuaire du College de France, 1971-ff, reprinted in A. Kremer-Marietti, Michel Foucault (Paris: Seghers, 1974) p. 194.

3. For Foucault's relation to Marxism, Existentialism and Critical Theory, see Mark Poster, Foucault, Marxism and History: Mode of Production versus Mode of Information (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984). For Foucault in relation to Structuralism and Phenomenology, see Dreyfus and Rabinow, Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (op. cit.). For his general intellectual context, Barry Cooper, Michel Foucault: an intro­duction to the study of his thought (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1981) and Alan Sheridan, Michel Foucault: The Will to Truth (London: Tavistock, 1980).

4. See, for instance, Sheridan, The Will to Truth, pp. 205, 208, 225; Poster, Foucault, Marxism and History, pp. 24, 72-3; Mark Cousins and Athar Hussain, Michel Foucault (London: Macmillan, 1984) p. 253; Diane Macdonall, Theories of Discourse (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986) pp. 83-4.

5. Poster, Foucault, Marxism and History, pp. 65, 97, 104, 138, 149; Cousins and Hussain, Michel Foucault, pp. 6, 76; Annie Guedez, Foucault (Paris Eds Universitaires, 1972) pp. 103, 106.

6. Guedez, p. 102. 7. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, translated and with commentary

by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1974) p. 218.

272 Notes and References

8. Gilles Deleuze, Un Nouvel Archiviste (Paris: Fata Morgana, 1972) p. 41. It is generally assumed that there is a break in Foucault's work between AS and SP, and though the continuities are sometimes acknowledged, they are rarely explored.

Instruments for a history of the present 9. For a critique of this approach to history, see J. G. Merquior, Foucault

(London: Fontana, 1985). 10. Foucault, 'The Subject and power', in Dreyfus and Rabinow, p. 216. 11. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals, translated by Francis

Golffing (New York: Doubleday, 1956) p. 151. 12. Ibid., pp. 256, 249. 13. Ibid., p. 283. 14. See Foucault's essays: 'A Preface to Transgression' (1963) (LCP);

'Nietzsche, Genealogy and History' (1971) (LCP); 'Two Lectures' (1977) (PK); and 'Truth and Power' (1977) (PK).

15. 'Une desinvolture studieuse' is usually rendered 'a kind of studied casualness', but the word desinvolture also contains the idea of cocking the snook and being able to carry it off elegantly. This connotation is important in Foucault.

16. Walter Kaufman, The Gay Science, n. 6, p. 79 and Kaufman, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (Princeton UP, 1974). In other respects, however, my reading of Nietzsche is closer to that of Allan Megill in Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida (Berkeley: U of California P, 1985).

17. 'Foucault repond a Sartre', La Quinzaine Litteraire (1 March 1969) p. 21. See also, Barry Cooper, Michel Foucault, p. 3.

18. The Genealology of Morals, p. 212. 19. Ibid., p. 210. 20. Ibid., p. 160. 21. Ibid., p. 209. See also Resume in Kremer-Marietti, pp. 198-9. 22. Resume in Kremer-Marietti, pp. 206ff and 201ff. 23. 'Marx, Nietzsche, Freud' in Cahiers de RougeJlumont. 24. The Genealogy of Morals, pp. 156, 210. 25. See Pamela Major-Poetzl, Michel Foucault's Archeology ofWestern Culture

(Brighton: The Harvester P, 1983); Dominique Lecourt, Marxism and Epistemology: Bachelilrd, Canguilhem, Foucault (London: New Left Books, 1975); and for the influence of the Annales school of history, see Troian Stoaianovich, French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm {Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1976).

26. Bellour, 'Deuxieme Entretiens avec Michel Foucault: sur les fac;ons d'ecrire l'histoire', Les Lettres Franraises 1187 (15-21 June 1967) p. 9.

27. Jean Louis Ezine (interviewer), 'Sur Ia Sellette: Michel Foucault' quoted in Major-Poetzl, p. 43.

28. Bellour, 'Deuxieme Entretiens', p. 19. 29. 'Nietzsche, Marx and Freud', in Cahiers de Rougeaumont, pp. 191-2.

Alienation, social exclusion and mental integration 30. For an interesting perspective on the link between Lacan and Foucault,

Notes and References 273

see Althusser's essay 'Freud and Lacan', especially the concluding questions, in Lenin and Philosophy and other esSilys, tr. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books,. 1971) p. 200. Althusser was Foucault's teacher at the ENS and also the person who encouraged Lacan to teach there. This article was written in defence of Lacanian Psychoanalysis in 1964 and 'corrected' in 1969, well after the publication of HF in 1961. It shows the natural continuity in Althusser's Marxist perspective between Lacanian psychoanalysis with its emphasis on what Althusser calls 'the law of culture ... the dialectic of human order, of the human norm ... in the form of the order of the signifier itself' and the sort of soda-historical questions about the basis of the psychoanalytical order itself which Foucault went on to ask.

31. Gilles Deleuze, Nietzsche et la Philosophie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1967) p. 3.

32. Ibid., pp. 83, 45. 33. Ibid., p. 4. 34. Ibid., p. 97. 35. Ibid., p. 88. 36. Ibid., p. 97. 37. Ibid., p. 89. 38. Ibid., p. 168. 39. Ibid., p. 126. 40. The Subject and Power' in Dreyfus and Rabinow, p. 209. 41. Alain Schnapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The French Student Uprising,

November 1967-fune 1968: An Analytical Record (Boston: Beacon P, 1971) Document 232. It should be pointed out, however, that many of the students' ideas derived directly or indirectly from the earlier writings of Henri Lefebvre and the 'Situationists'.

42. Ibid., Document 165. 43. Ibid., Document 185. 44. Ibid., Document 183, 164, 167a. 45. Ibid., Document 172, 165. 46. Ibid., Document 184, 168. 47. For instance: 'As the events of May showed convincingly, [the

communication of knowledge] functions as a double repression: in terms of those it excludes from the process and in terms of the model and standard (the bars) it imposes on those receiving this knowledge'. 'Knowledge implies a certain political conformity in its presentation'. 'It is of the utmost importance that [in May] thousands of people exercised a power which did not assume the form of a hierarchical organization' (LCP, 219, 232- originally from an interview in Actuel in Nov. 1971). 'Intellectuals are themselves agents of the struggle of power'. 'This is a struggle against power, a struggle aimed at revealing and undermining power where it is most invisible and most insidious'. 'In the fight against power, all those on whom power is exercised to their detriment, all those who find it intolerable can begin the struggle on their own terrain for their own interests, and with methods only they can determine' (LCP, pp. 2CY1, 208, 216, an interview with Gilles Deleuze of March 1972).

274 Notes and References

48. Schnapp and Vidal-Naquet, pp. 593-5. 49. 'Michel Foucault: On Attica, an interview', Telos 19 (1974) pp. 160,

159, 161. The interview was originally given in 1972. The name Groupe d' Information sur les Prisons and Foucault's position on non-intervention from outside link him and the group to a spontaneist section of the New Left called Information Correspondence Ouvriere (IeO) which had split off from the Socialisme au Barbarie group. reo believed that 'the emancipation of workers must come from the workers themselves' without 'outside' or Party interference, that workers' major problems were due to the fundamental divisions between directors and opera­tives; that the battle must be fought against hierarchies, authority and the exploitative system; and that militant intellectuals could contribute to the struggle only by helping to disseminate 'information' about what was going on. For the reo, see Richard Gombin, The Origins of Modern Leftism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).

50. Foucault explains the relation of SP to the methodology of HF thus: 'To understand better who is punished and why one punishes, I asked the question: how does one punish? In doing this, I was not doing anything but follow the path I borrowed for madness; rather than ask in a given period what is considered madness and what is considered non-madness, what is mental illness and what normal behaviour, I asked how the division between them was operated. This seems to me to provide, I don't say all possible illumination, but quite a fruitful form of intelligibility'. In Michelle Perrot (ed.), L' Impossible Prison: Recherches sur le systeme penitentiaire au 19eme siecle (Paris: Seuil, 1980) p. 42.

51. Ibid., pp. 42-3.

The divided subject and the death of man 52. 'Power and Sex: an Interview with Michel Foucault', Telos 32 (1977)

p. 160. 53. In Dreyfus and Rabinow, p. 208. 54. Ibid.

The specific, positive intellectual 55. 'The Political Function of the Intellectual', translated by C. Gordon,

in Radical Philsophy 17 (1977) p. 12. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid., p. 13. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. Ibid., p. 12. 62. Ibid., p. 14. 63. 'Interview with J. K. Simon', Partisan Review, Vol. 38 (1971) pp. 193-

4. 64. Ibid., p. 194. 65. Ibid., pp. 195-6. 66. Ibid., pp. 194, 196.

Notes and References 275

67. 'On the Archeology of the Sciences', Theoretical Practice 3 & 4 (Nov. 1971) pp. 114, 122.

68. The Political Function of the Intellectual', p. 12. 69. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of a Theory of

Structuration (Cambridge: Polity P, 1984) pp. 17, 136, 145ff. 70. L'Impossible Prison, p. 35. 71. Ibid., p. 41. 72. Ibid., p. 52. 73. The Political Function of the Intellectual', p. 14. 74. 'Interview with J. K. Simon', p. 201

4 Derrida and the Wholly Other

1. For other readings of Derrida's relation to Judaism, see Geoffrey Hartman, Saving the Text: Literature/Derrida/Philosophy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1981); Harold Bloom, Kabbalah and Criticism (New York: Continuum, 1975); Allan Megill, Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Hei­degger, Foucault, Derrida (Berkeley: U of California P, 1985); Jean­Francois Lyotard, 'Jewish Oedipus', Genre 10 (1977), 395-411; Susan Handelman, 'Jacques Derrida and the Heretic Hermeneutic' in Mark Krupnick (ed.), Displacement and After (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983).

2. Before Levinas and Derrida, this necessity was perceived by a whole series of Jewish thinkers, of whom Buber and Maimonedes are probably the most familiar. Christian thinkers found themselves in the same situation. For Derrida's assessment of the relation between theology, mysticism and philosophy, see his D'un Ton Apocalyptique adopte naguere en philosophie (1983).

3. Leo Baeck, Man and God in Judaism (London: Valentine, Mitchell and Co, 1958) pp. 19-20. See also Derrida's discussion of gala (revelation) and the 'unreceivable' in Ton.

4. Jabes has said the following: The true Jew is a rebel. He often exiles himself from the Jews. For instance, the prophets upset people by questioning traditional Jewish thought. A Jew cannot be a Jew if he does not question. All Jewish thought is based on endless commentary and discussion that is often contradictory. If a new question is asked which contradicts Jewish thought, it is still Jewish.' Interview with Jabes in Melinda Camber Porter, Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture (Oxford UP, 1986) p. 145. This is not in fact altogether true to historical fact (one has only to think of Spinoza), but it does describe one way for Jabes - and Derrida - to have their cake and eat it.

Reconstructing the text 5. There is a distinction to be made between Derrida' s earlier writings

which are concerned with what is known as Ma'aseh Bereshit, with questions of creation and cosmogony, and later writings which draw on the tradition of Ma' aseh Merlmvah or questions of the mystery- that

276 Notes and References

which Derrida sometimes calls the apocalypse. But in Derrida's work, the same structures recur (see the next section) and the later work is more easily accessible through the earlier.

6. Verbs in the Hebrew bible are usually in the future tense. 7. Exodus 33: 22-3. Achorei also means behind as in 'back parts'. With

slightly different vowelling, the word can also mean delay or lateness. 8. Levinas argued that a face-to-face encounter is possible. Derrida's article

on Levinas, 'Violence et metaphysique' in ED is largely devoted to showing that it is not.

9. The practice of speaking obscurely by mashal, by example or parable, is an ancient practice in Jewish exegesis just as it is a constant characteristic of esoteric writing to speak 'through' another text. In his early writings, Derrida hints that this is what he is doing (see, for example, ED, 337-8); later this becomes a theory of criticism and a theory of autobiography (see next section).

10. These are Heidegger's words. See Mark C. Taylor (ed.) Deconstruction in Context (U of Chicago P, 1986) p. 250. Derrida's opening and letting appear to differ from Heidegger' s, as Derrida himself repeatedly points out, because Heidegger is thinking in the context of the metaphysics of presence, while Derrida is not.

11. Taken from the daily service in the Jewish Prayer Book. 12. As Derrida points out, in Hebrew the word 'between' (ben) can take

the plural (benot): 'We have said the "between(s)" and this plural is in some sort "primary'" (Diss., note p. 251-2).

13. These were formulated by Maimonedes and are reproduced in the Jewish Prayer Book.

14. The Hebrew words for face-to-face, panim-el-panim, can also be read pnim-el-pnim, which means inwardness to inwardness. This is certainly the way Buber and Levinas read it.

15. For Derrida's relation to other philosophers, see Mark C. Taylor's excellent introduction to Deconstruction in Context (U of Chicago P, 1986) as well as the texts anthologised in it; Vincent Descombes, Modern French Philosophy, tr. L. Scott-Fox and J. M. Harding (Cambridge UP, 1980); Henry Staten, Wittgenstein and Derrida (Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1984); Gayatri Spivak's Translator's Preface' to Of Gramma­tology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1974); Richard Rorty, 'Philosophy as a kind of writing', NLH 10 (1978) pp. 141-60; Frederic Jameson, The Prison-House of Language (Princeton UP, 1972); Frank Lentricchia, After the New Criticism (London: Athlone, 1980).

16. Abraham R. Besdin, Reflections of the Rav: adapted from the lectures of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik Uerusalem: Dept of Tora Education and Culture in WZO, 1979) pp. 101-2.

Deconstruction: Game, Rule, Repetition, Writing 17. Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction: The Theory of Criticism after Structura-

lism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983) p. 213. 18. Ibid., p. 223. 19. Ibid., p. 220. 20. Paul de Man's book, Blindness and Insight (London: Methuen, 1983),

Notes and References 277

for instance, is based on this kind of division, although he tends to privilege the text's implicit counter-argument rather than to return opposites to indifference.

21. For an analysis of Derrida's analysis of La Lettre Volee ('The purloined letter') in relation to Lacan's treatment of the 'same' story, see Barbara Johnson: 'The Frame of Reference: Poe, Lacan, Derrida' in Yale French Studies 5536 (1977) pp. 457-505.

22. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, tr. Wade Baskin (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966) p. 126.

23. The principle is the same in Glas, but here Derrida also partly articulates the texts on the page on each other.

24. Ecclesiastes 1:13; XII:12; III:ll. 25. Like Levinas, Derrida sees 'the tautology of ipseity as an egoism'. See

Levinas, 'La Trace de I' Autre', Schrift fuer Filosofie 9 (1963). 26. For a provocative analysis of the similarities between conventional

criticism and deconstruction, see Rodolphe Gasche, 'Deconstruction as Criticism', Glyph 6 (1979) pp. 177-215.

27. Ph. Breton, quoted in Jean-Francais Lyotard, La Condition Postmoderne: Rapport sur le Savoir (Paris: Minuit, 1979) n. 207, p. 97, from which many of these perspectives on postmodern science are taken.

Conclusion: Recontextualisations

1. See Jonathan Culler's analysis of the Yale critics in The Pursuit of Signs (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981); Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism (Brighton: Harvester P, 1982) esp. ch. 8; Frank Lentricchia, After the New Criticism (London: Athlone, 1980) esp. 'History or the Abyss'.

2. See especially, Robert Scholes, Textual Power: Literary Theory and the Teaching of English (New Haven: Yale UP, 1985); Gerald Graff and Reginald Gibbons (eds) Criticism in the University (Northwestern UP 1985); William E. Cain, The Crisis in Criticism: Theory, Literature and Reform in English Studies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1984); W.J.T. Mitchell (ed.), Against Theory: Literary Studies and the New Pragmatism (U of Chicago P, 1985); Frederick Crews, Skeptical Engagements (Oxford UP, 1986).

3. See Eve Tavor, Scepticism, Society and the 18th Century Novel (Macmillan & St. Martin's Press, 1987).

4. Raymond Aron, The Industrial Society: Three Essays on Ideology and Development (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967) p. 62.

5. Michel Crozier, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (U of Chicago P, 1964). 6. Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, tr. John Wilkinson (London:

Jonathan Cape, 1965) p. 284. Originally published in France as La Technique ou l'Enjeu du Siecle in 1954.

7. Ibid., pp. 395, 409, 306, xxvi. 8. In Louis Soubise, Le Marxisme apres Marx (195H5): Quatres marxistes

dissidents fran~is (Paris: Montaigne, 1967) p. 46. 9. Henri Lefebvre, La Vie Quotidienne dans le monde moderne (Paris:

278 Notes and References

Gallimard, 1968) p. 221. What follows is a montage of Lefebvre and Ellul.

10. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizo­phrenia (New York: Viking, 1977) pp. xii-xiii. Originally published in France in 1972.

11. Maurice Schumann, Le Vrai Malaise des Intellectuels de Gauche (Paris: Pion, 1957) p. v.

12. Henri Berenger, Les Proletaires Intellectuels en France (Paris: Eds de la Revue, undated) and in Bon and Bumier, Les Nouveaux Intellectuels (Paris: Cujas, 1966); Antoine Prost, Histoire de l'Enseignement en France, 1800-1967 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1968) pp. 77ff, 145ff, 362ff; Louis Bodin and Jean Touchard, 'Les lntellectuels dans la societe fram;aise contemporaine', Revue Fran(;aise de Science Politique, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1959) pp. 835-59.

13. It is interesting to note that even anti-left-wing analyses of the situation of intellectuals had to adopt this frame of reference. See for instance Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals, tr. Terence Kilmartin (Connecticut: Greenwood, 1977). The original French version appeared in 1955. For one possible American source of French analyses of intellectuals in technological societies, see Florian Znaniecki, The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (New York: Columbia UP, 1940).

14. Jean-Francois Lyotard, lil Condition Postmoderne: Rapport sur le Savoir (Paris: Minuit, 1979) note p. 14.

15. For discussions of the situati9n in the university, see Pierre Naville, La Formation Professionnelle et l'Ecole (Paris: PUF, 1948); Jean Chardonnet, L'Universite en Question (Paris: France-Empire, 1968); Antoine Prost, Histoire de l'Enseignement en France 1800-1967 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1968); P. H. Chombart de Lauwe, Pour L'Universite (Paris: Payot, 1968); Alain Touraine, The May Movement: Revolt and Reform (New York: Random House, 1971); and Marc Zamansky, Mort ou Resurrection de l'Universite (Paris: Pion, 1969).

16. Jean Vigier's introduction to Bon and Burnier, Les Nouveaux Intellectuels pp. 19-20.

17. This idea was already present in the 1950s. 18. William Cain in Graff and Gibbons, (eds) Criticism in the University,

p. 90. 19. George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France (New York: Columbia

UP, 1966) p. 2. 20. See especially Mark Poster, Existential Marxism in Post-War France: From

Sartre to Althusser (Princeton UP, 1975); Richard Gombin, The Origins of Modern Leftism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971); H. Stuart Hughes The Obstructed Path: French Social Thought in the Years of Desperation 1930-1960 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968); Michelle Perrot and Annie Kriegel, Le Socialisme Fran(;ais et le Pouvoir (Paris: EDI, 1966); David Caute, Communism and the French Intellectuals 1914-1960 (London: Deutsch, 1964); and Louis Soubise, Le Marxisme apres Marx (Paris: Montaigne, 1967).

21. I am indebted to much of what follows about Kojeve to Vincent Descombes, Modern French Philosophy (Cambridge UP, 1980).

Notes and References 279

22. Theodore Caplow and Reece J. Mcgee, The Academic Market Place (New York: Basic Books, 1958) p. 4.

23. Fourcroy to Napoleon in 1806, extracted in Prost, Histoire de l' Enseigne­ment en France, p. 41.

24. Ibid., p. 53. 25. For an analysis of the ideological content of the traditional philosophy

programme, see Fran«;ois CMtelet, La Philosophie des Professeurs (Paris: Grasset, 1970) and for a critique, see Dominique Grisoni (ed.) Politiques de la Philosophie Chdtelet, Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, Serves (Paris: Grasset, 1976).

26. In 'Oil commence et comment finit un corps enseignant' in Grisoni, 1?· 68.

27. Emile Copferman, Problemes de la Jeunesse (Paris: Maspero, 1967) p. 37. 28. For some explanations of French University Dissent, see Leon Emery,

'L'Universite fran«;aise et l'Ideologie politique' in Le Contrat Social, Vol. II, No. 1 ijan 1958) pp. 1-8 and Edgar Morin, 'Intellectuels: critique du mythe and mythe de Ia critique', Arguments, 4 No. 20 (1960) pp. 35-40. Also Kenneth Douglas 'The French Intellectuals: Situation and Outlook' in Edward Meade Earle, Modern France (Princeton UP, 1951).

29. Bernard Kouchner and Michel-Antoine Burnier, La France Sauvage (Paris: Publications Premieres, 1970) p. 91.

30. Jean Fourastie, Faillite de l'Universite? (Paris: Gallimard, 1972) pp. 107, 115.

31. Lyotard, La Condition Postmoderne, pp. 66-7, 68, 71-2. 32. For Sartre's 'Les Imaginaires', see Lentricchia, After the New Criticism. 33. Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, pp. 15 and 71. 34. Robert Scholes, Semiotics and Interpretation (New Haven: Yale UP, 1982)

p. 14. 35. David Bleich, Subjective Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1978)

p. 18. 36. Ibid., p. 17. 37. Ibid., p. 22. 38. Lentricchia, After the New Criticism, p. 186. 39. For the canular, see Alain Peyrefitte, Rue d'Ulm: Chroniques de la Vie

normalienne (Paris: Flammarion, 1977, 3rd edn) esp. pp. 24, 358, 439.

Bibliography

ALTHUSSER, Louis, Lenin and Philosophy and other essays, (London: New Left Books, 1971).

ARON, Raymond, The Opium of the Intellectuals, (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1977).

--, The Industrial Society: Three Essays on Ideology and Development (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967).

BAECK, Leo, Man and God in Judaism (London: Valentine, Mitchell & Co., 1958).

BARTHES, Roland, Michelet (Paris: Seuil, 1975). --,Mythologies (Paris: ~euil, 1957). --, Le Degre Zero de l'Ecriture, suivi de Nouveaux Essais Critiques (Paris:

Seuil, 1973). -· -, Sur Racine (Paris: Seuil, 1963). --, Essais Critiques (Paris: Seuil, 1964). --,Critique et Write (Paris: Seuil, 1966). --, L'Empire des Signes (Paris: Flammarion, 1970). --, SIZ (Paris: Seuil, 1970). --, Le Plaisir du Texte (Paris: Seuil, 1973). --, Sade, F~urier, Loyola (Paris: Seuil, 1971). --,Sollers Ecrivain (Paris: Seuil, 1979). --,Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes (Paris: Seuil, 1980). --, Fragments d'un discours amoureux (Paris: Seuil, 1977). --, Le Grain de la Voix: Entretiens 1962--80 (Paris: Seuil, 1981). --, Essais Critiques IV: Le bruissement de la langue (Paris: Seuil, 1984). -, 'Reponses', Tel Quel47 (Autumn 1971) pp. 89-107. --, Image-Text-Music, essays selected and translated by Stephen Heath

(London: Fontana, 1977). --, A Barthes Reader, ed. and intro. by Susan Sontag (London: Jonathan

Cape, 1982). --, Roland Barthes edition, Tel Quel 47 (Autumn 1971). BARZUN, Jacques, The House of Intellect (London: Seeker & Warburg,

1959). BELOFF, Max, 'Intellectual classes and ruling classes in France', Occident

10, No. 1 (1954) pp. 54--60. BELSEY, Catherine, Critical Practice (London: Methuen, 1980).

280

Bibliography 281

BERENGER, Henri, Les Proletaires intellectuels en France (Paris: Eds de la Revue, no date).

BESDIN, Abraham R., Reflections of the Rav: adapted from the lectures of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik Gerusalem: Dept of Tara Education and Culture of wzo, 1979).

BLEICH, David, Subjective Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1978). BLOOM, Allan, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon &

Schuster, 1987). BLOOM, Harold, Kabbalah and Criticism (New York: Continuum, 1975). --,A Map of Misreading (Oxford UP, 1975). BLOOM, Harold; DE MAN, Paul; DERRIDA, Jacques; HARTMAN, Geof­

frey; MILLER J. Hillis, Deconstruction and Criticism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979).

BODIN, Louis and TOUCHARD, Jean, 'Les intellectuels dans la societe fram;aise contemporaine', Revue Fran~aise de Science Politique 9. No. 4 (1959) pp. 835-59.

BON, Frederic and BURNIER, Michel-Antoine, Les Nouveaux Intellectuels (Paris: Cujas, 1966).

BROMBERT, Victor, The Intellectual Hero: Studies in the French Novel 1880-1955 (London: Faber & Faber, 1960).

CAIN, William E., The Crisis in Criticism: Theory, Literature and Reform in English Studies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1984).

CAMBER PORTER, Melinda, Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Con­temporary French Arts and Culture (Oxford UP, 1986).

CAPLOW, Theodore and MCGEE, Reece J., The Academic Market Place (New York: Basic Books, 1958).

CAUTE, David, Communism and the French Intellectuals 1914-1960 (London: Deutsch, 1964).

COLLOQUE DE CERISY, Pretexte: Roland Barthes (Paris: Union Generate d'Editions, 1978).

CH~RDONNET, Jean, L' Universite en question (Paris: France-Empire, 1968). CHATELET, Fran<_;ois, La Philosophie des Professeurs (Paris: Grasset, 1970). CHOMBART DE LAUWE, P. H., Pour l'Universite (Paris: Payot, 1968). CLEMENT, Catherine, Vies et Ugendes de Jacques Lacan (Paris: Grasset,

1981). COOPER, Barry, Michel Foucault: an introduction to the study of his thought

(New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1981). COPFERMAN, Emile, Problemes de la Jeunesse (Paris: Maspero, 1967). COUSINS, Mark and HUSSEIN, Athar, Michel Foucault (London: Macmil-

lan, 1984). CREWS, Frederick, Skeptical Engagements (Oxford UP, 1986). CROZIER, Michel, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (U of Chicago P, 1964). CULLER, Jonathan, The Pursuit of Signs (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,

1981). --, On Deconstruction: The Theory of Criticism after Structuralism (London:

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983). --, Barthes (London: Fontana, 1983). DE HUSZAR, George B. (ed.), The Intellectuals: A Controversial Portrait

(Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1960).

282 Bibliography

DELEUZE, Gilles, Nietzsche et Ia Philosophie (Paris: PUF, 1967). --, Un Nouveau Archiviste (Paris: Fata Morgana, 1972). --and GUA TT ARI, Felix, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (New

York: Viking, 1977). DE MAN, Paul, Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary

Criticism (London: Methuen, 1983). DERRIDA, Jacques, La Voix et le Phenomene (Paris: PUF, 1983). --, L'Ecriture et Ia Difference (Paris; Seuil, 1967). --, De la Grammatologie (Paris: Minuit, 1967). --, La Dissemination (Paris: Seuil, 1972). --, Marges de la Philosophie (Paris; Minuit, 1972). --,Positions (Paris; Minuit, 1972). --,La Carte Postale de Socrate a Freud et au-dela (Paris: Flammarion, 1980). --, Glas I & II (Paris: Gonthier, 1981). --, D'un Ton apocaliptique adopte naguere en philosophie (Paris: Galilee,

1983). --, Otobiographies: L'enseignement de Nietzsche et la politique du nom propre

(Paris: Galilee, 1984). --, Parages (Paris: Galilee, 1986). --, Shibboleth (Paris: Galilee, 1986). DESCOMBES, Vincent, Modern French Philosophy (Cambridge UP, 1980). DREYFUS, Hubert L. and Rabinow, Paul, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structura-

lism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: The Harvester P, 1982). EARLE, Edward Mead (ed.), Modern France: Problems of the III and IV

Republics (Princeton UP, 1951). ELLUL, Jacques, The Technological Society (London: Jonathan Cape, 1965). ELSTER, Jon, Sour Grapes: Studies in the subversion of rationality (Cambridge

UP, 1985). EMERY, Leon, 'L'universite fran<;aise et l'ideologie politique', Le Contrat

Social, Vol. II, No. 1 (Jan. 1958) pp. 1-8. FACES, Jean-Baptiste, Comprendre Jacques Lacan (Paris: Pensee/Privat, 1971). FELPERIN, Howard, Beyond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary

Theory (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1985). FOUCAULT, Michel, La Naissance de la Clinique (Paris: PUF, 1983). --, Histoire de la Folie a l'age classique (Paris: Gallimard, 1972). --, Les Mots et les Chases (Paris: Gallimard, 1966). --, L'Archeologie du Savoir (Paris: Gallimard, 1969). --, L'Ordre du Discours (Paris: Gallimard, 1971). --, Surveiller et Punir (Paris: Gallimard, 1975). --, Histoire de la Sexualite (Paris: Gallimard, 1976). --, 'Deuxieme Entretiens avec Michel Foucault: sur les fa<;ons d' ecrire

l'Histoire' avec Bellour, Les Lettres Fram;aises 1187 (June 1967) p. 9. --, 'On the Archeology of the Sciences', Theoretical Practice 3 & 4 (Nov.

1971) pp. 108-127. --, 'Monstrosities in Criticism', Diacritics, Vol I (Fall1971) pp. 57-60. --, 'John K. Simon: A Conversation with Michel Foucault', Partisan

Review, Vol. 38 (1971) pp. 199-201. --, 'Michel Foucault on Attica: an Interview', Telos 19 (1974) pp. 154--

161.

Bibliography 283

--, 'Power and Sex: an Interview with Michel Foucault', Telos 32 (1977) pp. 152-161.

--, 'The Political Function of the Intellectual', Radical Philosophy 17 (1977) pp. 12-15.

--, 'Politics and the Study of Discourse', Ideology and Consciousness No. 3 (1978) pp. 7-26.

--, 'Governmentality', Ideology and Consciousness No.6 (1979) pp. 5-21. --, Power, Truth, Strategy, ed. Morris, Meaghan and Patton, Paul

(Sydney: Feral Publications, 1979). --, Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews ed.

Bouchard, Donald F. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1977). --, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings 1972-1977 ed.

Gordon, <;olin (Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1980). FOURASTIE, Jean, Faillite de l'Universite? (Paris: Gallimard, 1972). GALLO\, Jane, Reading Lacan (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985). GASCHE, Rodolphe, 'Deconstruction as Criticism', Glyph 6 (1979) pp. 177-

215. GIDDENS, Anthony, The Constitution of Society: Outline of a Theory of

Structuration (Cambridge: Polity P, 1984). --, The Class Structure of Advanced Societies (London: Hutchinson, 1973). --, The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity P, 1985). GEORGE, Franc;ois, L'Effet 'Yau de Poele' (Paris: Hachette, 1979). GLUCKSMANN, Andre, Strategie et Revolution en France 1968 (Paris:

Christian Bourgois, 1968). GOMBIN, Richard, The Origins of Modern Leftism (Harmondsworth: Pen­

guin, 1975). GRAFF, Gerald and GIBBONS, Reginald (eds), Criticism in the University

(Illinois: Northwestern UP, 1985). GRISONI, Dominique (ed.), Politiques de la Philosophic: Chatelet, Derrida,

Foucault, Lyotard, Serves (Paris: Grasset, 1976). GUEDEZ, Annie, Foucault (Paris: PUF, 1972). HARTMAN, Geoffrey, Saving the Text: Literature!Derrida/Philosophy (Balti­

more: Johns Hopkins UP, 1981). --, Criticism in the Wilderness: The Study of Literature Today (New Haven:

Yale UP, 1980). HEATH, Stephen, Vertige du Deplacement (Paris: Artheme Fayard, 1974). HIRSCH, Arthur, The French Left: A History and Overview (Montreal: Black

Rose Books, 1982). HOFSTADTER, Richard, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (London:

Jonathan Cape 1964). HOY, David Couzens, Foucault: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986). HUGHES, H. Stuart, The Obstructed Path: French Social Thought in the Years

of Desperation 1930-1960 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968). JAMESON, Frederic, The Prison-House of Language (Princeton UP, 1972). JOHNSON, Barbara, 'The Frame of Reference: Poe, Lacan, Derrida', Yale

French Studies 5516 (1977) pp. 457-505. JOHNSON, Terence J., Professions and Power (London: Macmillan, 1981). KANAPA, Jean, Situation de l'Intellectuel (Paris: Eds Sociales, 1957). KOFMAN, Sarah, Lectures de Derrida (Paris: Galilee, 1984).

284 Bibliography

KOUCHNER, Bernard and BURNIER, Michel-Antoine, La France Sauvage (Paris: Eds Publications Premieres, 1970).

KREMER-MARIETII, Angele, Michel Foucault (Paris: Seghers, 1974). KRUPNICK, Mark (ed.), Displacement and After (Bloomington: Indiana UP,

1983). LACA!'J', Jacques, Ecrits I (Paris: Seuil, 1966). --, Ecrits II (Paris: Seuil, 1971). --, Le Seminaire: Livre I, Les ecrits techniques de Freud (Paris: Seuil, 1975). --, Le Seminaire: Livre II, Le moi dans la theorie de Freud et dans la technique

de la psychanalyse (Paris: Seuil, 1978). --, Le Seminaire: Livre III, Les psychoses (Paris: Seuil, 1981). --, Le Seminaire: Livre XI, Les quatres concepts fondamentaux de la psychanalyse

(Paris: Seuil, 1973). --, Le Seminaire: Livre XX, Encore (Paris: Seuil, 1975). --,Television (Paris: Seuil, 1974). --, De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalite (Paris:

Seuil, 1980). LAVERS, Annette, Roland Barthes: Structuralism and After (London:

Methuen, 1982). LECLAIRE, S. (ed.), Psychanalyse et Politique (Paris: Seuil, 1974). LECOURT, Dominique, Marxism and Epistemology: Bachelard, Canguilhem,

Foucault (London: New Left Books, 1975). LEFEBVRE, Henri, Position: Contre les Technocrates (Paris: Gonthier, 1%7). --, La Vie Quotidienne dans le Monde Moderne (Paris: Gallimard, 1968). LEMAIRE, Anika, Jacques Lacan (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977). LENTRICCHIA, Frank, After the New Criticism (London: Athlone P, 1980). LEVIN AS, Emmanuel, 'La Trace de l' Autre', Schrift vor Filosophie 9 (1963). LICHTHEIM, George, Marxism in Modern France (New York: Columbia

UP, 1966). LYOTARD, Jean-Franc;ois, La Condition Postmoderne: Rapport sur le Savoir

(Paris: Minuit, 1979). -,'Jewish Oedipus', Genre 10 (1977) pp. 395--411. MACDONELL, Diane, Theories of Discourse (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986). MACHEREY, Pierre, A Theory of Literary Production (London: Routledge &

Kegan Paul, 1978). MAJOR-POETZL, Pamela, Michel Foucault's Archeology of Western Culture

(Brighton: The Harvester P, 1983). MALLACH, Guy de and EBERBACH, Margaret, Barthes (Paris: Eds

Universitaires, 1971). MALLET, Serge, La Nouvelle Classe Ouvriere (Paris: Seuil, 1963). MAO Tse-Tung, On Contradiction (Peking: Foreign Language P, 1953). MEGILL Allan, Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida

(Berkeley: U of California P, 1985). MILLER, Jean-Alain, L'Excommunication, special edition of Ornicar?, Sup­

plement au No. 8 (1978). MERQUIOR, J. G., Foucault (London: Fontana, 1985). MORIN, Edgar, 'Intellectuels: critique du mythe et mythe de Ia critique',

Arguments 4, No. 20 (1960) pp. 35--40.

Bibliography 285

MITCHELL, W.J.T. (ed.), Against Theory: Literary Studies and the New Pragmatism (U of Chicago P, 1985).

NAVILLE, Pierre, La Revolution et les Intellectuels (Paris: Gallimard, 1975). --,La formation Professionnelle et l'Ecole (Paris: PUF, 1948). NORRIS, Christopher, Theory and Practice (London: Methuen, 1982). PERROT, Michelle (ed.), L'Impossible Prison: Recherches sur le Systeme

penitentiaire au 19eme Siecle (Paris: Seuil, 1980). -- and KRIEGEL, Annie, Le Socialisme fran~is et le Pouvoir (Paris: EDI,

1966). PEYREFITTE, Alain, Rue d'Ulm: Chroniques de la vie normalienne (Paris:

Flammarion, 1977). POSNER, Charles (ed.), Reflections on the Revolution in France: 1968 (Har­

mondsworth: Penguin, 1970). POSTER, Mark, Existential Marxism in Post-War France: From Sartre to

Althusser (New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1975). --, Foucault, Marxism and History: Mode of Production versus Mode of

Information (Cambridge: Polity P, 1984). PROST, Antoine, Histoire de l'Enseignement en France 1800-1967 (Paris:

Armand Colin, 1968). RACEVSKIS, Karlis, Michel Foucault and the Subversion of Intellect (Ithaca:

Cornell UP, 1983). RAJCHMAN, John, 'Lacan and the Ethics of Modernity', Representations

15 (Summer 1986) pp. 42-56. RORTY, Richard, Consequences of Pragmatism (Brighton: The Harvester P,

1982). --, 'Philosophy as a kind of writing: an essay on Derrida', NLH 10 (1978)

pp. 141-60. ROTH, MichaelS., 'Foucault's "History of the Present"', History and Theory

20 (1981). RUSSELL, Charles, Poets, Prophets, Revolutionaries: The Literary Avant-Garde

from Rimbaud through Postmodernism (Oxford UP, 1985). SAID, Edward W., Beginnings: Intention and Method (Baltimore: Johns

Hopkins UP, 1975). --, The World, the Text and the Critic (London: Faber & Faber, 1984). SARTRE, Jean-Paul, Plaidoyer pour les Intellectuels (Paris: Gallimard, 1972). SAUSSURE, Ferdinand de, Course in General Linguistics (New York:

McGraw Hill, 1959). SCHNAPP, Alain and VIDAL-NAQUET, Pierre, The French Student Up­

rising, November 1967-June 1968: An Analytical Record (Boston: Beacon P, 1971).

SCHNEIDERMAN, Stuart, Jacques Lacan: the death of an intellectual hero (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1983).

SCHOLES, Robert, Semiotics and Interpretation (New Haven: Yale UP, 1982). --, Textual Power: Literary Theory and the Teaching of English (New Haven:

Yale UP, 1985). SCHUMANN, Maurice, Le vrai malaise des intellectuels de gauche (Paris:

Pion, 1957). SEALE, Patrick and MCCONVILLE, Maureen, French Revolution: 1968

(London: Heinemann, 1968).

286 Bibliography

SEIGEL, Jerrold, Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life 1830-1930 (New York: Viking, 1986).

SHERIDAN, Alan, Michel Foucault: The Will to Truth (London: Tavistock, 1980).

SMART, Barry, Foucault, Marxism and Critique (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).

SMITH, Joseph H and KERRIGAN, William, Interpreting Lacan (New Haven: Yale UP, 1983).

SOLLERS, Philippe, 'Sur la Contradiction', Tel Quel45 (Spring 1971) pp. 3--22.

SOUBISE, Louis, Le Marxisme apres Marx (1956-1965): Quatre marxistes dissidents franr;ais (Paris: Montaigne, 1967).

STANTON, Martin, Outside the Dream: Lacan and French Styles of Psychoanaly­sis (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).

STATEN, Henry, Wittgenstein and Derrida (Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1984). STOIANOVICH, Traian, French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm

(Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1976). STURROCK, John (ed.), Structuralism and Since: From Levi-Strauss to Derrida

(Oxford UP, 1979). TAYLOR, Mark C. (ed.), Deconstruction in Context: Literature and Philosophy

(U of Chicago P, 1986). TAVOR, Eve, Scepticism, Society and the 18th Century Novel (London and

New York: Macmillan and StMartin's P, 1987). --, 'Art and Alienation: Lukacs' Late Aesthetic', Orbis Litterarum 37,

(1982) pp. 109-21. THIBAUDET, Albert, La Republique des Professeurs (Paris: Grasset, 1927). --, 'Pour l'histoire du Parti intellectuel', Nouvelle Revue Franr;aise 20

(1932) pp. 265-72. THODY, Philip, Roland Barthes: A Conservative Estimate (London: Macmil­

lan, 1977). TOURAINE, Alain, The May Movement: Revolt and Reform (New York:

Random House, 1971). --, The Post-Industrial Society: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Pro­

grammed Society (London: Wildwood House, 1971). TURKLE, Sherry, Psychoanalytic Politics (London, 1979). VEYNE, Paul, Comment on ecrit l'histoire, suivi de Foucault revolutionne

l'histoire (Paris: Deuil, 1978). WILDEN, Anthony, System and Structure: Essays in Communication and

Exchange (London: Tavistock, 1972). --, 'Lacan and the Discourse of the Other' in The Language of the Self:

The Function of Language in Psychoanalysis by Jacques Lacan, tr. and with notes by Anthony Wilden (New York: Delta, 1968).

ZAMANSKY, Marc, Mort ou Resurrection de l'Universite (Paris: Pion, 1969).

ZNANIECKI, Florian, The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (New York: Columbia UP, 1940).

Index

Absence 1, 14, 17, 23, 24, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 46, 52, 67, 70, 75, 77, 87, 88, 91, 100, 112, 119, 141, 155, 187, 189, 192-3, 194, 195, 196, 200, 212, 215, 216, 221,248,250-1,259

see also Aphanisis, Atopos, Difforance, Difference, Exclusion, Lack, Non-Being

Abyss 26, 155, 184, 189, 191, 200, 201, 208, 211, 218, 219, 221

mise en abfme 206-11, 219, 221, 260 see also Chiasmus, Difforance,

Non-Being Addison 261 Affirmation 24, 28, ~7, 84-9, 88,

89-90,96,130,131,132,160-5,171-3,184,193,222-6,258-9, 263-5

see also Binarism, Disalienation, Fiction, Intertextuality, Play, Practice, Semiology, Structuralism, Writing

Alienation 1, 2-3, 12, 13-15, 21-3, 25, 29,43-5,49,~7,81-2, 84-6,93,94-5,97-9,112-13, 116-17, 118, 123-4, 127, 129, 162-3, 172, 176, 223, 229-30, 235-7,240-5,247,249-53, 262, 263-4

as difference 2, 33, 128, 129, 140, 187, 189-90

as division in the subject 2, 14-17,19-20,29-30,94-5,99, 112, 116, 124, 129, 144, 152, 160, 167, 168, 171, 172, 176, 230,235-7,251,252,263-4

as division from the other 16-18, 24-5, 66, 68, 94-5, 99, 112, 116-17, 118, 123, 129, 140, 143, 151, 152, 153, 160, 162-3,187-196,223,229, 251-3

as exclusion 2, 16-18, 29, 30, 84-7, 94, 95, 102, 116, 118, 123, 140, 185

as loss of self 2, 20-3, 24, 34, 38, 44-5, 49, 64, 120, 123, 128, 143-4, 155, 167, 171, 236, 251

as objectivation of self 2, 93, 94, 125, 126, 127, 134, 138, 142, 166-7

as otherness 2, 24-5, 29, 30, 37, 43-4, 64, 116, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 138, 142, 143, 144, 171, 172, 190-1, 202, 251-3

as placelessness 2, 49, 50, 63, 67-70,75,184,189-91,251-3

in language 41-2, 47, 51, 56, 62, 63, 162, 185, 251

in Marx 2, 14, 116, 117 in social sciences 2 of meaning 31, 32, 33, 37-8, 60,

74, 116, 127, 129, 185, 190-1, 193, 247

disalienation 30, 50, ~7, 69, 71, 76, 80-2, 84-6, 93, 126, 129, 154-5, 160, 162-5, 167, 168-70, 171-4, 195, 196, 223,232-3,235-7,250-3, 261-2

see also Aphanisis, Atopos, Difforance, Difference, Division, Exclusion, Other, Language, Society, Subject

Aphanisis 15-23, 28, 42, 64, 129, 229, 248

Archeology 105-7, 108-9, 110, 129, 131

Arguments Group 249, 250 Aristotle 206, 208, 209, 220 Arnold 9 Aron 231

287

288 Index

Artaud 115 Atopos 2, 49, 50, 63, 64, 67-70, 74-

5, 77, 78,84,85,86,229,230, 233, 248, 251-2

Aufhebung 14, 24, 87, 88, 106, 15~ 9, 168,217,220,250,252,253

see also Binarism, Dialectic, Totality

Author 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 77, 80, 84, 85, 89-93, 111, 177, 192, 199,206,207,212,220,225-6, 228,237-40, 264

abdication of 59, 64, 65, 67, 77, 80,83,89-93,111-12,133-4, 173-4, 180-1, 207, 223, 225,237-40,251,264

death of 184, 194-5, 198, 228, 237-40

see also Authority, Death, Writing

Authority 59, 68, 82, 83, 86, 89-93, 127, 128, 132, 175-6, 181, 182, 203, 207, 212, 219, 221, 223, 225, 232, 237, 239, 242, 264-5

hierarchical 43, 131, 133, 141, 175, 181, 232

see also Domination, Power, Subjection, Subversion

Autogestion 133, 181, 232, 239 Axelos 250

Bachelard 55, 97, 107 Balzac 58, 59, 60, 62, 63 Barthes 1-11 passim, 47-93, 184,

22~passim see also under topics

Bataille 71, 73 Bayle 110, 231 Bennett 11 Bentham 141 Berenger 240, 241, 242 Bergson 206, 208 Binarism 14-19, 22-3, 24-5, 34,

45, 46, 63, 67-70, 75, 78, 88, 80-1, 97-106, 123, 140, 145, 147, 151-4, 157-8, 161, 164-5, 169, 177, 179, 183, 184, 187-8, 190, 194, 195, 200, 205, 208,

215-16,217,226,239,248, 250-3, 264-5

destruction of 25, 34, 63-4, 69, 70, 75, 81-3, 87-9, 101, 145, 154-60, 161-6, 168, 169, 170, 183, 184, 194-7, 198, 200, 205, 211-12, 215-17, 222-6, 239-40, 250-3, 255, 256, ~,264-5

third term 53, 63, 68, 69, 70, 78, 86, 88, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 205, 217, 252

Bleich 260 Body 66, 76, 88, 89, 130, 131, 135,

136, 137, 152, 167, 184, 199, 258

docile bodies 135, 139, 140, 142, 143-4, 175

Bon and Bumier 176, 240 Boundary lines see Limits Brueghel 114 Buber 199 Bopp 51

Cain 229 Camus 68 Canguilhem 97, 107 Chateaubriand 71 Chouraqui 199 Centralisation 3, 43, 44, 83, 84-7,

98, 105, 106, 138, 176, 181, 182, 211-2, 216, 222, 232, 241, 243, 264

see also Authority, Decentring, Domination, Power, Society

Chiasmus 205-6, 260 See also Abyss

Communism 52, 242 French Communist Party 9, 45,

52, 95, 249 see also Gauche Proletarienne,

Marxism, Revolution Computer see Machine Comte 157 Concomitant syntax 4~50, 8~9,

99-100, 104-5, 238 Confession 136, 165-7, 171, 180

Index 289

Conformity 1, 4, 5, 6, 16, 20, 23, 25,44,49,52,62,63,64,65, 69, 78, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 122, 126, 132, 133, 140, 141, 143, 173, 174, 175-6, 177-8, 179,180,181,183,190,209, 229,230,232,233,234,235, 236,238,241,242-3,244,247, 249,250,251,252,253,264-5

as 'normality' 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 112, 117-18, 119, 120, 126, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 156, 157, 162, 167, 169, 172, 178, 230, 235

fake conformity 53, 55, 68, 229--30, 243, 246, 262-3 (see also Fiction as simulation)

Contestation 133, 146, 173-4, 234, 242, 256, 264

Critique 56, 96, 100, 110, 131, 135, 148, 158, 161, 163, 164, 178, 179--80,218,232,242,244,248

Crozier 231 Culler 204 Cuvier 151

Dali 42 Darwin 82 Death 1, 16-18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26,

28, 29, 36, 37, 39, 44, 49, 64, 66, 83, 124, 144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 158, 160, 200, 226, 237, 247

of man 144, 160, 162, 163, 164, 168-70,173,235-7,263

of the author see Author Debord 249 Decentring 74, 81, 82, 83, 90, 92,

168, 180, 211-14, 222, 232, 233,235-7,238,251-3,262, 264

see also Centralisation, Plurality, Society

Deconstruction 73, 184, 200, 201, 202-26,246,247,253,256, 257, 263

see also Differance Deleuze 94, 97, 129, 130, 131, 132,

135

Derrida 1-11 passim, 184-227, 228-65 passim

see also under topics Descartes 254 Desire 1, 14, 16, 20, 24--5, 28, 29,

32, 44, 45, 76, 81, 91, 92, 93, 123, 124, 149, 152, 154, 158, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 180,234,235,246,247,248, 250, 252, 259

Dialectic 14--17, 22-3, 88, 101, 113,217,220,229,234,250, 257

master-slave 11, 15, 21-2, 23, 24,127,133,222,232,254--5

see also Aujhebung, Binarism, Negation, Totality

Difftrance 197-202, 211, 214, 215, 227,230,246,248,260

see also Difference Difference 2, 5, 10, 229, 231, 232,

233, 236, 237, 239, 246, 247, 248,250,253,259--62,264--5

in Barthes 58, 67, 69, 74, 76, 78-9,80,81-2,83,90,92

in Derrida 184, 187-97, 198, 200,201,202,204,206,211-12, 213, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 227 (see also Difftrance)

in Foucault 102, 104, 106-7, 111, 113, 118, 131, 146-9, 150, 155, 157, 164, 166, 180 (see also Division, Exclusion)

in Lacan 15, 30, 33 Discipline 134, 139, 140, 141, 143,

169, 171, 175-8, 181, 182, 233, 235, 258

Disciplines 101, 106, 108, 150-7, 171,172,177-8,181,230,244--6,247-8,255-7,260-2,263

compartmentalisation of 7, 63, 86, 93, 171, 178, 244

incorporation of 7, 63, 86, 93, 160, 178, 179, 182, 218, 222, 244, 263 (see also Intertextuality, Sciences)

Discontinuity 5, 27, 30, 32, 47-8, 53, 57, 59, 68-9, 73, 77, 90,

290 Index

Discontinuity - continued 95-7, 102, 106, 108, 113, 150, 151, 162-3, 187, 192, 214, 225, 233, 246, 257, 263

see also Non-Being, Writing Discourse 23, 71, 78, 85, 89-90,

106, 111, 114, 115, 122, 135, 145, 148, 160, 165, 167, 168 169-70, 173, 177, 178, 182, 183, 211, 230, 234, 244, 252, 256

of the other 21, 40, 62 discursive formations 108, 109,

110, 112, 248, 255-7, 259, 260

see also Language, Semiology, Structuralism, Writing

Displacement 21, 22, 39, 45, 60, 130, 160, 162, 165, 168, 184, 201,219-22,229,237,246

Dissemination 56, 59, 61, 73, 77, 78, 80, 82, 95-7, 103, 106, 114, 172, 173, 194, 203, 217, 218, 246

Dissent 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 45, 69,229-30,247,255,263-5

see also Alienation, Intellectuals, Revolution, Play, Society, Writing

Division 10, 44, 70, 76, 229, 235, 238, 244, 246, 248, 249, 252-3, 25S-9

in Derrida 187-196, 198, 199-200, 2~11, 212, 214, 216, 219, 220, 221, 223-4

in Foucault 94-5, 9S-100, 102, 107, 108, 111, 112-13, 114, 116, 118, 119, 122-3, 124, 128, 129, 135-6, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 152-5, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164-5, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 176, 178, 183

mise en ecart 205, 221 Domination 11, 46, 48, 51, 59, 68,

69, 81, 82, 83, 99, 106, 130, 131, 132, 136, 163, 165, 168, 177, 216, 232, 236, 237, 239, 249

see also Authority, Power, Subjection, Subversion

Diirer 114 Durkheim 157

Education 6, 10, 42-3, 72-3, 83, 86, 89-93, 101, 132-3, 140, 141, 170-1, 172, 176-7, 17S-9, 180, 232, 240, 241-1, 253-7, 261-2, 263, 264

see also Teaching, University Einstein 238, 260 Eliot 70 Ellul 233 Episteme 144, 145, 146, 148, 149,

150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161-3, 164-5, 168, 171, 174, 235, 259

Erasmus 114 Examination 44, 84, 94, 105, 133,

141, 142, 166, 170, 171, 175, 241

Exclusion 2, 17, 29, 66, 68, 70, 88, 95, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142, 144, 148, 162, 165, 166, 170, 172, 174-5, 176, 177, 180, 182, 201, 216, 228, 229, 235, 243

see also Alienation, Division, Marginality, Power

Existentialism 8, 23, 95, 249 Explication de texte 8, 45, 62, 245

see also Literary criticism

Fiction 8, 11, 54, 63, 66, 70, 71, 72, 88, 89, 93, 110-12, 142, 159, 175, 180-2, 201, 219, 221-2, 225, 228, 230, 232-3, 234, 235, 23S-40, 251-2, 257-60, 261-3, 264

as invention 72, 76, 79, 81, 82, 88, 180-2, 233

as non-referentiality 8, 15, 18, 66, 76, 110, 159, 180-2, 186, 197-8, 201, 219, 221, 225, 230,232-3,235,255-6,257-61

Index 291

Fiction - continued as unreality 54, 55, 56, 58, 61,

63, 80, 82, 91, 92, 119, 120, 122, 180--1, 201, 222, 224, 230, 232-3, 235, 251-3, 255, 260--1

as self-referentiality 7-9, 18-9, 66, 161, 175, 186, 191, 196, 198, 200--1, 208, 217, 219, 221-2,225-6,238-9,262-3

as simulation 53, 55, 63, 68, 81, 185, 197-8, 206, 217, 219-22, 229-30, 232-3, 238-9, 246,247,262-3,264

see also Conformity, Play, Writing Foucault 1-11 passim, 45, 48, 94-

183, 228-65 passim see also under topics

Fougayrollas 233, 250 Fourastie 255 Fourier 71 Fragmentation 23, 52, 59, 64, 65,

72-83, 88, 90, 119, 151, 153, 163, 235, 236, 242, 252, 257, 260, 262, 263

Freedom see Liberty Freud 8, 25-30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,

41, 46, 82, 115, 122, 157, 163, 183, 193, 209, 220, 234, 257, 267 n.3, 268 n.11 & 14

Game see Play Garbo 51 Gauche Proletarienne 133 Gaullism 3, 4, 9, 43, 44, 176 Geismar 133 Genealogy 99, 109, 131, 134, 135 Giddens 11, 181 Gide 73, 77 God 1, 57, 58, 81, 117, 136, 145,

166, 238 in Derrida 184-202, 219, 238,

253 Graff 6 Greffe, La 213, 214, 215, 221

see also Intertextuality Greimas 56, 57 Groupe d'Information sur les

Prisons 134, 274 n.49

Hartman 229 Hegel 2, 13-4, 31, 33, 34, 41, 159,

201, 206, 208, 209, 210, 217, 219, 220, 232, 234, 249, 250, 252, 267 n.3 & 7

Heidegger 31, 34, 97, 102, 201, 206, 207, 208, 267 n.3 & 5, 276 n.lO

Heisenberg 260 History 29, 30, 40--1, 49, 52, 58,

59, 68, 70, 71, 87, 91, 96, 130, 131, 138, 139, 144-5, 146, 150, 157, 158-60, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 180, 188, 200,201,206,224,226,228-31,234,245-8,252,258,259

of the present 87-9, 94, 97-112, 131-4, 135, 160--6, 167, 168-70, 178, 183, 220, 229, 244-5, 252, 260

end of 250--1 of imprisonment 135-44 of the human sciences 144-61 of madness 112-29 of the subject 144, 150--5 of the origin of the world 186-

96 of sexuality 165-70

Historical change 1, 2, 40--1, 48, 67-70, 91, 95, 104-6, 107, 108-9, 123, 130, 159-60, 161, 163, 164, 167, 168-9, 173-4, 248-9, 256-7, 260

see also Practice, Revolution Holderlin 124 Horkheimer 262 Humanism 6-7, 10, 14, 23, 37, 44,

45, 68, 82, 102, 114, 118, 123-4, 133, 137, 151-4, 155, 159-60, 163, 164, 170, 234, 235, 237,238-40,242,250--1,254, 255-7, 263

Human sciences see Sciences Hume 224 Husserl 250, 267 n. 3 & 5 Hyppolite 249

Institutions 11, 70, 84, 87, 94, 99, 101, 107, 108, 113, 115, 117,

292 Index

Institutions - continued 124, 127, 128, 135, 138-9, 142-4, 158, 165, 168, 170, 172, 173, 175-6, 178, 181, 228, 241, 243, 245, 247, 252, 261-2, 264--5

institutional criticism 70, 87, 89--93, 178, 247

institutionalised languages 50, 52, 65, 89, 230, 235, 261

institutional practices 117, 128, 134, 135, 139, 165, 168, 172, 247, 252, 261-2

Intellectuals 2, S-6, 10-11, 42-3, 45,49--50,66-70,72,74,76, 77, 80, 84-7, 89, 94-5, 99, 123, 169,170-8,182,228-30,240-5, 248-9, 263-5

bourgeois 24, 42, 58, 69--70, 84, 86-7, 173, 175, 230, 240, 243, 263

left-wing 3, 10, 42, 52, 55, 69--70, 83, 85, 87, 132-4, 135, 181, 182, 183, 229--30, 231-3, 240-2,250-1,255,264--5

positive 47-8, 50, 162, 170-83 proletarian 173, 176-7, 240-2 power of 45, 82-3, 86, 99, 111,

112, 123, 127, 132, 134, 138, 139, 141, 142, 166, 167, 170-6,180,228,239-40,242,245

revolutionary function of 45, 67-70, 81-3, 89, 94, 169--70, 174, 178-182, 238, 240-5, 248-9

role of 6, 7, 43-4, 48, 67, 69--70, 84-5, 93, 94, 99, 112, 131, 132, 169, 170-4, 175-6, 180, 182,238,241-5,248-9,264-5

see also Dissent, Disciplines, Education, Marginality, Revolution, Teaching, Sciences, Subversion, University, Writing

Interpretation 30, 54-8, 59, 60, 61-4, 70, 104-7, 110-11, 112, 130-1, 135, 145-6, 147, 148, 157, 160-1, 167, 182-3, 199, 201, 205, 211, 220, 237, 246, 247

Intertextuality 7, 63, 86, 93, 160, 178, 179, 182, 209--14, 218, 219, 220, 222, 228, 244-5, 263

Jefferson 207 Jouissance 63, 64, 67, 69, 78, 93,

243

I<anapa 240 Kant 152, 208 Knowledge 5, 6, 7, 243, 246, 247,

254, 255, 260-2 in Barthes 56, 58, 90-1, 92-3 in Foucault 99, 100, 101, 102,

105, 107, 108, 111, 117-18, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 151, 153, 155, 156-7, 159--60, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 173, 175, 179, 182, 183 (see also Episteme)

in Derrida 184, 195, 198, 200, 202, 203, 213, 219, 226

in Lacan 16, 26 (see also power)

Kojeve 232,249, 250, 267 n.3 Korsch 249

Lacan 1-11 passim, 12-48, 90, 95, 162, 168, 220, 228-65 passim

see also under topics Lack 14, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 41-2,

45, 47, 48, 63, 77, 85, 115, 168, 191, 196, 197, 199, 206, 207, 213, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 226,230,235,248,251,255

Language S-7, 17-22, 24, 27-8, 33, 35, 42-3, 49, 53, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 91, 93, 99, 110, 120, 140, 146-9, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160-3, 164, 167, 173, 174, 181-5, 189, 200, 222, 229, 233,234,235,239-40,244, 245,248,257-60

as a circuit 1, 14, 21-2, 34, 37, 38,39,48,233,234

as communication 2, 8, 12, 13, 27-30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 48, 53,

Index 293

Language- continued as communication - continued

60-1, 64-7, 79-89, 141, 184, 185, 221, 222

as code 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 83, 138

as system 3, 19-20, 29, 46, 53, 55, 56, 60, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 84, 85, 96, 106, 108, 120, 121-2, 130, 131, 135, 147, 156, 157, 187-9, 190, 195, 200, 212, 216, 217, 233, 245, 258-9

as pact 13, 18, 19, 20, 39 as law 14, 17-20, 35, 36, 37, 38,

39, 40, 43, 49, 52, 56, 89, 138, 152, 158, 160, 161, 167, 190, 234, 259, 260

and reality 6, 8, 13, 17-20, 22, 27, 28, 33-4, 40, 56, 61, 63, 74, 76, 79, 83, 91, 92, 97, 110, 111, 116--18, 120, 130, 142, 145, 147, 151, 156, 158, 162-3, 167, 173, 174, 188-9, 197-8, 220-2, 231, 233, 234, 235,239-40,246,248

see also Machine, Semiology, Structuralism

La Rochefoucauld 73, 254 Law

of language 8, 14, 17-18, 20, 35, 40, 49, 60, 61, 89, 91, 106, 152, 161, 178, 202-4, 226, 229,235-7,255-7,259,260, 261-3

of society 3, 4, 17-18, 20, 91, 98, 99, 101, 106, 125, 127, 128, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143, 150, 165, 168, 169, 213,230,234,236--7,251

of the world 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 195, 202, 236--7, 253,255-6,257,260-2,263

Lefebvre 3, 233, 234, 238, 240, 249, 250, 266 n.2, 273 n.41

Lenin 83 Levinas 192, 199 Levi Strauss 3, 4, 21, 31, 47, 267

n.3 Levy Bruhl 157

Liberty 5, 22, 23-4, 25, 44, 45, 52, 66, 69, 71, 81, 83, 87, 90, 91, 101, 115, 123, 124, 127, 128, 133, 134, 143, 163, 175, 181, 183, 218, 222, 225, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264-5

Lichtheim 249 Life 23, 26, 36--7, 39, 145, 149,

150, 151, 152, 153, 154-6, 158, 159, 163, 184, 194, 195, 197, 200, 212, 226

Limit 24, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 46, 52, 56, 58, 62, 63, 67, 70, 81, 90, 91, 100, 102, 113, 114, 115, 121, 138, 144, 146, 154, 155, 159, 161, 162, 164, 168, 178, 182, 187, 199, 212, 213, 218, 219, 226, 229-30, 235, 245, 247,248,259,263-5

see also Binarism, Division, Transgression

Literature 7, 35-40, 62, 75, 79, 81, 87, 90-1, 92, 110, 114, 120, 124, 156, 160, 161, 165, 166, 179, 218-9, 245-6, 247, 254, 259, 263

uses of 8, 31, 32, 35, 56--7, 58-64, 66, 70, 71-2, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84, 86, 122, 161, 179, 209-12, 218, 245, 253, 256, 258

Literary criticism 9, 31, 45-8, 50, 53, 55-64, 66, 70-2, 86, 87, 89, 105, 183, 204, 208-11, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219-20, 222-5, 228-9, 238-9, 248

see also Interpretation, Reading Representation, Writing

Locke 17, 34, 261 Logos 185, 222-3, 230, 245, 246,

253 see also Deconstruction,

Metaphysics of presence, Reason

Loyola 71 Ludic see Play Lukacs 228, 249

294 Index

Lyotard 241, 255

Macherey 46---7 Machine

language as 1, 14, 20, 23, 29, 34, 37, 66, 193, 199, 202, 205, 2091 235, 250 I 255

man as 14-5, 20-1, 23, 34, 37, 44, 66, 118, 233--7, 244, 263

~orld as 23, 34, 202, 250 Mmmonedes 32, 199 Major-Poetzl 107 Mallarme 163, 207, 209, 210, 219 Mallet 176, 240 Mann 8 Mao 82, 83, 271 n.11 Maoism 133, 134, 238 Marginality 50, 82, 84-7, 133, 146,

179, 203, 215, 216, 218, 232, 241, 242-5, 263, 264

Marshall Plan 9, 231 Marx 2, 14, 82, 83, 157, 232, 234,

241, 249, 250, 252 Marxism 8, 14, 23, 34, 41, 44, 50-

2, 68, 83, 87, 95, 98, 116, 117, 123, 181, 183, 249-53, 263

Marxist analyses 6, 45, 50, 52, 98, 116, 244

Merleau-Ponty 31, 249, 267 n. 3 Metaphor 31, 77, 100, 109, 113,

18.'H>, 189, 205, 215, 216---18, 220, 225, 268 n.13

Metaphysics of presence 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191-3, 194, 195, 196,199,200,204-6,207,222-3, 226

Metonymy 31, 37 Michelet 72 Mirroring 24, 46, 48, 50-4, 59, 60,

62, 77, 8S--9, 98, 113, 118, 126, 14.'H>, 155, 157, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 224, 230, 235, 242, 256, 263--5

mirror stage 15, 245 Modernity 3, 4, 10, 42, 89, 176,

231-2, 241, 242, 243, 244 248 Moliere 51 ' Myth 8, 35, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58,

61-4, 65, 68, 69, 73, 76, 78,

83--9, 126, 128, 156, 161, 185, 215, 222, 234, 235, 239, 245, 248, 262, 263

Demythologizing 50, 51, 54-6, 58, 61-4, 126, 158, 161, 222, 228, 235, 249, 262

see also Deconstruction

Napoleon 232, 241, 253 Naville, Pierre 176, 240 Negation 2, 23--5, 28, 47, 78, 117,

119, 123, 222, 250-2, 262, 263--5

negative face of being 26, 119, 123, 129, 162, 222, 248, 256

see also Dialectic Nerval 124 Nietzsche 97, 9S--106, 107, 109,

111, 112, 115, 124, 129, 130, 131, 163, 182, 199, 200, 221 238 I

Nihilism 11, 24-5, 50, 64, 88, 263 see also Affirmation, Non-Being

Non-being 10, 22-3, 24-30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 44, 45, 48, 54, 55, 63, 64, 119, 121, 160, 161, 181, 182, 184, 186, 188, 192, 193, 194-5, 196, 198, 201-2, 206, 207, 208, 214, 215, 219, 221, 222-4, 225, 226, 230, 235, 246, 24S--9, 250-3

as gaps 5, 14, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34-5, 42, 53, 63, 64, 68, 187, 194, 19.'H>, 198, 204, 215,

_222,223, 246,255-6,263 as sllence 1, 28, 29, 34-5, 46,

47, 48, 52, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 90, 92, 126, 154, 160, 185, 197, 215, 246---7

see also Absence, Aplumisis, Death,_ Discontinuity, ExclusiOn, Lack, Writing

Objectivation 2, 14, 67, 99, 116---17, 125, 128, 134, 138, 142, 152, 172, 173, 180, 182

Objectivity 76, 88, 89, 94, 98, 105, 125, 126, 128, 172, 234, 260-1

Index 295

Oedipus 17, 20, 35-7, 248, 269 n.16

Origin 18, 34, 104, 105, 109, 128, 129, 131, 135, 150, 158-60, 165,184,187,190-9,200,201-2, 206, 207, 208, 216, 218, 219, 220, 224, 229, 246, 258

Originality 1, 8, 40-1, 47, 48, 65, 72, 76, 83, 88, 92, 93, 97, 163, 230, 238, 247-8, 254, 255, 257, 261, 263

Orpheus 70 Orwell 181, 219 Other, the 2, 247, 250, 263, 264

in Barthes 64-70, 76, 80, 83-9, 90

in Derrida 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192-3, 197, 198-9, 215, 222-3, 226, 236, 253

in Foucault 94-5, 116, 119, 129, 138, 142, 143-4, 154-5, 159, 160, 162, 171

in Lacan 14-7, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 43-4

otherness from the other 25, 26, 30, 46-7, 49, 50, 63, 64, 67-70, 74-5, 230, 236, 250, 251-3

Phenomenology 8, 95 Philosophy 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, 23, 31,

32, 33, 42, 95, 96, 99, 114, 118-20, 123, 124, 129, 148, 159, 160, 161, 167, 178, 184, 185, 186, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 238, 239, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 254, 256, 261

see also under individual philosophers

Plato 31, 33, 201, 203, 205, 210, 212-3, 220, 254

Play 21, 27, 30, 37, 38, 39-71, 78, 80, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 93, 161, 165,175,191,195,197,200-4, 223-4, 226, 234, 238, 246-7,

250-3, 255-6, 258, 260, 261-2, 264

ludic pleasure 31, 63, 64, 65, 80, 85, 88,204,247,251 (see also Repetition)

ludic practices 33-6, 50, 53, 64-5, 66, 68, 80, 87, 185, 214, 215, 222, 246-7

ludic texts 4, 9, 14, 31, 49, 50-70, 85, 88, 202-4, 209-11, 222-6, 238, 246-7, 251-2, 257-61

word-play 21, 32-4, 37-8, 78-9, 83-4, 87, 196-9, 211-14, 221,246,255,257-61

see also Fiction, Semiology, Structuralism, Writing

Plurality 5, 69, 81-2, 91, 130, 133, 139, 142, 157, 168-9, 173, 180-1, 191-5, 198, 200, 236-7, 238, 261-2, 264

in readings 54-8, 59, 60, 62, 76, 77-8, 79-80, 130, 196, 251-2

in texts 46, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 70, 77-82, 85-6, 88, 91, 92, 95-7, 103, 106, 168-9, 173, 174, 180-1, 191-5, 198, 200, 206, 251-2, 262-3

see also Pluralism, Society, Subject, Writing

Pluralism 91, 117, 133, 157, 232, 239, 261-2, 264-5

Poe 37-40, 207 Power

and knowledge 81, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 104-5, 115, 117, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 140-3, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 175-8, 180-1, 182, 183, 203, 239, 243, 252, 264

and truth 131, 136, 171-4, 180, 182, 228

as a force 59, 130-6, 166, 167, 180, 236

as judgement 125, 127, 128, 136, 167, 168, 170-2, 175, 239-40, 242, 264-5

296 Index

Power - continued as surveillance 122, 126, 127,

133, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142-3, 165, 170, 171, 175, 181, 233, 243

as technology 135, 137, 140, 141-2,143,165-7,180,232, 233

of language 20, 21, 23, 34, 41-2, 89-90, 91, 95, 104-6, 110, 115, 167-70, 172-3, 179-82, 232-4, 236, 264

of social practices 23, 34, 41-2, 43,52,89-90,94,95,99, 101, 105, 109, 111, 115, 117, 122, 132-4, 136-7, 140-4, 165-7, 168, 174--8

outside power 84-6, 89-93, 172, 176,229-30,243

struggle for power 17, 48, 64, 69,94,132-4,168-70,172-4, 179-81,244-5,252,264

agents of power 21, 89, 134, 139, 141, 142, 143, 166, 168, 172-6, 180, 182, 183, 228, 233,239-44,264

see also Authority, Domination, Subversion, Revolution, Society

Practice 4, 7, 10, 19, 64-70, 76, 80, 81-3, 93, 107-8, 110, 111, 115, 118-19, 127, 136, 140-4, 165, 169,170-1,173-4,177,178,180, 181, 209, 214, 216, 218, 223-4, 228,239,250-3,257,258,260

see also Renversement Proletariat 6, 45, 51, 84, 85, 126,

133, 134, 171, 181, 242, 249 see also Intellectuals

Propp 56, 57, 58 Proust 71 Psychiatry 94, 99, 106, 107, 116,

122, 123, 128, 134, 142, 166, 172, 175, 233, 236

Pyschoanalysis 29-31, 35, 40, 42-6, 55, 62, 90, 98, 114, 117-18, 120-3, 127, 128, 129, 142, 150, 156,164,165,166,174,233-6, 239,244,256

Psychoanalytical associations 12, 23, 171,256

Racine 71, 254 Reading 8-9, 54-62, 64-6, 71, 73-

5,77-80,85,88,89,93, 112, 146, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 212, 214, 215, 218, 221, 224, 237,247,252,253,257,258, 260

Reality 1, 11, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 62, 63, 69, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 107, 111, 116-17, 120, 121, 130, 131, 142, 149, 158, 160, 161, 181-2, 201, 208, 222, 224, 230, 233,234,246,251,255,256, 261

the marvellously real 79, 81, 82, 88, 90-1, 181, 233

see also Fiction, Language, Utopia

Reason 81, 98, 99, 102, 115, 117-21, 126, 127, 129, 222, 230, 244, 245, 249

see also Knowledge, Logos, Metaphysics of presence

Renversement 10, 12-14, 55-6, 58, 60-1,63,82-3,85-7,100,101-4, 114, 116, 117, 121, 123, 127, 143, 144, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172-3, 178, 182-3, 189,215-17,221,222-3,226, 245,246,247,252,259

Repetition 1, 2, 5, 6, 21, 23, 30-1, 32,35,37,38,39,40,42,46, 48, 49, 52, 55, 58, 63, 65, 78, 79, 80, 82-4, 87, 90, 92, 93, 138, 154, 158, 159, 162-4, 187-9,192,193,202-6,208,210-11, 214, 217, 220, 222, 223, 224,226,228,229,235,237, 239,247,248,254,261,263-5

see also Conformity, Play, Representation

Representation 2, 26, 27, 53-6, 62,71-2,91-2,147-51,153, 155, 156, 158, 164, 185, 186, 188-94,197,200,202,204,

Index 297

Representation - continued 206-10,214,215,217-20,223-8, 233-9

Revolution 2, 23, 44, 45, 48, 51, 52, 67-70, 83, 87-9, 174, 179-83,230,238,240,242,243, 249, 250-1, 264-5

The French Revolution 124, 125, 126, 134, 136, 182

The Russian Revolution 44, 52 The 1968 student revolution 9,

45, 67, 96, 129, 132, 135, 177,180-2,232-3,242

Ricardo 150 Rieman 97 Rimbaud 16 Rorty 6

Sade 71, 115, 124, 209 Said 7 Sartre 9,31,34,240,249,257,267

n.3 Saussure 3, 19, 31, 82, 147, 209,

211, 258, 267 n.3 Scholes 259 Sciences

double 55-6, 203, 224--6, 230 human 5, 43, 55--6, 90-1,94,

105, 108, 110, 113, 118, 142, 155-8, 160, 161, 164, 168, 170, 177, 179, 182, 224-5, 235,242,244,248,251,255-6, 260-4

natural 31, 43, 53, 55--6, 81, 91, 94-5, 93, 105, 107-8, 113, 114, 118, 119, 120, 125, 128, 131, 134, 138, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 165, 168, 170, 177, 224-5, 254--6, 263

Scientific paradigms 53, 55--6, 81, 107,120,225,255-7,260-3

Self see Subject Semiology 5-6, 8, 53, 55, 56, 62,

63, 65, 104-5, 220, 232, 234, 244,256,257-9,263

Barthes' 52--6, 58, 60-1, 63, 66-7, 69, 74, 75, 76-9, 81, 84-5, 87-9

Derrida's 188-9, 190-3, 196-9, 200,203,211-4,221,224-5

Foucault's 104-5, 145, 149, 156, 160-1

Lacan's 13, 18, 19, 23, 27-9, 32-3, 38, 39

Series 57, 78-83, 86, 90, 92, 105, 106, 108, 111, 130, 131, 140, 146, 147, 176, 208-9, 220, 221, 236, 252, 260, 270 n. 9

Sextus Empiricus 11 Shakespeare 8 Sidney 70 Society

Americanised 7, 231-2, 240 bourgeois 50-3, 63, 65, 66, 68,

69, 83-6, 128, 133, 137, 165, 175, 230, 263

bureaucratic 3-5, 176, 232, 241 capitalist 3, 9, 23, 63, 80, 87,

124, 132, 137, 149-50, 165, 173, 234, 253

disciplinary 127, 131, 133, 135, 140-4, 168, 171, 172, 175--6, 180,181,182,235,263-5

industrialised 43, 135, 231 governed by liberal elite 6, 7,

176,177-8,179,241-2,245 mass 23, 124, 236, 237, 245 planned 3, 43, 44, 98, 176, 232 programmed 19-23, 83, 172,

175, 179, 183, 231-4, 237, 241

technological 7, 23, 43, 44, 98, 135, 172, 179, 181, 231--6, 238-41,249

see also Centralisation, Decentring, Gaullism, Machine, Modernity, Plurality, Pluralism, Power, Revolution, Subjection, Subversion, Utopia

Socialism 90, 240, 242 Sollers 71, 73, 209, 210 Speech 6, 13, 27-32, 37, 44-7, 51,

53,89-91,156,158,173,177-8, 189, 190, 194, 213, 215-7, 259

parole pleine 28, 29, 30, 31, 45

298 Index

Speech - continued parole vide 29, 30, 33, 248 see also Language, Writing

Spengler 159 Spinoza 199 Structuralism 3-5, 55, 56--8, 62,

71, 87, 88, 89, 95, 98, 109, 132-3, 148--9, 152, 161, 163, 183, 220, 232, 235, 244, 256, 257, 263, 268

anti-structuralism 4, 5, 9, 56--8, 62, 82, 83, 163, 172-3, 180, 183, 200, 232, 235, 259--61, 263

counter-structuralism 4, 5, 9, 24-5, 27, 33-6, 56--8, 60-1, 71-80, 112, 119, 134-5, 161, 163,164,186,195-202,204-26,229-30,233,236-7,247-8,259--61,263,263

see also Binarism, Differance, Displacement, Dissemination, Division, Fragmentation, Plurality, Renversement, Series, Supplement, Suspension of meaning, Transgression

Sturrock 3 Subject 14, 24-5, 33, 36, 41-2, 47,

48, 50, 56, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 77,85,87,88,90-5,99,111-12, 116-17, 119, 135, 140--2, 144-70, 174, 179, 190, 194, 233, 234-8, 243, 25~, 263

dead 1, 2, 20, 22-4, 28, 35, 41-2, 44-5, 64, 67, 95, 111, 112, 144-60, 162, 164, 168-70, 235-7

decentred 16, 22, 77, 82, 83, 84, 159, 160, 163, 169, 173, 174, 228-30,232-3,236-7,238, 243, 251, 252

divided 2, 13-17, 23, 27, 67-70, 94, 98, 99, 112, 116, 123, 128, 129, 141-4, 151-60, 163, 167,169-73,176,183,229-30, 235, 238, 252

hidden 27-30, 47-9, 77, 91, 123, 128,163-70,190-1,251

objectified 2, 99, 116-7, 125, 128, 134, 135, 138, 142, 152, 172, 173, 180, 182

plural 61, 77, 84-5, 88, 91, 94, 169, 173, 174, 236--8, 243, 252

programmed 14, 19-23, 39-40, 61, 135, 141-44, 169-70, 179, 183, 229, 233, 237

see also Humanism, Language~ Machine, Other, Subjection, Subjectivation

Subjection 15, 21-4, 44, 59, 82, 89-90, 92, 106, 115, 130-5, 141-3, 164-74, 177, 178, 180, 183, 224, 233-6, 239, 240, 242, 249, 253, 264

Subjectivation 95, 140, 142, 151-3, 167, 169

Subversion 13, 25, 26, 27, 44-5, 50, 53, 55-8, 61-4, 66, 70, 71, 75,78-81,84-7,88,88-92,96, 104, 110, 160, 164, 167-9, 172, 173, 179, 184, 218, 222-3, 225, 226,229,232,235,236,238, 239, 246, 251-3, 262

Supplement 191-2, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205, 208, 210-11, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 226, 228, 246, 260

as addition 53, 186, 187, 191, 197, 203, 204, 206, 210-11

as substitution 31, 37-8, 186, 187, 191, 198, 206, 210-11

supplementary structure 206-11,220,228,246,260

Suspension of meaning 5, 50, 53, 56--8, 62-4, 69, 85, 199-200, 205, 206, 208, 212-19, 221-3, 230, 235, 237, 246, 247, 251, 263, 264

Symbolic order 8, 18-23, 34-7, 40-3,45-8,53,54,95,96,229, 233, 234, 235, 245, 251, 253

Syst&natiques 82-3

Teaching 5, 6, 35, 43-4, 83, 85, 86,89-93,133,170,175-8,

Index 299

Teaching- continued 179,219-20,228-9,240-2,248, 253-7,261-2,263-5

Technicians 5, 133, 171, 175, 176, 180, 183, 235, 240, 241, 242, 263

see also Power, agents of Technocrats 3, 4, 176, 179, 183,

240-1, 242, 256 Totality 58, 59, 61, 95, 96, 169,

184, 232, 244, 246, 250-1, 256 Totalitarianism 232, 249, 256, 262,

263 Trace 156, 192-4, 198, 202, 211-

12, 213, 226 arche-trace 192-3, 198

Transgression 29, 35, 50, 63, 70, 78, 100, 117, 118, 204

see also Limit Truth 1, 228, 230, 234, 235, 243,

245, 251, 256 as Regime 171, 172, 173, 181,

182, 243, 252 see also Episteme in Barthes 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61,

62, 66, 81, 83, 88 in Derrida 184, 205-6, 207, 208,

219, 220, 225, 226 in Foucault 98-106 passim, 112,

114, 116, 119-32 passim, 135, 136, 143, 145, 155, 158, 159, 163, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 183

in Lacan 24, 28, 30, 46-7

Unconscious determinism 4, 7, 21, 30, 35-6,

39, 41, 95, 110, 128, 156-7, 160-5, 244, 259-60

as 'the unthought' 153-68 passim

in Derrida 212, 226 in Foucault 117-18, 153-7, 160-

5, 167, 168, 171, 172, 180, 183

in Lacan 13, 15-16, 20-2, 26-31, 35-6,39-41,44

Undecidability 211, 217, 220, 221, 225,226,235,246,258

see also Differance University 2, 5, 10, 42-3, 80-1,

84, 85, 86, 90, 99, 105, 132-4, 171, 172, 173-80, 218, 226-7, 229-30,240-4,247-9,253-7, 262-2

Utopia 52, 67-71, 75, 79, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90-1, 92, 93, 233, 246, 252

Vigier 242 Voltaire 71

Wilde 9, 218 Work 5, 14, 19, 65, 73, 85, 88, 89,

115, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125, 133, 139, 140-2, 145, 149, 150-9 passim, 163, 165, 229, 240-2, 250

Wilden 42 Writing 2, 7-9, 172-3, 178, 185,

188-9, 192, 196, 202-6, 213, 215-20,222-33,237-40,246-8, 251-3, 255-60, 262-3

academic 4, 6-7, 80-1, 89, 92-3, 219-21, 224-5, 228-9, 238-9, 247-8, 254-6

Barthes' 47-53, 63, 65, 67-89, 228-65

Derrida's 185-6, 196-9, 201-3, 208-11, 215, 220-7, 228-65

Foucault's 106-7, 109-12, 134-5, 144-5, 168-70, 174-83, 228-65

Lacan's 12-14, 30-5, 42, 228-65 veiled 27-30, 32-5, 47-9, 71,

75-89, 91, 92, 185-6, 218, 220-7, 237-9, 246-7, 258-9, 262-3

arche-writing 188-90, 192, 196, 197, 198

Yeats 49